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Topic: Velocity of detonation

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	UXOInfo.com Ordnance Hazards
		Detonation (Instantaneous Combustion) Detonation can be defined as most rapid form of combustion and is often times referred to as "instantaneous combustion." However, detonation is not exactly instantaneous there is a short time interval (microseconds) for the combustion action to transfer from one particle of the explosive compound to the next.
		The velocity of this "instantaneous combustion" has been measured for most explosives and is referred to as the detonation velocity of the explosive.
		When an encased explosive such as a bomb detonates, the rapidly expanding gases produced by the explosion cause the casing to enlarge to about one and one-half times its original diameter before it ruptures and breaks into fragments that are propelled away from the center of detonation at velocities of approximately 2,500 feet per second.
	www.uxoinfo.com /uxoinfo/ordhazards.cfm (1113 words)

	Explosives - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Some of the newer high explosives with a detonation rate of 9140 m per sec are extremely effective for military demolition and certain types of blasting.
		For detonating charges of comparatively insensitive high explosives, compounds are used that will themselves detonate under a moderate mechanical shock or heat with sufficient force to explode the main charge.
		A blasting cap or exploder is a small charge of a detonator designed to be embedded in dynamite and ignited either by a burning fuse or a spark.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761577751__1/Explosives.html (1325 words)

	Explosion Theory
		Detonation is a violent chemical reaction within a chemical compound or mechanical mixture evolving heat and pressure.
		Detonation is a reaction which proceeds through the reacted material toward the un-reacted material at a supersonic velocity.
		A detonation, when the material is located on or near the surface of the ground, is characterized normally by a crater.
	www.fireandsafety.eku.edu /VFRE-99/Theory/Definitions/definitions-1.htm (1082 words)

	D
		Detonation velocities lie in the approximate range of 1,400 to 9,000 m/s = 5,000 to 30,000 ft/s; slower explosive reactions, which are propagated by thermal conduction and radiation, are known as deflagration.
		A chemical reaction in a detonable material in which the reaction front advances with a velocity which is appreciably lower than that which is the characteristic detonation velocity for the material in question.
		In general, detonators are classified in accordance with the method of initiation such as percussion, stab, electric, friction, flash chemical, etc. A cap or capsule of sensitive explosive material used to initiate a charge of high explosives.
	www.hydrocut.com /Terms/D.html (2740 words)

	EDL
		A pulse detonation engine is an unsteady propulsive device in which the combustion chamber is periodically filled with a reactive gas mixture, a detonation is initiated, the detonation propagates through the chamber, and the product gases are exhausted.
		Shock and detonation polar analysis was used in the vicinity of the triple point to determine that the keystones are bounded by the reaction zones behind the incident wave and Mach stem and by the shear layer.
		The problem of a self-sustaining detonation wave diffracting from a tube into an unconfined space through an abrupt area change is characterized by the geometric scale imposed by the tube and the reaction scale of the detonation.
	www.galcit.caltech.edu /EDL/projects/pde/pde.html (1712 words)

	Assessment Of Current Methodologies To Establish Detonation Transfer Margins
		The reaction rate and therefore the detonation velocity, and the shock pressure at the detonation front, will be highest in the center of an explosive, on an axis perpendicular to the wavefront, and decrease radially toward the edges.
		Detonation transfer interfaces are subjected to various types of tests to determine the margin associated with the transfer of detonation from donor to acceptor charges.
		The distance between detonator and barrier is varied with the distance between barrier and acceptor being fixed, then the distance between detonator and barrier is fixed and the distance between barrier and acceptor is varied.
	neyersoftware.com /Papers/AIAA98/DetonationTransferMargins.htm (4844 words)

	Explosives Residue: Origin and Distribution (Forensic Science Communications, April 2002)
		Decrease with increasing velocity of detonation because the reaction zone and the interaction zone at the explosive air boundary are narrower, and less material remains in the unreacted or partly reacted state.
		The local particle velocity is a function of the detonation velocity and the bulk sound speed (i.e., the speed of sound in the unreacted explosive [Cooper and Kurowski 1996]), which does not vary widely through the range of common explosive materials.
		This is considerably lower than the velocity of detonation, and hence the speed of the blast wave as it departs the surface of the charge.
	www.fbi.gov /hq/lab/fsc/backissu/april2002/kelleher.htm (3968 words)

	Low velocity radial deployment with predeterminded pattern - United States Patent 5,691,502 Craddock , et al. 25nov97
		Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, the annular body 122 of low velocity explosive comprises two annular explosive sections 122a and 122b, with each of the annular explosive sections being positioned coaxially with and radially exteriorly of the substantially cylindrical outer surface of a respective one of the annular wall sections 120a and 120b.
		In contrast, granular, cast, or crystal TNT has a detonation velocity substantially in excess of 6000 meters per second, the speed of the interceptor missile 11 towards its target can exceed 5000 feet per second, and the speed of fragments resulting from a blast-fragmentation will normally be greater than 3000 feet per second.
		The use of low deployment velocities for the lethality enhancing objects 28 reduces the amount of low velocity explosive material needed to produce the desired pattern, as well as eliminates a need for a very sensitive firing system which would be required for use with high velocity fragments.
	www.mindfully.org /Nucs/Radial-5691502-25nov97.htm (6898 words)

