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	Introduction to the Vendian Period
		However, in the latest Proterozoic — a time period now called the Vendian, or the Ediacaran, and lasting from about 650 to 540 million years ago — macroscopic fossils of soft-bodied organisms can be found in a few localities around the world, confirming Darwin's expectations.
		Ben Waggoner has worked extensively with the troublesome creatures of the Vendian.
		Much of the Vendian work done by UCMP was supported by NSF EAR grants numbers 9317247 and 9814845 to J.W. Valentine and J.H. Lipps.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /vendian/vendian.html (263 words)

	Vendian Period
		The Vendian System and Period were first proposed by Sokolov 1952, from drill core sequences on the Siberian Platform (sokolov and Fedonkin 1984).
		Although the Vendian was not embraced quickly, and was not adopted by the Subcommission on Precambrian Stratigraphy, it came into almost universal de facto usage.
		The Vendian extinction, occurring near the close of the Vendian period, is currently under debate as to whether an extinction event occurred or not.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /Paleontology/Vendian.html (4428 words)

	Geology and Geophysics, 2004, V 45, N 4, April.
		Quite promising for this purpose are pre-Vendian and intra-Vendian tectonic rearrangements whose ages reliably suggest that the Lower Vendian of the region formed in the interval from 650 to 612-620 Ma.
		Thus, the section of the Upper Vendian of the Baikal-Patom Upland is well substantiated by direct data at the Neoproterozoic III of the International Scale.
		Vendian, paleontology, stages, zones, chemostratigraphy, zoning, correlation, International Scale, Patom Upland, Siberia CALCAREOUS ALGAE AND LOWER BOUNDARY OF CAMBRIAN IN THE WESTERN ALTAI-SAYAN FOLDED AREA A.A. Terleev, V.A. Luchinina, O.V. Sosnovskaya, and G.N. Bagmet* Institute of Petroleum Geology, Siberian Branch of the RAS, 3 prosp.
	library.iem.ac.ru /geo-geop/4-4504.html (2083 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Throughout the extent of both periods, dominant Precambrian and Vendian organisms were soft-bodied, simple, and entirely marine.
		This extinction strongly affected stromatolites and acritarchs, and was also the predetermining factor that encouraged the diversification of the following Vendian fauna.
		This event, responsible for the demise of the Vendian organisms, may have been reponsible for the ensuing diversification of the Cambrian shelly fauna.
	hannover.park.org /Canada/Museum/extinction/venmass.html (182 words)

	Precambrian fossils bibliography
		Analol'yeva, A. I., Kharkov, M. A., and Sovetov, Y. K., 1966, About correlation of the redcolored layers of the Vendian and the lowest part of the lower Cambrian of the Southwestern part of the Siberian Paltform: Academy of Sciences of the USSR Reports, v.
		Fedonkin, M. A., 1981, The Byelmorian Vendian Biota (Precambrian Soft-Bodied Fauna of the Northern Russian Platform) [in Russian]: Vyp, Akad.
		Makhnach, A. S., Veretennikov, N. V., and Shkurikhin, V. I., 1986, Vendian rocks of the western part of the East European Platform: stratotypic range boundaries and principles of their establishment: Geological Magazine, v.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/biblio/precambrian_fossils.html (1607 words)

	Ediacaran biota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ediacaran biota (also known as Ediacaran fauna(s), Vendian biota, Vendian forms, Vendian fauna(s), Vendobionta or Vendozoa) are a group of ancient lifeforms that are found in rocks of the Ediacaran Period, a bit older than the Cambrian faunas that represent the oldest (shelled) fossils of classical paleontology.
		The name comes from the Ediacara Hills (derived from an Indigenous Australian term for a place near water) of South Australia, thus being the only geologic period to have a name originating in the southern hemisphere.
		This usage echoes the former name Vendian, by which the Ediacaran Period was known in Russia and some other parts of the world before the official naming of the period in 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vendian_biota (1168 words)

	News in Science - You say Ediacaran, I say Vendian - 20/05/2004
		He said the naming was based on the fact that the most distinctive fauna of the period was called the Ediacaran fauna, the jellyfish and the worms.
		But not all scientists agreed with the decision, including Fedonkin, who thought the name Vendian, given by Russian scientist in the 1950s, was more appropriate.
		Walter argued that there were "technical reasons" for avoiding the Vendian name.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1112450.htm (841 words)

	Vendian Animals
		But besides the fossils of soft bodies, Vendian rocks contain trace fossils, probably made by wormlike animals slithering over mud.
		The Vendian rocks thus give us, and YOU through our virtual museum, a good look at the first animals to live on Earth.
		To learn more, visit our exhibit on the Vendian or our pages on the Winter Coast of Russia and the Ediacara Hills of Australia, where these fossils were found and collected.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /vendian/critters.html (170 words)

