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Topic: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptides

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	Peptides
		One convention is that those peptide chains that are short enough to be made synthetically from the constituent amino acids are called peptides rather than proteins.
		Nonribosomal peptides are confined primarily to unicellular organisms, plants, and fungi.
		A neuropeptide is a peptide that is active in association with neural tissue.
	www.molecularstation.com /wiki/Peptides (1026 words)

	Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide pharmaceuticals invention
		Pharmaceutical compositions relating to vasoactive intestinal polypeptides and methods for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic acidosis and obesity are presented.
		A peptide found in the saliva of the Gila Monster (exendin 4, Exenatide, Byetta; Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, Calif.) was shown to bind to the GLP1 receptor and exhibit potent agonistic activity, thereby imparting a desirable glucose-dependent insulin secretory response (Nielsen L L, Young, A A, Parkes, DG (2004) Regul.
		Thus, the present peptide analogs are bound to cell membranes and then slowly re-released to the plasma to impart its effect distally.
	www.freshpatents.com /Vasoactive-intestinal-polypeptide-pharmaceuticals-dt20061019ptan20060234933.php (1731 words)

	Peptide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One convention is that those peptide chains that are short enough to be made synthetically from the constituent amino acids are called peptides rather than proteins.
		Nonribosomal peptides and are confined primarily to unicellular organisms, plants, and fungi.
		A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peptides (805 words)

	Peptide Information Center - peptide synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Peptides differ from proteins, which are also long chains of amino acids, by virtue of their size.
		Traditionally, those peptide chains that are short enough to make synthetically from amino acid tablets di and tri peptide the constituent amino acids are called peptides peptide rather than proteins.
		Because of the arbitrary nature of this definition, there is considerable movement vasoactive intestinal peptide to redefine this arbitrary distinction such that a peptide is an amino acid molecule without structure; on gaining defined structure it is a protein.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Chemistry_Topics_P_-_Po/Peptide.html (769 words)

	MedicineHouse.com
		In interstitial cystitis the number of neurons positive for inflammatory mediator vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y is higher [52].
		These peptides potentiate the responses to the purinergic component of the neurogenic stimulation (that part of the contractile response that remains after treatment with atropine) and potentiate the responses to exogenously applied adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [53].
		The cholinergic and the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing fibers derive from the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion, and from small local ganglia at the base of the skull.
	medicinehouse.com /newbook/chapter6.htm (4228 words)

	Peptide Summary
		Peptides may have many different properties depending on the nature of the amino acids they contain, and the order in which they are linked.
		Two peptides, made by bacteria, with antibiotic activity, include gramicidin, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation (the synthesis of ATP that obtains energy from electron transport occurring as a result of aerobic respiration), and bacitracin, used for treatment of bacterial infections of the eye.
		As peptide bonds in the protein are hydrolyzed, the complex molecule is first converted to a number of smaller peptides.
	www.bookrags.com /Peptide (1582 words)

	Patent 7,252,957
		Intestinal protein adducts of chemicals can, therefore, be formed in GALT where they may lead to allergic reactions, inflammation and autoimmunity.
		These dietary peptides in the blood may bind to G protein receptors, cause immune dysfunction and transmigrate across blood, the blood-brain barrier, and activate the local antigen-presenting cells, such as microglia and astrocytes.
		When a preferred self-tissue antigen or peptide is a neurotransmitter or a neurotransmitter receptor, the preferred self-tissue antigen or peptide is selected from the group consisting of serotonin receptor, serotonin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pro-dynorphin, dynorphin, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, and complex dipeptidylpeptidase IV.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2007/Aug2007/080707/7252957_Autism080707.htm (4593 words)

	Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: abundant immunoreactivity in neural cell lines and normal nervous tissue -- Said and ...
		Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity is present in high concentrations in clonal lines of neuronal and glial origin.
		Expression of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor Messenger RNA in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Throughout the Turkey Reproductive Cycle.
		Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide occurs in nerves of the female genitourinary tract.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/192/4242/907 (393 words)

