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Topic: Vegetative reproduction

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	Reproduction - MSN Encarta
		Reproduction is one of the essential functions of plants, animals, and single celled organisms, as necessary for the preservation of the species as eating is for the preservation of the individual.
		The typical male reproductive cell, which is known as a sperm, spermatozoon, or spermatozoan, is a motile cell with a head containing the nucleus and a whiplike tail with which it swims.
		Plant reproductive cells are roughly similar to animal cells, the male cell being known as the sperm or microgamete and the female cell as the ovum or macrogamete.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572784/Reproduction.html (697 words)

	Vegetative reproduction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Natural vegetative reproduction is mostly a process found in herbaceous and woody perennials, and typically involves structural modifications of the stem, although any horizontal, underground part of a plant (whether stem or a root) can contribute to vegetative reproduction of a plant.
		A rhizome is a modified stem serving as an organ of vegetative reproduction.
		Man-made methods of vegetative reproduction are usually enhancements of natural processes, but range from simple cloning such as rooting of cuttings to grafting and artificial propagation by laboratory tissue cloning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vegetative_reproduction (744 words)

	Biological reproduction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction by an antecedent.
		Sexual reproduction is a biological process by which organisms create descendants that have a combination of genetic material contributed from two (usually) different members of the species.
		In addition, sexual reproduction usually results in the formation of a life stage that is able to endure the conditions that threaten the offspring of an asexual parent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reproduction (1300 words)

	Reproduction - ninemsn Encarta
		Reproduction is one of the essential functions of living organisms, as necessary for the preservation of the species as food getting is for the preservation of the individual.
		Reproductive processes such as those cited above, in which only one parent gives rise to the offspring, are scientifically classified as asexual reproduction.
		The typical male reproductive cell, which is known as a sperm, spermatozoon, or spermatozoan, is a motile cell with a head containing the nucleus and a whip-like tail with which it swims.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572784/Reproduction.html (643 words)

	reproduction - Encyclopedia.com
		In all cases reproduction consists of a basic pattern: the conversion by a parent organism of raw materials from the environment into offspring—or into cells that develop into offspring (see meiosis ; mitosis)—of a constitution similar or potentially similar to that of the parent.
		Sexual reproduction is essentially cellular in nature, i.e., it involves the fertilization of one sex cell (gamete) by another, producing a new cell (called a zygote), which develops into a new organism.
		Sexual reproduction is of great significance in that, because of the fusion of two separate parental nuclei, the offspring inherit endlessly varied combinations of characteristics that provide a vast testing ground for new variations that may not only improve the species but ensure its survival.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-reproduc.html (1310 words)

	Asexual reproduction Summary
		Asexual reproduction is a method of reproduction that does not involve meiosis or the union of gametes.
		In normal sexual reproduction, offspring are genetically different from either of the parents, and as a result new traits may be introduced into the population.
		Asexual reproduction (also known as agamogenesis) is a form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis, gamete formation, or fertilization.
	www.bookrags.com /Asexual_reproduction (2189 words)

	Vegetative Reproduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Vegetative, or asexual, reproduction is the propagation of plants using vegetative tissues (i.e., not involving sexual reproduction).
		The success of vegetative propagation is often dependent on the degree of juvenility of the tissues being propagated.
		This method of artificial vegetative propagation is not used much, but layering is a common natural phenomenon in some species (e.g., western hemlock, fl spruce, subalpine fir, vine maple).
	courses.forestry.ubc.ca /frst200/lectures/VegetativeReproduction.htm (1419 words)

	Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction by making reference to different types of asexual ...
		Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, where parts of the plant fall off and develop into new plants.
		On the other hand, asexual reproduction doesn't allow any type of genetic variation, this is an advantage, because any mutations or "bad" qualities will be passed on, and cannot leave the life chain of that species.
		Asexual reproduction is more reliable than sexual, because there are less steps to follow and therefore less can go wrong, for instance pollen transfer is very flimsy and since asexual reproduction doesn't need this, it is more reliable.
	library.thinkquest.org /22016/contribute/asex_sex.htm (705 words)

