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Topic: Velars

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	Velar consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum).
		Since the velar region of the roof of the mouth is relatively extensive and the movements of the dorsum are not very precise, velars easily undergo assimilation, shifting their articulation back or to the front depending on the quality of adjacent vowels.
		Many languages also have labialized velars, such as [kʷ], in which the articulation is accompanied by rounding of the lips.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Velar_consonant (249 words)

	IPA: Velars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The velar approximant [ɰ] is essentially the high back unrounded vowel [ɯ] acting as a consonant.
		The velar approximant [ɰ] is also part of dark [ɫ].
		Velar laterals have been reported for a tiny number of languages in New Guinea.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/phonetics/ipa/velars.html (92 words)

	Centum-Satem isogloss: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although Albanian is treated as a Satem language, there may be some evidence that the plain velars and the labiovelars were not completely merged in Proto-Albanian.
		Tocharian, on the other hand collapsed all rows into a single velar row, and is therefore typically considered "Centum", although the relative chronology of the change is unknown.
		The velar rows remain separate in Luwian, while Hittite may secondarily have undergone a Centum change, but the exact phonology is unclear.
	wikipedia.openfun.org /wiki/Centum-Satem_isogloss (1178 words)

	Encyclopedia: Greek-language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		N (Î½) before bilabials and velars becomes /m/ and /Å/ respectively, and is written Î¼ (ÏÏÎ¼ÏÎ¬Î¸ÎµÎ¹Î±, "sympathy") and Î³ (ÏÏÎ³ÏÏÎ¿Î½Î¯Î¶Ï, "synchronize").
		The voiceless velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.
		The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Greek_language (7451 words)

	LABIAL-VELAR CONSONANT FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Labial-velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips.
		In English and many other languages, these approximants are not true (doubly articulated) labial-velars, but rather rounded (labialized) velars, meaning that they are primarily velar, but have secondary labial articulation.
		Note that while 90% of the occlusion overlaps, the onset of the velar occurs slightly before that of the labial, and the release of the labial occurs slightly after that of the velar, so that the preceding vowel sounds like it's followed by a velar, while the following vowel sounds like it's following a labial.
	www.bradleyisenbek.com /labial-velar_consonant (390 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.1802: Phonology: Guion 'Velar Palatalization...' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From the premise that sound change is phonetically conditioned, the hypothesis is constructed that velar palatalization is the result of a perceptual reanalysis of faster, reduced speech.
		The prediction that fronted velars are acoustically similar to coronals, especially in faster speech is investigated.
		The spectral and temporal properties of velars and palatoalveolars are investigated.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-1802.html (229 words)

	Consonants: Velars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Velars may be voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the consonant) or voiceless (vocal cords not vibrating during the articulation of the consonant).
		/h/ (the phoneme spelled h in hot): voiceless velar fricative (in vicinity of back vowel).
		/w/ (the phoneme spelled w in wet): (voiced) velar (and bilabial) semivowel.
	facweb.furman.edu /~wrogers/phonemes/phono/velar.htm (120 words)

	Caveat Lector » Phonaesthetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The more villainous you are, the more velars and postvelars in your name or your language.
		Velar consonants are pronounced by pulling the back of the tongue up against the velum, the soft area at the back of the mouth.
		I happen to think there’s a similar but less strong effect with labial sounds, but I haven’t quite worked out whether this is through their frequent association with and transformation to velars in human language, or via some other mechanism.
	cavlec.yarinareth.net /archives/2002/12/11/phonaesthetics (1037 words)

	Articles - Proto-Indo-European language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Raised ʷ stands for labialization, or lip-rounding accompanying the articulation of velar sounds ([kʷ] is a sound similar to English qu in queen).
		The centum group of languages merged the palatovelars ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ with the plain velars k, g, gʰ while the satem group of languages merged the labiovelars kʷ, gʷ, gʷʰ with the plain velars k, g, gʰ.
		Most PIE linguists believe that all three series were distinct by late Proto-Indo-European, although a minority, including Frederik Kortlandt, believe that the plain velar series was a later development of certain satem languages; this view was originally articuled by Antoine Meillet in 1894.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Proto-Indo-European_language?mySession=1ae2b1c792c30728b3c3673c3c1705e1 (1972 words)