	Age of Animals
		First, there was the rise and fall of mysterious creatures of the "Vendian biota" or "Ediacara fauna" (see Figure 01a), named for the fossil site in Australia where they were first discovered.
		Thus, there is suggestion that complex life came to earth (in the early Cambrian and probably Vendian) from elsewhere with many if not all of the biochemical processes in place.
		A possible fault with this kind of argument is the strong DNA linkage between the unicellular and mulitcellular organisms.
	universe-review.ca /R10-19-animals.htm (7256 words)

	Vendian World
		Although much has been written regarding the explosive evolutionary radiation of animals in the Cambrian, the initial rise of multi-celled animals at the end of the Precambrian (called the Vendian Period) is even more of a mystery.
		With only three notable exceptions, nearly all of the Vendian creatures are absent in Cambrian deposits only a few million years younger and this leaves a couple possibilites.
		Seilacher suggests most of the Vendian creatures are unique evolutionary "experiments" in body plan and are totally unrelated to any later creatures.
	members.aol.com /ncanvas2/NCWeb/Articles/Venworld.html (600 words)

	[No title]
		If positive, then the Puerto Blanco paleopole (at moderate paleolatitude) will provide constraint on the timing of Laurentia's equatorial return from its Vendian jaunt to the South Pole, for which there is growing evidence (Park, 1994).
		Joe and I returned from a sampling expedition to South Africa and Namibia, where we sampled copiously from the Eocambrian Nama Group, comprising carbonate and siliciclastic deposits on the western margin of the Kalahari craton.
		Our goal is to test the recent paleomagnetic results of Torsvik and colleagues (Geology, 1995) that situated Baltica at high latitudes, and also to erect a coordinated magneto- and bio-stratigraphy for the Baltic Vendian.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /MagLab/proj_dave.html (1321 words)

	Ediacaran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historically this name has been variously used by researchers, but its status as an official geological period was ratified in March 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and announced on May 13, 2004, the first new such period declared in 120 years.
		It was also called the Vendian period; this name arose in Russia.
		The animal fossil record from this era is sparse, possibly because animals had yet to evolve hard shells, which make for easier fossilization.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vendian (297 words)

	sgoldberg3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Vendian into the early Cambrian was a time of great erosion.
		Going into the Vendian, Gondwanaland was accreting (a process which took approximately 200 Ma) and rifting between South America Sensu Lato and Laurentia began at the end of the early vendian.
		The Vendian was part of the Caledonian Tectonic Cycle (a Wilson cycle, which is the cycle of super continents forming, breaking up, and forming again).
	www.earth.rochester.edu /ees207/Goldberg/sgoldberg3.html (224 words)

	Paleomagnetism of Upper Vendian sediments from the Winter Coast, White Sea region, Russia: Implications for the ...
		Paleomagnetic results from an Upper Vendian sedimentary sequence exposed along the White Sea shoreline, NW Russia are described.
		These classical exposures have been the subject of intense paleontological investigations due to their well-preserved Ediacara fauna, but no paleomagnetic results have as yet been published.
		This latter component, termed Z, passes reversal, stratigraphic, and consistency tests and is interpreted to reflect the direction of the Earth's magnetic field during Late Vendian times.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001JB001607.shtml (434 words)

	Visual Evidence for Evolution
		Bomakellia, a Vendian creature shows amazing similarities to trilobites, yet it is a precambrian creature.
		And Spriggina floundersi, another Vendian animal, also shows similarities to the trilobite in the head region.
		And given that 13 phyla first appear within the past 10,000 years (having no fossil record) one could, if one wanted, claim that we are in another explosion.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /evolution/visual_evolution.html (1852 words)

	USGS Bulletin 2201-F: Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Baykit High Province, East Siberia, Russia
		Basal Vendian (uppermost Proterozoic, 650–570 million years old) clastic rocks unconformably overlie various units of the Riphean and locally lie directly on the basement.
		Younger Vendian and lowermost Cambrian rocks are primarily dolomites.
		Discovered oil of the system is chiefly concentrated in Riphean carbonate reservoirs of the Yurubchen-Tokhom zone that is currently being explored and that has the potential to become a giant field (or group of fields).
	pubs.usgs.gov /bul/2201/F/abstract.html (514 words)

	Freeware World Team - Vendian
		The world the Vendian live in, is full of food, represented by green pixels.
		Left to their own devices, these green pixels will become brighter and brighter, representing more and more food.
		The Vendians want to eat the food, because food represents energy and they need energy to exists and if they collect enough energy, they can have children.
	www.all4you.dk /FreewareWorld/Vendian-29695.html (130 words)

	Dino Gallery
		All are copyright protected and we ask that you only copy pictures from the Kid's Club pages.
		Pteridinium - Vendian age bulbous organism that lived in the sand
		Tribrachidium - a Vendian organism possibly related to echinoderms
	dinosounds.com /dino_gallery.html (157 words)