	Chapter 20
		asexual reproduction - reproduction with only one parent; offspring are identical to parent.
		sexual reproduction - a form of reproduction in which a new individual is produced by the union of the nuclei of two specialized se cells, i.e., gametes, usually from two separate parent organisms.
		vegetative reproduction - the process in which undifferentiated plant cells first divide mitotically and then differentiate to produce an independent plant; vegetative propagation.
	members.aol.com /duett007/vocab/twenty.html (549 words)

	26
		Reproductive unit may be an unspecialised part of the body, (i.e.vegetative) or specialised part.
		Reproductive units are specialised haploid cells called gametes produced in male and female reproductive organs.
		Major advantage of asexual reproduction is to produce the same variety in large numbers, while that of sexual reproduction is to produce variety in nature.
	www.nos.org /bio12/b4h26.1.htm (1841 words)

	Botany:Plant reproduction - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		Vegetative reproduction is asexual reproduction—other terms that apply are vegetative propagation or vegetative multiplication.
		Vegetative growth is enlargement of the individual plant; vegetative reproduction is any process that results in new plant "individuals" without production of seeds (see The Seed below) or spores.
		The flower is the reproductive organ of plants classified as angiosperms—that is, the flowering plants comprising the Division Magnoliophyta.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Botany:Plant_reproduction (553 words)

	Vegetative reproduction: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Vegetative reproduction is asexual reproduction (asexual reproduction: Reproduction without the fusion of gametes), but other terms that apply are vegetative propagation and vegetative multiplication.
		Most plant species that survive and significantly expand by vegetative reproduction would be perennial almost by definition, since specialized organs of vegetative reproduction, like seeds of annuals, serve to survive typically season (season: A period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field) al harsh conditions.
		A plant that persists in a location through vegetative reproduction of individuals over a long period of time constitutes a clonal colony (clonal colony: a clonal colony is a group of plants (or a fungal mycelium) that has grown in a given location,...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/vegetative_reproduction (728 words)

	Liverwort Reproduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The sexual reproduction for leafy liverworts is very similar to the mosses.
		The sexual parts are contained in small and inconspicuous structures known as antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), which develop on separate plant bodies.
		Vegetative reproduction can occur as a result of older parts of a plant dying off so that the newer branches become separated; by specialised whip-like branches; or by leaves that drop off the plant.
	www.hiddenforest.co.nz /bryophytes/liverworts/reproduction.htm (391 words)

	vegetative - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Vegetative Reproduction, method by which plants reproduce asexually—that is, without the union of cells or nuclei of cells—thus producing...
		When the embryo of any sexually reproducing animal is undergoing cell division, certain cells, known as primordial germ cells, which are produced by...
		Vegetative Reproduction: picture, Roots Growing on a Twig of Stonecrop
	encarta.msn.com /vegetative.html (145 words)

	1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
		A type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent is called budding.
		Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual plant reproduction.
		Commercial growers use vegetative propagation rather than seeds when they want to be sure the offspring is identical to the parent.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/davidschutz/livingEnv/notesAsexualrepro.htm (537 words)

	Hydroids from Reunion Island and the Indian Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Sexual reproduction in hydroids is ensured either at the medusa stage when the life cycle is complete, or at the polyp stage when there is no medusa in the life cycle.
		The medusa itself is produced by the polyp by budding (voir Asexual reproduction).
		Colonies and medusae are produced by budding, the former from a primary polyp, the latter from a reproducing polyp.
	etic.univ-reunion.fr /hydroids/animaux_sarsia_reproduction.htm (1425 words)

	Propagation 1
		Asexual reproduction is also known as vegetative reproduction.
		In vegetative reproduction, desirable crop plants are multiplied by using vegetative organs such as roots or stems.
		In some instances of vegetative propagation, artificially induced formation of adventitious roots on portions of stem is the means of propagation.
	faculty.fortlewis.edu /shuler_p/classeswebsites/propagation_1.htm (829 words)

	vegetative reproduction
		Type of asexual reproduction in plants that relies not on spores, but on multicellular structures formed by the parent plant.
		Some of the main types are stolons and runners, gemmae, bulbils, sucker shoots produced from roots (such as in the creeping thistle Cirsium arvense), tubers, bulbs, corms, and rhizomes.
		Vegetative reproduction has long been exploited in horticulture and agriculture, with various methods employed to multiply stocks of plants.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0007021.html (228 words)