	Current RAM Research
		Earlier research towards the goal of velocity optimization in this regime was performed in 1994 and 1995 by Imrich, wherein he systematically varied the projectile geometry to determine an optimum shape that would allow the projectile to be accelerated to near the detonation speed while minimizing the projectile's mass.
		Piston initiated detonation studies seeking to define the conditions necessary to create detonations in the ram accelerator have been conducted in nitrogen and carbon dioxide diluted mixtures of methane and oxygen at pressures up to 50 atm in a 12m long, 38.1mm bore tube.
		This paper summarizes the detonation limit envelopes generated to date, presents a model for characterizing the effect of the projectile and obturator on the propellant, and discusses how both might be brought together and applied to the operation of the ram accelerator.
	www.aa.washington.edu /AERP/ramac/research.html (1453 words)

	Tank protection division - understanding/specifying flame & detonation arresters
		Such an overdriven detonation is a short lived phenomenon and usually occurs as the flame front is transitioning from a high speed (near the speed of sound) deflagration to a detonation.
		In a 4.3% propane/air mixture the stable detonation velocity is 5800 ft/sec and the associated pressure is approximately 300-400 PSIG.
		Detonation arresters are designed so that they may be installed anywhere in a flammable vapors piping system.
	www.protectoseal.com /fdatrain.html (1631 words)

	High explosive compound - Patent 3956039 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the field of high explosives, the detonation velocity of the well-known castable and machinable explosives is not always suitable for certain special applications and it is necessary to change the detonation velocity by some means such as by adding other materials to the explosive.
		However, if within the cylinder of TNT a properly shaped cone of a high explosive having a slower detonation velocity is inserted with the apex toward the point of detonation, a shock wave from this exploding lens will emerge as a plane wave parallel to the end of the cylinder.
		One method of the prior art used to reduce the detonation velocity in TNT and at the same time reduce the density comprises aerifying the molten TNT while it is cooling and solidifying, so that pockets of air are entrapped in the solid TNT.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3956039.html (2644 words)

	Detonation chemistry (Arno Hahma)
		The detonation velocity of flash powder is around 2000 m/s, which corresponds to only a few percent reaction by the C-J-plane.
		Therefore, the detonation products will be more or less incompletely reacted, as can be seen from any high explosive detonation (solid carbon is a major product even for zero oxygen balance explosives with a lot of nitrogen).
		To initiate a detonation in an unconfined cloud of methane, it >takes a mass of HE roughly the same as the mass of C1 in the cloud.
	yarchive.net /explosives/detonation_chemistry.html (1758 words)

	MREL MicroTrap VOD Recorder Data Acquisition Device
		Records the velocity of detonation (VOD) continuously along the length of columns of explosives loaded into one or several blastholes and records the delay time between decks of explosives if the blastholes are decked.
		Records the VOD continuously along the length of a sample of explosives or sample of detonating cord.
		For blastholes, within minutes the blaster can tape the end of VOD PROBECABLE or PROBECABLE-LR to the booster and load it into the blasthole, connect the other end of the PROBECABLE with electrical tape to the coaxial signal cable on the cable reel and extend the signal cable to the MicroTrap where it is connected.
	www.mrel.com /MicroTrap.html (716 words)

	Mining Explosions -- Interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A single explosive source, animated earlier (Figure 8), was detonated in an experimental study designed to investigate the differences between spherical and cylindrical sources and quantify the effect of the free face in front of the explosion on the radiated waveforms (Stump et al., 1994; Yang and Stump, 1995).
		The velocity of detonation of the explosive in each of the sixteen holes documents the exact detonation time of each borehole (as opposed to the design delay time) and thus provides the time information critical to the combining of the different data sets.
		The velocity of detonation data from each individual borehole is used to determine the time at which each borehole detonates and then generates a compressional wave represented by the expanding red circle in the model.
	www.geology.smu.edu /~dpa-www/papers/srl/S5_interpretation.html (1165 words)

	Pacific Scientific - References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		detonate - To be changed by exothermic chemical reaction, usually from a solid or liquid to a gas, so quickly that the advancing reaction zone is preceded by a shock wave.
		Specifically, a small explosive device similiar in appearance to a detonator, but loaded with low explosive, so that its output is primarily heat (flash).
		velocity of detonation - The rote at which a detonation front proceeds through a high-explosive charge, generally measured in thousands of feet or meters per second.
	www.psemc.com /references.asp (2584 words)

	V
		The valence of many elements is determined from their ability to combine with hydrogen or to replace it in compounds.
		A vector is frequently symbolized by its components with respect to the coordinate axes.
		Velocity of detonation, a measure of the rate at which the detonating wave travels through an explosive charge; the speed of detonation of a particular explosive.
	www.hydrocut.com /Terms/V.html (436 words)