	Column: Vendian-Cambrian
		International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy; ages of the fossil beds mostly follow Martin et al.
		The period from around the Vendian age Varanger-Marinoan Glaciation and the, now famous, Cambrian age ‘Burgess Shale-type’ lagerstätten is pivotal to understanding the fossil record, and to the broader interpretation of metazoan evolution.
		In the space of 100 million years – probably less – metazoan fossils make their first unqualified appearance and diversify to occupy a morphospace equalling if not exceeding that of today.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /Paleontology/ColumnVC.html (323 words)

	INTERNET EXERCISE LAB
		Provide a brief description of the following Vendian organisms from the White Sea of Russia (include shape, size, and probable habit of these earliest animals).
		Cambrian organisms evolved from their Vendian ancestors, and were very successful because of the incorporation of minerals into an external bioskeleton.
		This exoskeleton also explains why Cambrian organisms have a better fossil record than their ancestors.
	dept.kent.edu /geology/ehlab/internet_lab/internet_lab.htm (488 words)

	Polar Wander and the Cambrian -- Torsvik et al. 279 (5347): 9 -- Science
		data from Baltica (3); a polarity switch of a Vendian pole
		cm/year, with peaks in Vendian, Siluro-Devonian, and Jurassic
		that "a polarity switch of a Vendian pole [for Baltica]...
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/279/5347/9a (1817 words)

	Litosfera/2001
		/d; in the Cambrian – Vendian water-bearing complex – between 36 and 194 m
		In the zone of slacken water exchange, a close hydraulic connection between the Permian aquifer and the Cambrian-Vendian water-bearing compex was determined.
		The Vendian conditional aquitard (47-67 m thick) separates the Cambrian-Vendian aquifer and groundwater of crystalline basement rocks.
	www.geo.lt /Litosfera/n5A/n5A_8.htm (385 words)

	Late vendian-? Cambrian glacially influenced deep-water sedimentation, Macduff Slate formation (Dalradian), NE Scotland ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although the Southern Highland Group has been regarded as largely of Early Cambrian age (Harris & Pitcher 1975), recent age estimates for the timing of Dalradian orogenesis have implied a Neoproterozoic age for all Dalradian rocks (Harris et al.
		it is possible that this later phase of glacial activity correlates with a weak glacial episode of latest Ediacara (Late Vendian) age, also referred to as Late Sinian, recorded in northern Europe and elsewhere (cf.
		Although the Macduff Boulder Bed has been little studied, conflicting interpretations of the glacial section with greatly contrasting palaeoenvironmental implications have been proposed.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_199901/ai_n8849660/pg_11 (986 words)

	phylum level evolution
		Evidences of macroscopic life forms are now found as early as 680 myr ago in the form of worm burrows (Pagel, 1999, p.
		In the late Precambrian, the Vendian Period (620-540 myr ago) to be exact, worm burrows become increasingly numerous.
		Since just prior to the Vendian the only evidence for macroscopic life was that of the worms, if the various phyla were to evolve, it must have been from the worms.
	home.entouch.net /dmd/cambevol.htm (5386 words)

	Freeman-Lynde GEOL1260 Vendian & Cambrian Life
		Later workers found continental margin sedimentary sections that continued more-or-less continuously beneath the Cambrian
		Evolution of many new Cambrian phyla from the few Vendian phyla
		VENDIAN PROPOSED NEW SYSTEM ENCOMPASSING PERIOD FROM <600 TO 550 MY and INCLUDED AS PART OF THE PHANEROZOIC
	www.arches.uga.edu /~rfreeman/'GEOL1260_'8C_VenCamb_Life.html (655 words)

	A re-examination of the Nama-type Vendian organism Rangea schneiderhoehni -- GRAZHDANKIN and SEILACHER 142 (5): 571 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A re-examination of the Nama-type Vendian organism Rangea schneiderhoehni -- GRAZHDANKIN and SEILACHER 142 (5): 571 -- Geological Magazine
		A re-examination of the Nama-type Vendian organism Rangea schneiderhoehni
		mouldic preservation of Vendian fossils, and second, by discoveries
	geolmag.geoscienceworld.org /cgi/content/abstract/142/5/571 (187 words)

	Life in the Vendian and Cambrian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Vendian also a period of experimentation, yet there has been little variation in the basic body plans since Cambrian.
		Ediacarian - Vendian (600Ma)- first soft bodied metazoans
		Burgess- diversisty of soft bodied fauna in mid Cambrian (~530Ma)
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/emartin/gly2100/lecturenotes/vendcamblife.html (515 words)

	Freeman-Lynde GEOL1260 Vendian and Paleozoic Tectonics
		LATER PART OF LATE PROTEROZOIC (VENDIAN) - WARMER
		Increased atmospheric CO Breakup of Late Proterozoic Supercontinent?
		development of passive continental margins at the edges of the several continents, with accumulation of thick sedimentary sequences, including failed rifts filled with nonmarine Vendian strata (see figures 10.3 and 10.4)
	rfreeman.myweb.uga.edu /'GEOL1260_'9_VenPaleo_Tect.html (1006 words)

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