	LANDIS, A Forest Landscape Model of Succession, Disturbance, and Management
		These are longevity, age of sexual maturity, shade tolerance class, fire tolerance class, minimum age of vegetative reproduction (sprouting), sprouting probability, and effective and maximum seeding distance based on 10 year interval.
		Vegetative reproduction may occur following the death of a species age cohort.
		The process of vegetative reproduction is simulated stochastically based on the species' sprouting probability.
	web.missouri.edu /~umcsnrlandis/Succession_Dispersal.php (853 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Thus, an understanding of vegetative reproduction and the conditions under which it is successful is a necessary component of the study of marine communities.
		Vegetative reproduction also has important effects on population genetics and these effects may control the resilience of species to changes in climate.
		Previous work on vegetative reproduction has focused on quantifying the effect of vegetative propagation on short term population dynamics within single populations.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/GEO/OCE.GEO.a9012168.txt (207 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity (1997)
		Vegetative reproduction includes reproduction from somatic cells by budding or segmentation.
		This capacity for extensive vegetative reproduction depends on an unlimited capacity for proliferation of somatic cells.
		It is likely that vegetative reproduction is a primitive trait in the animal phyla and that its absence, in any phylum, is a derived trait.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309057876/html/256.html (543 words)

	Brooklyn Botanic Garden: GARDEN BOTANY
		Asexual reproduction can be advantageous for plants well adapted to their environments; it guarantees that traits that make the plant well suited to its environment will be preserved in future generations.
		By propagating vegetatively, you can be sure that desirable traits of the parent plant -- say, a certain color leaf -- will be passed on to the new plants, which will be genetically identical to the parent.
		The female gametophyte is unreduced because the meiocyte, a specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction, fails to undergo meiosis, the process that reduces the chromosome number by half and results in the formation of gametes (see the discussion of sexual reproduction).
	www.bbg.org /gar2/topics/botany/repro_asexual.html (286 words)

	Orchids in southern Africa: Reproduction
		A few months after the ovules have been fertilized the mature capsules shed the seeds which are dispersed by wind or, in a few species, by water.
		Vegetative or asexual reproduction is rare in southern African orchids.
		Sexual reproduction, involving the formation of ovules and their fertilisation by pollen tubes after the pollination of the flower, is more common in our southern African orchids.
	www.plantzafrica.com /plantnop/orchids/reproduction.htm (1231 words)

	Lichens: Reproduction and Reproductive Structures
		Pycnidia are reproductive bodies which release conidiospores - spores produced from the end or side of special hyphal filaments called conidia.
		Vegetative Reproductive Bodies - Vegetative reproduction is important to many lichens and has the advantage of dispersing both partners at the same time.
		Three main types of vegetative reproduction are Isidia, Soredia and Lobules.
	www.earthlife.net /lichens/reproduction.html (849 words)

	vegetative propagation - Encyclopedia.com
		The vegetative propagation of economically important and useful plants is now so widespread that most horticultural varieties are now only reproduced clonally, especially since many of them breed true from seed.
		Vegetative propagation and conservation of biological diversity.(Tree Maintenance)
		Reproductive development of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is not impaired by a moderate water deficit that reduces vegetative growth: I. Inflorescence, floret, and ovule production.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-vegetati.html (551 words)

	Singapore Science Centre: ScienceNet\|Life Sciences\|Genetics/ Reproduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Vegetative propagation is the ability of plants to reproduce without sexual reproduction, by producing new plants from existing vegetative structures.
		Vegetative propagation can take place because the pieces of the plant form the missing parts by a process called regeneration.
		Vegetative propagation is also widely used in gardening.
	www.science.edu.sg /ssc/detailed.jsp?artid=5940&type=6&root=4&parent=4&cat=40 (638 words)

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