	Peptides - AnaSpec Introduces Thirteen new Catalog Peptides
		Helodermin was originaly isolated from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum.
		This peptide is derived from the amino terminus of the rat Angiotensin II; Ang II; AT2 receptor.
		This peptide is a sequence from fragment 130 to 145 of Doc-6.
	www.peptides.net /index.aspx?ID=82632 (934 words)

	Excitotoxicity in the lung: N-Methyl-D-aspartate-induced, nitric oxide-dependent, pulmonary edema is attenuated by ...
		Excitotoxicity in the lung: N-Methyl-D-aspartate-induced, nitric oxide-dependent, pulmonary edema is attenuated by vasoactive intestinal peptide and by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase -- Said et al.
		-aspartate-induced, nitric oxide-dependent, pulmonary edema is attenuated by vasoactive intestinal peptide and by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
		Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in the airways of smokers with chronic bronchitis
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/short/93/10/4688 (1053 words)

	Phospholipids modulate the biophysical properties and vasoactivity of PACAP-(138) -- Tsueshita et al. 93 (4): 1377 -- ...
		the peptide from degradation by trypsin in vitro.
		the peptide and phospholipids in the interstitial fluid-plasma
		Evidence for roles of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors in modulating the responses of rat dorsal horn neurons to sensory inputs.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/93/4/1377 (3536 words)

	Process and kits for diagnosing erectile dysfunction, and related methods of treatment - Patent 5769088
		The kit of claim 1, wherein the vasodilating agent is selected from the group consisting of nitrates, long-and short-acting.alpha.-blockers, calcium blockers, ergot alkaloids, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, yohimbine, natural and synthetic vasoactive prostaglandins and their analogs, vasoactive intestinal peptides, dopamine agonists, opioid antagonists, and mixtures thereof.
		The kit of claim 7, wherein the vasodilating agent is selected from the group consisting of nitrates, long-and short-acting.alpha.-blockers, calcium blockers, ergot alkaloids, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, yohimbine, natural and synthetic vasoactive prostaglandins and their analogs, vasoactive intestinal peptides, dopamine agonists, opioid antagonists, and mixtures thereof.
		Although the vasoactive agent and any carriers, enhancers, or the like may be dispersed throughout the body of the insert 1, it is preferable that the agent be concentrated on the urethra-contacting surfaces of the device in order to permit rapid absorption of the agent and any carrier, enhancer, or the like.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5769088.html (6568 words)

	Process for diagnosing erectile dysfunction, and related methods of treatment - Patent 5482039
		The method of claim 1, wherein the vasodilating agent is selected from the group consisting of nitrates, long- and short-acting.alpha.-blockers, calcium blockers, ergot alkaloids, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, yohimbine, natural and synthetic vasoactive prostaglandins and their analogs, vasoactive intestinal peptides, dopamine agonists, opioid antagonists, and mixtures thereof.
		The method of claim 40, wherein the vasodilating agent is selected from the group consisting of nitrates, long- and short-acting.alpha.-blockers, calcium blockers, ergot alkaloids, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, yohimbine, natural and synthetic vasoactive prostaglandins and their analogs, vasoactive intestinal peptides, dopamine agonists, opioid antagonists, and mixtures thereof.
		The method of claim 34, wherein the vasodilating agent is selected from the group consisting of nitrates, long- and short-acting.alpha.-blockers, calcium blockers, ergot alkaloids, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, yohimbine, natural and synthetic vasoactive prostaglandins and their analogs, vasoactive intestinal peptides, dopamine agonists, opioid antagonists, and mixtures thereof.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5482039.html (7330 words)