	COURTTV.COM ONAIR: FORENSIC FILES
		A red blood cell protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the bloodstream.
		Any explosive with a velocity of detonation greater than 1000 meters per second.
		An explosive with a velocity of detonation less than 100 meters per second.
	www.courttv.com /onair/shows/forensicfiles/glossary/4.html (420 words)

	VoD - The story behind the acronym! - GameArena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Explosive velocity is the velocity at which the shockwave front travels through a detonated explosive.
		Velocities often reach into several kilometres per second, as is the case for nitroglycerin, where the explosive velocity has been cited as 7700 m.s-1.
		The velocity of detonation of an explosion is the rate at which the detonation/combustion wave travels through the explosive product.
	www.gamearena.com.au /pc/messageboards/latest/thread.php/3989882 (267 words)

	USDOJ/OIG FBI Labs Report
		By only mentioning an ANFO velocity of 13,000 feet per second, Williams suggested too strongly that there was an exact match between the VOD of ANFO and his reported VOD of the main charge.
		We conclude that it was improper for Williams to render a categorical conclusion identifying the initiator for the booster.
		As for Williams' opinion that the initiator for the booster was either a detonator from a Primadet Delay system or sensitized detonating cord, Thurman acknowledged in his OIG interview that the proper conclusion was that the named initiators could have been used.
	www.fas.org /irp/agency/doj/oig/fbilab1/08okcity.htm (7775 words)

	FIXOR: A New Approach to Neutralizing Landmines and UXO, by C. J. (John) Anderson and A.W. (Bill) Bauer (5.2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The velocity of detonation (VOD) for this mixture was determined to be approximately 4300 m/s when placed in a plastic (PVC) tube with a 5 cm inner diameter.
		When using a detonating cord to initiate detonation of FIXOR, the end of the cord should be tied into a "Uli" knot (similar to a hangman’s knot) with at least six turns in it to ensure detonation.
		The distance from the end of the detonator (or from the end of the Uli knot in the detonating cord) to the top of the FIXOR cap should be marked by the deminer at a length of nine cm to ensure proper placement inside FIXOR.
	maic.jmu.edu /JOURNAL/5.2/features/fixor.htm (1829 words)

	Explosives - MSN Encarta
		Introduction; Characteristics of Explosives; Propellants; High Explosives; Detonators; Safety Explosives
		Explosives, chemical compounds or mixtures that undergo rapid burning or decomposition with the generation of large amounts of gas and heat and the consequent production of sudden pressure effects.
		On the other hand, for quarrying and mining, when it is desirable to dislodge large pieces of rock or ore, explosives with a lower detonation velocity and lower brisance must be employed.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577751/Explosives.html (884 words)

	Detonation pressure (Gerald L. Hurst)
		From: "Gerald L. Hurst" Newsgroups: alt.engr.explosives Subject: Detonation velocity and pressure Date: Wed, 06 Oct 1999 08:50:48 GMT Detonation velocity and pressure are both functions of the density, heat of reaction, moles of gas produced and the average molecular weight of the products.
		For CHNO explosives in the density range of about 1-2 g/cc, there exist empirical equations which can predict both velocity and pressure to within about 1% despite ignoring some of the other, more subtle variables that play a role in complex computer programs.
		A glance at the equations reveals the notable fact that detonation pressure varies directly as the square of the density and (hold your breath) the square root of the energy -- for constant composition.
	www.yarchive.net /explosives/detonation_pressure.html (556 words)

	USDOJ/OIG Special Report
		It should also be noted that although the VOD of ANFO has a variance of nearly 8,000 fps, due to the factors affecting the VOD and the lack of non-consumed excessive blasting agent, soot deposits and near-target damage, the VOD's for ANFO in the lower areas was not worthy of mention.
		At the time of testimony at the WTC trial, I had already witnessed the detonation of approximately 1 pound of TNT on a steel plate and approximately 1 pound of the urea nitrate, that was made in Eglin, detonated on a steel plate.
		Assuming that the ideal VOD for TNT is approximately 20,000 to 22,000 fps, and is considered the lower end of the "brisant" explosives, I was able to witness unique, predictable explosive damage to the steel plate target material.
	www.usdoj.gov /oig/special/9704b/5willms.htm (3290 words)

	MREL HandiTrap II VOD Recorder Data Acquisition Device
		Records the velocity of detonation (VOD) continuously along the length of a column of explosives loaded into one blasthole and records the delay time between decks of explosives if the blasthole is decked.
		The HandiTrap II VOD Recorder is the world's most affordable explosives continuous VOD recorder for testing explosives loaded into one blasthole and for testing explosives samples.
		After the test the data is transferred from the HandiTrap II to a PC or PDA for graphical display and VOD analysis which shows VOD behavior along the length of the blasthole or explosives sample.
	www.mrel.com /HandiTrapII.html (445 words)

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