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	Vellum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vellum was originally a translucent or opaque material produced from calfskin that had been soaked, limed, and unhaired, and then dried at normal temperature under tension, usually on a wooden device called a stretching frame.
		Some authorities do not even distinguish between vellum and parchment, although traditionally the former was made from an unsplit calfskin, and consequently had a grain pattern on one side (unless removed by scraping), while the latter was produced from the flesh split of a sheepskin, and consequently had no grain pattern.
		The important distinction between vellum (or parchment) and leather is that the former is not tanned but is prepared essentially by soaking the skin in lime and drying it under tension.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vellum_parchment (327 words)

	§7. Tablets, parchment, vellum, paper, pens, ink, and binding. II. Runes and Manuscripts. Vol. 1. From the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Vellum was, at times, magnificently coloured, the text being, in such cases, inscribed in letters of gold or silver.
		When the body of the text was finally ready, the sheets were passed to the corrector, who filled the office of the modern proof-reader, and from him to the rubricator, who inserted, in more or less elaborate designs, and in striking colours, the rubrics and initials for which space had been left by the scribe.
		The pieces of parchment were then passed to the binder, who, as a rule, placed four on each other and then folded them, the result being a quire of eight leaves or sixteen pages.
	www.bartleby.com /211/0207.html (1193 words)

	Parchment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parchment is a material for the pages of a book or codex, made from fine calf skin, sheep skin or goat skin.
		One sort of parchment is vellum, a word that is used loosely to mean parchment, and especially for fine parchment, but more accurately refers to parchment made from calf skin.
		In the Middle Ages European parchment in turn was largely replaced by paper, a Chinese invention that was being manufactured in Moorish Andalusia in the 11th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parchment (885 words)

	Vellum & Parchment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Parchment as a writing material antedates paper by possibly 1500 years, although the name is derived from Pergamum, an ancient city in Asia Minor where its discovery is usually credited to King Eumenes II, in the second century BC.
		Vellum is usually calfskin prepared by a lengthy exposure in lime, scraped with a rounded knife and finally rubbed smooth with pumice stone.
		The use of parchment for book printing in Europe continued even after the advent of printing from wood-blocks and moveable type, but did not survive to any extent beyond the year 1500, although for the purpose of calligraphy and for printing documents and diplomas, this durable material is in demand to the present day.
	www.cbbag.ca /BookArtsWeb/Vellum.html (347 words)

	Treatment Techniques for the Vellum Covered Furniture of Carlo Bugatti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Vellum and parchment are seldom used to make furniture, but are certainly challenging for a conservator when they have been.
		Vellum and parchment are extremely hygroscopic and naturally expand and contract with seasonal relative humidity variations.
		Parchment and vellum can also be easily torn or cracked when the skin is thin and/or the conditions are too dry and stressful.
	aic.stanford.edu /sg/bpg/annual/v08/bp08-04.html (3487 words)

	Lochac College of Scribes: Parchment Making
		Parchment is the processing of animal skins to produce a hard, durable, white material of even opacity and uniform thickness which will take pigments, inks and dyes in a suitable manner for writing (Kenyon, 1932, p.
		Parchment continues to be made, being used for legal documents, archival records, warrants and certificates, but its total production is now very slight and, apart from copies of historically important texts, literary works are rarely committed to its surface.
		Parchment requires the natural fibre weave of the skin to be changed to a horizontally layered structure by applying tension to the skin.
	www.sca.org.au /scribe/articles/parchment.htm (4667 words)

	Bound to Please: Fine Leather Bindings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Vellum or parchment bindings are made from untanned animal hides.
		The terms parchment and vellum are now used interchangeably but have a historical difference.
		Vellum was made from calfskin while parchment was made from sheepskin that had been split.
	scholar.library.miami.edu /bound/bindings.php?typeNo=1 (272 words)

	Parchment and Vellum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Parchment, animal skin specially prepared to provide a smooth, bright surface, was the common support for permanent written documents and texts during the middle ages.
		Vellum was the best quality parchment and was made from calf bellies.
		However, vellum remained in use for special cases, especially for luxurious presentation drawings and illuminations.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/miller/guide/vellum.html (165 words)