	Proto-Indo-European language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		According to the glottalic theory, the "voiced unaspirated stops" of the system as described above were phonetically ejectives, and the "voiced aspirated stops" were phonetically unaspirated.
		The existence of the plain velars as phonemes separate from the palatovelars and labiovelars at the earliest stage of the proto-language is disputed.
		Pedersen (1937) 127 ff.) and Armenian (Vittore Pisani, Ricerche Linguistiche 1 (1950) 165ff.) that they treated plain velars differently from the labiovelars in at least some circumstances.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Proto-Indo-European_language (882 words)

	Transitions to Consonants
		It is likely, though perhaps not proven, that this coarticulatory effect is a continuous one, not the result of a categorical division of velar consonants into front and back allophones.
		However, as a general rule, the front velars do have a particular acoustic structure which is shared by all of them, and not shared by back velars, namely the characteristic ``pinch'' of F2 and F3, where they move towards each other, finally almost merging just at the point of closure.
		Back velars have a constriction away from this location, in which an F3 antinode and an F2 node occur quite close to each other.
	www.tomveatch.com /Veatch1991/node10.html (711 words)

	phonoloblog » Writing and phonological information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Velars and uvulars are distinct beyond a shadow of a doubt, both underlyingly and on the surface:
		Suppose instead that the only information accessible is the actual output of the vocal apparatus as felt in the mouth and as heard by the ear (and as interpreted by the brain, of course, but crucially not accessing any kind of phonological information).
		The distinction between velars and uvulars is highly subtle, both articulatorily and acoustically; if we all only have access to “truly phonetic” information (whatever that means here), then some folks are just going to be better at noticing these distinctions than others.
	camba.ucsd.edu /phonoloblog/index.php?p=89 (1586 words)

	Velar consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum)
		Many languages also have labialized velars, such as, in which the articulation is accompanied by rounding of the lips.
		There are also labial-velar consonants, which are doubly articulated at the velum and at the lips, such as.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/V/Velar-consonant.htm (285 words)

	ICSLP-2000 Abstract: Colin et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This study examined whether visually presented bilabials consonants are better identified than velars in a CV (C = consonant; V = vowel) or VCV context.
		Correct identifications were more numerous for bilabials than for velars but more particularly for monosyllables.
		Voiced consonants were better identidified than voiceless in both syllabic contexts, but especially for velars.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/icslp_2000/i00_2583.html (276 words)

	Robert Channon, Purdue University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I will draw attention to the fact that the velars also participate in this development, and that under certain conditions the distribution of the hard allophones of the velars is apparently being broadened to include the position before /e/.
		If they take hold fully it will mean that the velars, which are currently unitary phonemes with hard and soft allophones, will split into separate hard and soft phonemes.
		At the present time these phenomena are still rather circumscribed and are found only under certain conditions, and it is still too early to assert that the phonological system of Russian has already changed in that direction.
	ww2.aatseel.org /program/aatseel/2003/abstracts/Channon.htm (373 words)

	Distinctive Features
		Coronal sounds are produced by raising the tongue blade toward the teeth or the hard palate; noncoronal sounds are produced without such a gesture.
		High sounds are produced by raising the body of the tongue toward the palate; nonhigh sounds are produced without such a gesture.
		Low sounds are produced by drawing the body of the tongue down away from the roof of the mouth; nonlow sounds are produced without such a gesture.
	www.ling.udel.edu /idsardi/253/features.html (838 words)

	2aSP18 Interpreting complex articulations: The backward tongue movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From auditory and acoustic evidence Maddieson and Ladefoged (1989) argued that the two articulations are slightly offset in time, with the velar leading the labial.
		In labial velars there is more backward movement of the tongue dorsum than in plain velars; in particular, the tongue back retracts during the closed phase of the stop before releasing forwards.
		Comparison between labial velars and plain velars with respect to the height reached by the tongue back, coordination between movements of the tongue front and back, and voicing features in the acoustic signal suggest that, in these data, pharyngeal cavity expansion is the most likely explanation for retraction.
	www.auditory.org /asamtgs/asa93ott/2aSP/2aSP18.html (175 words)

	november9c
		Their VOT (voice onset time) may not match the adult model and adult may not perceive the difference.
		She found that over the period of 2;5 to 2;10, the % of children producing 95% to 100% correct velars increased form 50% to 70%.
		When in error, final velars were likely to be deleted than fronted as were initial velars.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~cfjms2/phono/november9c.htm (1033 words)