	Chapter 7 - Section 11: First Principles of Gastroenterology
		Exudative diarrhea results from mucosal damage to the small or large bowel, which interferes with absorption of salt and water, and may be associated with the exudation of serum proteins, blood, and mucus and sloughed cells.
		Thus, they accumulate within the intestinal lumen, raise the osmolality, and so retard the normal absorption of water or even act to draw water from the circulation into the intestinal lumen.
		A key question, difficult to answer, is "What is the responsible hormone?" Putative secretagogues include vasoactive intestinal peptides in the pancreatic cholera syndrome, calcitonin in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, gastrin in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, serotonin in the malignant carcinoid syndrome, and glucagon in glucagonomas.
	gastroresource.com /GITextbook/En/Chapter7/7-11.htm (1986 words)

	[No title]
		IPR002284 Vasoactive intestinal peptide, receptor 2 11 - 433
		IPR001571 Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 75 - 86
		IPR002284 Vasoactive intestinal peptide, receptor 2 12 - 434
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/DisplayIproEntry?ac=IPR002284&format=normal (824 words)

	IMMUNOSCIENCES LAB., INC. (Services)
		Furthermore, 0these peptides not only have the capacity to cross-react with MBP and induce T-cell response, but also are also able to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
		These dietary peptides in the blood may bind to G protein receptors, cause immune dysfunction and transmigrate across blood, the blood-brain barrier, and activate the local antigen-presenting cells, such as microglia and astrocytes.
		Therefore, detection of high or low levels of serotonin along with antibodies to serotonin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptides, DPP IV, prodynorphin and dynorphin may indicate disturbance in gut-neuroimmune communication, which is the subject of ongoing research at Immunosciences Lab.
	www.immuno-sci-lab.com /2003_cat_page108.htm (1382 words)

	[No title]
		The secretin-like GPCRs include secretin [2], calcitonin [3], parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptides [4] and vasoactive intestinal peptide [5], all of which activate adenylyl cyclase and the phosphatidyl-inositol-calcium pathway.
		Differential expression and regulation of the two VIP receptors in T lymphocytes suggests different physiological roles in mediating the immunomodulatory activities of VIP and related neuropeptides [8].
		IPR001771 Vasoactive intestinal peptide, receptor 1 30 - 51
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/DisplayIproEntry?ac=IPR001771 (850 words)

	Patent 6,762,202
		In another embodiment, a plurality of vasoactive agents may be tested in the methods of the present invention, and the results of each test can be compared to determine which vasoactive agent is the most effective, i.e., which vasoactive agent produces the greatest increase in temperature between step (i) and step (iii).
		The ointments, lotions, emulsions and creams are formed by dispersing finely divided or dissolved the nitric oxide donor(s) and/or vasoactive agent(s) uniformly throughout the vehicle or base using conventional techniques, typically by levigating the compound with a small quantity of the base to form a concentrate which is then diluted geometrically with further base.
		In particular embodiments the methods of administration of the nitric oxide donors and/or vasoactive agents for monitoring, diagnosing and treating male sexual dysfunction are by oral administration, by topical application, by injection into the corpus cavernosum, by transurethral administration or by the use of suppositories.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2004/July2004/071304/6762202_Infrared071304.htm (6245 words)

	Articles \| Center of Flow Cytometry and FACS
		AIM: To study the regulation of immune function of rat Leydig cells by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
		SD rats were infected by UU with or without the injection of VIP, and the testis tissnes of each group were har vested and observed under transmission electron microscope.
		CONCLUSION: VIP could regulate the expression pattern of IL-1, IL-6, TGF-beta and FasL by Leydig cells, which may contribute to maintain immune privilege of the testis.
	www.cytometry.cz /en/articles/7606-[immunoregulation-of-vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-on-rat-leydig-cells.].html (1746 words)

	Development of Simplified Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Analogs with Receptor Selectivity and Stability for Human ...
		I peptide and various concentrations of the unlabeled alanine-substituted VIP analog as described in legends to Figs.
		VIP is a 28-amino acid peptide with alanines in positions 4 and 18.
		Nomenclature of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/315/1/370 (5360 words)

	Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhancement of antigen-induced differentiation of a cultured line of mouse thymocytes -- ...
		Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhancement of antigen-induced differentiation of a cultured line of mouse thymocytes -- Pankhaniya et al.
		T cells on days 2, 3, and 4 with VIP were 24, 29, and 49%, respectively, and with VIPR2 agonist were 21, 37, and 73%, which may be compared to levels of 14, 17, and 23% concurrent conversion in the absence of either stimulus.
		DPK T cells at the respective concentrations of VIP were 41, 45, and 43%, as compared to 31% in the absence of VIP.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/12/1/119 (5302 words)

	Gastrointestinal Hormones
		Peptides, amino acids and to a lesser extent, FFA’s
		Inhibition of gastric emptying by inhibiting vago-vagal reflex by vasoactive intestinal peptide
		Expressed in intestinal L cells, pancreatic a cells and neurons in brain
	arnica.csustan.edu /endo/Lectures/10_Gastrointestinal_hormones.htm (412 words)

	Educational Synopses in Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Vol 4 No 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Primary Afferent Peptides - such as CGRP and Substance P are released from the peripheral terminals of C fibers and produce local cutaneous vasodilation, plasma extravasation and sensitization in the region innervated by the stimulated sensory nerve (2,3).
		Peptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) have been implicated as neurotransmitters of primary nociceptive afferents (2).
		Since both episodes coincided with surgical manipulation of the mesentery, release of intestinal mediators precipitating the Mesenteric Traction Syndrome as described primarily during abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery was suspected (7).
	gasnet.med.yale.edu /esia/1997/december (5500 words)

	Regulation of the Rat Proopiomelanocortin Gene Expression in AtT-20 cells. II: Effects of the Pituitary Adenylate ...
		Rawlings SR, Piuz I, Schlegel W, Bockaert J, Journot L 1995 Differential expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor subtypes in clonal pituitary somatotrophs and gonadotrophs.
		Arnaout MA, Garthwaite TL, Martinson DR, Hagen TC 1986 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is synthesized in anterior pituitary tissue.
		Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide Inhibit Interleukin-12 Transcription by Regulating Nuclear Factor kappa B and Ets Activation
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/138/5/1930 (3464 words)

	VIP, PACAP, Glucagon, and Related Peptides Volume 805 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
		An international group of experts presents the latest research on the biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and pharmacology of the growing class of peptides that function as hormones or neurotransmitters.
		This includes vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), glucagon, and related peptides.
		Topics include the role of this family of peptides and their receptors in signal transduction mechanisms, cancer, autonomic physiology, neurobiology, cell proliferation, cell death and tissue injury, endocrinology, and neuroimmunology, along with clinical and potential therapeutic implications.
	www.nyas.org /annals/detail.asp?strvolume=805 (181 words)

	Evaluation of [99mTc/EDDA/HYNIC0]Octreotide Derivatives Compared with [111In-DOTA0,Tyr3, Thr8]Octreotide and ...
		Radiolabeled peptides in the diagnosis and therapy of oncological diseases.
		Vasoactive intestinal peptide-receptor imaging for the localization of intestinal adenocarcinomas and endocrine tumors.
		Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for non-radioiodine-avid differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
	jnm.snmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/46/9/1561 (3331 words)

	DCCPS: BIMPED: Biological Mechanisms of Psychosocial Effects on Disease First State-of-the-Science Meeting
		During this period, he conducted research on peptide growth factors in lung cancer and was supported by numerous R01 grants from the NCI.
		He discovered that vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP) were autocrine growth factors for lung and breast cancer.
		He is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the New York Academy of Science, SON, the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the American Association of University Professors.
	dccps.nci.nih.gov /bimped/moody.html (372 words)

	Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), Plasma
		Hypersecretion of VIP is observed in “pancreatic cholera syndrome,” Verner-Morrison syndrome or the watery diarrhea-hypokalemia-hypochlorhydria (WDHH) syndrome.
		VIP can be secreted by pancreatic or ectopic islet cell tumors, and in islet-cell hyperplasia.
		A VIP-producing tumor causing the pancreatic cholera syndrome was reported as a well differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma which contained cells reactive for pancreatic peptide and VIP on immunocytochemistry.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/sr004300.htm (521 words)

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