	The Effects of Relative Humidity on Some Physical Properties of Modern Vellum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Parchment and leather are both processed from the skin of animals (vellum is a designation for parchment made from young or unborn calfskin).
		Because parchment is processed from the skin of animals, its major constituent is insoluble collagen (which comprises about 95% of defatted, dehaired skin, with the percentage depending upon the age and sex of the animal).
		Parchment objects may be pigmented on the surface, as in the case of illuminated manuscripts, or may have been written with an ink that is not well bound to the surface.
	aic.stanford.edu /sg/bpg/annual/v10/bp10-09.html (5872 words)

	Parchment
		Vellum, generally made from new born calf's skin, is made similarly.
		Although the terms parchment and vellum are sometimes used interchangeably vellum is typically of a finer quality and possesses a more luxuriously smooth 'tooth' to receive ink and coloured pigments.
		Medieval parchment was often reused through the ages, suffering every fate from being punched full of holes to serve as grain and flour sifters to being cut into strips to create interfacing for waistcoats.
	www.octavia.net /9thclife/Parchment.html (702 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be ingrossed, written, or printed, any monition, libel, claim, answer, allegation, information, letter of request, execution, renunciation, inventory, or other pleading, in any admiralty court within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of one shilling.
		For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be ingrossed, written, or printed, letters of mart, or commission for private ships of war, within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of twenty shillings.
		For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be ingrossed, written or printed, any register, entry, or inrollment of any grant, deed, or other instrument whatsoever herein before charged, within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of three pence.
	www.founding.com /library/lbody.cfm?id=87&parent=17 (1190 words)

	DesignAddict Forums
		As I remember it vellum was used because the only way to copy large technical drawings was to put them on light sensitive paper and expose them to light (U.V.light in a later stage) The paper was subsequently exposed to amoniac vapour, either in a closed box or in the copying machine.
		vellum is the finest grade of parchment it is made of the finest skins usually lamb or calves.you all are talking about a proprietary product.
		A product called Vegitable Parchment is sold here for food preparation and cooking use - however not all paper parchment sold in the USA here qualifies as "vegetable" parchment because many contain up to half post-consumer recycle products and thus don't qualify for food use due to non-pure additives.
	www.designaddict.com /design_addict/forums/index.cfm/fuseaction/thread_show_one/thread_id/104/index.cfm (991 words)

	Parchment
		The term vellum is also used specifically for skin which has been abraded with pumice, a procedure more likely to have been used on the thicker calf skin to stretch and soften it further.
		Parchment was always valuable and it is found re-used and conserved in various ways; in bookbindings and pastedowns, as wrappers for documents or sliced up to provide the attachment for seals.
		The parchmenters were a trade with their own guild, one assumes working together with the butchers and tanners.
	medievalwriting.50megs.com /tools/parchment.htm (989 words)

	NARA - Preservation and Archives Professionals - Differences between Parchment, Vellum and Paper
		Parchment has been made for centuries, and is usually calf, goat, or sheep skin.
		Parchment has traditionally been used instead of paper for important documents such as religious texts, public laws, indentures, and land records as it has always been considered a strong and stable material.
		Parchment paper is made from cellulose fibers prepared from fir trees or plants such as cotton or flax.
	www.archives.gov /preservation/formats/paper-vellum.html (311 words)

	The Stamp Act, March 22, 1765
		For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or printed, any monition, libel, claim, answer, allegation, information, letter of request, execution, renunciation, inventory, or other pleading, in any admiralty court, within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of one shilling.
		For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or printed, any judgment, decree, sentence, or dismission or any record of nisi prius or postea, in any court within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of four shillings.
		For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or printed, letters of mart or commission for private ships of war, within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of twenty shillings.
	www.lexrex.com /enlightened/laws/stampact.htm (1387 words)

	1. The Manuscript Bible / Formatting the Word of God (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Parchment is made from the skins of sheep, calves, goats, antelopes, and other animals (one writer even suggested rabbits).
		The term “parchment” includes vellum, but vellum is distinguished in the Oxford English Dictionary as “a fine kind of parchment prepared from the skins of calves (lambs or kids).” Vellum was used in deluxe volumes, such as those which might be presented to royalty or great dignitaries of church or state.
		Parchment and vellum have two “sides,” the hair side and the flesh side which is whiter and smoother.
	www.smu.edu /bridwell/publications/ryrie_catalog/1.htm (836 words)