	Centum and satem
		The plain velars occur only in certain environments, i.e., only after u and s and before r and a, so they appear to be conditioned variants of the other series.
		A third series is well attested, the labiovelars, which combine the velar with a labial element (represented by the superscripted w).
		As observed above, the centum languages retain the PIE articulation better than the satem group: the velars (/palato-velars) in the centum group did not become sibilants and the labial element was retained.
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/anderson.html (939 words)

	Velar consonant : Velar
		English [g] (as in get or golf), [k] are velar stops
		Scots ch in loch is a velar fricative (SAMPA [x])
		English ng in ring is a velar nasal (SAMPA [N]).
	www.fastload.org /ve/Velar.html (208 words)

	Lock house 45 at Velars sur Ouche, on the Burgundy Canal, France
		Lock house 45 at Velars sur Ouche, on the Burgundy Canal, France
		Burgundy canal lock/ecluse :45, Velars on the Saône side.
		It would also be possible to purchase petrol or diesel from the petrol station (24/7).
	www.burgundy-canal.com /locks/ecluse_lock.php?ref=45 (55 words)

	LINGUIST List 16.451: Indo-European Palatals; English/Romantic 'you'
		probably velar, the palatal sounds having arisen later in the satem
		velars where the languages which have apparent cognates are not languages
		proposition that velars in this position were allophones of the palatals.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/16/16-451.html (816 words)

	Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In this work, as in most current handbooks, Indo-European forms appear in their traditional shape.)
		In the so-called “centum languages” (comprising Greek, Italic, Germanic, and Celtic), the palatal velars become plain velars and the labiovelars at first remained, while in the “satem” languages (Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, and Armenian), the labiovelars became plain velars and the palatals became sibilants.
		(The terms “centum” and “satem” come respectively from the Latin and Avestan words for “hundred,” illustrating the two developments.) The boldface entry words in Appendix I do not distinguish plain from palatal velars, but more precise information is given for the interested reader in some entries following the English gloss of the root.
	www.bartleby.com /61/8.html (9441 words)

	Greek Alphabet, Pronunciation, Accentuation and Numerals
		Apprenez l'alphabet grec (by François J. Bayard): this is an ideal website to learn the Greek alphabet, although accents and breathings are not considered here.
		The letters are divided in five groups (vowels, dentals, labials, velars and finally the continuants).
		Each letter is presented in a beautiful GIF-file and followed by its name, an explanation of how to pronounce it and a model word which sounds familiar because of its modern French derivations.
	perswww.kuleuven.ac.be /~u0013314/greekg/alphabet.htm (1296 words)

	Articles - Labial-velar consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", which can also refer to labialized velars.
		The most common labialized velar consonant is the approximant [w].
		(However, very occasionally the symbol [Ê] is used for a labialized velar fricative, [xÊ·].
	www.lastring.com /articles/Labial-velar_consonant?mySession=16e7d2a5a18b0cfe6d0aae51af8995fd (461 words)

	Hiking pictures in the Côte d'Or - Velars --> Blaisy-Bas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hiking pictures in the Côte d'Or - Velars --> Blaisy-Bas
		This is the last day where I have to make my own itinerary, more or less along the train line.
		Following the Michelin touristic guide, I had expected a splendid view from the "Puits XV" but trees had grown there and nothing was to be seen.
	www.lavaurs.com /en/etapes/0472 (56 words)

	UTASCIL-2004
		Phonetically, the components of labial-velars are not perfectly overlapping; the labial component lags behind the velar one, giving a labial release.
		The duration of a labial-velar stop is only slightly longer than a simple stop.
		Labial-velars often merge with plain labials, again unsurprising given the phonetic characteristic of a labial release.
	ling.uta.edu:16080 /~lingua/utascil/2004 (1205 words)

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