	Parchment and Vellum, what it is and how to find it. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, parchment originally refered to the skin of a lamb, sheep, goat, young calf, or other animal, that was specially prepared for writing on.
		However, vellum refers to a particularly fine type of parchment, usually made from the skin of a very young animal, especially calfskin, and is often rendered clear and white.
		Parchment and vellum both make excellent book binding materials for their strength and longevity with low elasticity.
	www.paganpath.com /parchment.html (418 words)

	reCollections: Caring for Cultural Material 2
		Parchment and vellum are made by stretching the skin on a frame and drying it.
		Parchment and vellum are usually light-coloured, almost opaque, and smooth.
		Translucent parchment and vellums were also produced, and sometimes used as window panes.
	www.amol.org.au /recollections/2/2/15.htm (383 words)

	Heaton Cooper Studio -Art Materials article - vellum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Parchment and vellum are made from animal skin.
		Parchment made from the more delicate skins of new or stillborn calf or kid came to be called vellum.
		In Constantinople, a luxury version was produced at an early date by dyeing the material a rich purple and lettering it in silver and gold, a practice condemned as a useless luxury in a well-known passage of St. Jerome.
	www.heatoncooper.co.uk /vellum.htm (536 words)

	Bible Study - Parchment
		Parchment was an ancient writing material made from the processed skins of animals, most often that of calves, sheep and goats.
		Vellum up to about the 6th century A.D. was of very high quality, but increased demand thereafter resulted in inferior material being used.
		Vellum also included a very sumptuous version that was dyed purple (considered a "royal" color), and had silver or gold used in the inscribed writing.
	www.keyway.ca /htm2000/20000905.htm (369 words)

	Pergamano Parchment Paper
		Parchment paper is a transparent kind of paper.
		A break through in the area of Fantasy Parchment is that we are able to deliver the paper with 5 sheets per color in a package.
		Parchment Vellum is thin transparent paper in different colors or decorated with lovely patterns.
	www.dandeeimages.com /Perg_paper.htm (3707 words)

	Parchment and Vellum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Parchment and vellum were, and are today, made from animal skins.
		I will be posting more on the information of creating vellum or parchment, but in the meantime, below you will find scans of three types: goat, sheep, and calf skins.
		Parchment, I have been told, refers to either sheep or goat skin while vellum refers to calf skin.
	www.laeom.com /parchmentandvellum.htm (403 words)

	Leaves of Gold - The Parchmenter
		The leaves, or pages, of European medieval manuscripts are made of vellum or parchment.
		The words vellum and parchment are used interchangeably.
		Parchment is made from the skins of sheep or cows, while vellum are skins of very young calves.
	www.leavesofgold.org /learn/children/how_made/parchmenter.html (221 words)

	Fred Aldous Ltd : Miscellaneous Crafts : Pergamano : Pergamano Parchment Vellum
		A break through in the area of Fantasy Parchment is that we are able to deliver the paper with 5 sheets per colour in a package.
		Parchment Vellum is transparent paper of 90 grams with a print.
		Both Vellums are also available per sheet and in bulk packages of 50 sheets.
	www.fredaldous.co.uk /trolleyed/20/434/505 (1192 words)

	Pergamano Books, Supplies
		It is a unique hobby that uses transparent parchment paper and various techniques of working with it to create lovely pieces, such as greeting cards, gift boxes and bookmarks.
		She combined the Vellum with the Fantasy Parchment, stickers and colored papers.
		The focus of this first issue is on three important basic techniques of Parchment craft: tracing, embossing and stippling.
	www.dandeeimages.com /Perg_Books.htm (1851 words)

	(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Vellum was prepared animal skin from cows, goats, or sheep.
		Next, the skin was tensioned on a frame, a semi-circular knife was used to remove debris, leaves were cut to size and ruled for text, and, finally, pricks were made on either side of pages with a knife.
		Once the vellum was measured, holes were placed at ends of lines.
	www.csun.edu /~hcarh001/496/CODEX.HTML (1020 words)

	Parchment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Parchment is named after the city Pergamon where it was first invented.
		One sort of parchment is vellum, a word that is used loosely to mean parchment, and especially for fine parchment, but more accurately refers to parchment made from calf skin (vellum and veal come from the same Latin root).
		In the Middle Ages calf- and sheep-skin were the preferred materials for making parchment in England and France, goat-skin was more common in Italy.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/pa/Parchment.htm (115 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Parchment and Vellum
		Parchment and Vellum, writing materials made from specially prepared and untanned skins of animals, usually sheep, calves, or goats.
		Scroll, written document in the form of a long strip that is rolled up for storage.
		The most commonly used ancient writing materials were the wax tablet, the papyrus roll, and later the parchment codex, or book.
	encarta.msn.com /Parchment_and_Vellum.html (81 words)

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