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	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 11 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3366 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (880 words)

	Venera Program Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Doppler measurements of the Venera 4 to 7 probes were the first evidence of the existence of high-speed zonal winds (up to 100 m/s) in the Venus atmosphere (superrotation).
		The cruise bus of Venera 7 and 8 was similar to that of earlier ones, with the design ascending to the Zond 3 mission.
		Landed at 14° S 299° E. Venera 13 - Flyby and Lander - launched October 30, 1981 ;: Arrived March 1, 1982, returned the first colour images of Venus' surface and discovered leucite basalt in a soil sample using a spectrometer.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Venera_program (877 words)

	Venera 15 & 16
		Venera 15 and Venera 16 were a two-spacecraft mission designed to use 8-centimeter (3-inch) band, side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
		Venera 15 was launched on June 2, 1983, and Venera 16 on June 7.
		The Venera 15 and 16 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems were identical, and were used to map the surface of Venus at a resolution of 1 to 2 kilometers (.6 to 1.2 miles) over a period of 8 months.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/venera16.htm (934 words)

	Venera 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Venera 8 spacecraft, launched by Russia on March 27, 1972, landed on Venus on July 22.
		Venera 8 found that the Venusian surface resembles the earth's granitic rocks, and that some sunlight penetrates the dense cloud cover to reach the planet's surface.
		Venera 8 recorded a surface temperature of 880 degrees Fahrenheit (470 degrees Celsius) and atmospheric pressure 90 times greater than on earth.
	www.worldbook.com /features/venus/html/venera8.html (209 words)

	Surface of Venus
		Venera 4 (1967) analyzed the chemical composition of Venus' upper atmosphere and provided the scientific community with the first direct measurements for a model of the planet's atmospheric makeup.
		Venera 7 (1970) and Venera 8 (1972) detected the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes (chiefly uranium and thorium) on Venus' surface.
		Venera 9 and 10 (1975) sent back the first closeup photographs of the planet's surface; these images showed that certain parts of Venus were covered with sizable sharp-edged rocks and others with fine-grain dust.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html (1002 words)

	Venera -
		The Venera (Russian: Венера; formerly, sometimes referred to as Venusik in the West) series of probes was developed by the USSR to gather data from Venus.
		Venera 8 was equipped with an extended set of scientific instruments for studying the surface (gamma-spectrometer etc.).
		Landed at 5° S, 23° E. Venera 7 - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Venera_program (1400 words)

	Venera series probe missions to Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Venera 13 mockup at the Cosmos Pavillion in Moscow.
		Photograph of the Venera 13 mockup at the Cosmos Pavillion in Moscow is courtesy of Sky and Telescope.
		The illustration of the Venera spacecraft landing sequences is courtesy of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/images/venera1112_images.html (70 words)

	Venera 13 and 14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 were launched by the Soviet Union in 1981.
		Two Russian Venera spacecraft landed on Venus during the first week of March 1982 and returned to Earth remarkable color photographs and detailed chemical analyses of the surface of our "sister planet." Soviet geophysicists reported on the results of the mission at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston on March 18.
		Venera 13 transmitted data for more than two hours, and Venera 14 functioned for about one hour, before being overcome by the high temperatures on the planet's surface.
	www.worldbook.com /features/venus/html/venera13_14.html (234 words)

	The Russian Venus Landers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Venera 13 and 14 had two cameras and were able to capture images though clear, red, green and blue filters.
		Venera 11 and 12 were unable to return pictures because of an equipment failure, but the rest of their experiments were successful.
		Venera 13 and 14 survived longer than expected and returned dozens of images, repeating their program of clear and color scans.
	www.mentallandscape.com /Venus_Venera.htm (366 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Details about Venera 11 are sketchy; however, the spacecraft did make a soft landing on the surface, and sent back evidence of thunder and lightning as well as the presence of carbon monoxide in the lower altitudes.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1781 words)

	The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It, and its sister, Venera 12, which was launched on 14 September 1978, traveled to Venus with a separation of ~0.02 AU.
		The Venera spacecraft could either be spin stabilized with a spin period of several hours, or 3 axis stabilized.
		Veneras 11 and 12 were part of the French-Soviet collaboration SIGNE 2.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html (641 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 6 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Venera 13 carried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements, monitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric discharges during its descent phase through the Venusian atmosphere.
	astro.if.ufrgs.br /solar/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	Our Solar System - Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Venera 12 lasted 110 minutes on the surface, recording electrical discharges that indicated lightning was present on Venus.
		Venera 13's sample was determined to be leucite basalt, a rare rock type on the Earth.
		Venera 14's sample was determined to be tholeiitic basalt, similar to that found at mid-ocean ridges on the Earth.
	www.dunnbypaul.net /solarsystem/classic/venera.html (1233 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 18 \| 1967: Soviets glimpse beneath clouds of Venus
		Venera 4 is the first successful attempt to reach Venus after three failed Soviet missions.
		Venera 3 came closest, and successfully reached the planet, but communications had already failed, making the mission a failure.
		Venera 7 became the first space probe to land successfully on Venus in August 1970.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/18/newsid_4082000/4082373.stm (586 words)

	Venera 12 -
		Venera 12 was launched on 14 September, 1978 02:25:13 UTC.
		Among the instruments on board was a gas chromatograph to measure the composition of the Venus atmosphere, instruments to study scattered solar radiation and soil composition, and a device named Groza which was designed to measure atmospheric electrical discharges.
		Venera 12 used its ultraviolet spectrometer to study Comet Bradfield on 13 February, 1980.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Venera_12 (372 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Space - Exploration - Venera 4
		Although a previous mission, Venera 3, had managed to successfully reach Venus, communications had already failed and mission control learned nothing of the conditions beneath the Venusian clouds.
		Venera 4 was a much more successful mission, arriving on the 18 October 1967.
		Upon entering the atmosphere, Venera 4 took measurements of the abundance of hydrogen and oxygen.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/space/exploration/missiontimeline/venera4.shtml (267 words)

	Venera
		Veneras 4 (in 1967), 5, and 6 (in 1969) were all probes that gathered data on the composition of Venus' atmosphere, learning that it is largely made up of carbon dioxide, with little oxygen.
		Venera 10 returned the first fl and white photographs of its terrain, while Venera 13 sent back the first color photos.
		Despite the success of the Venera missions and the amount of interesting information they accumulated, trips to Venus in the near future are unlikely.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/venera.html (295 words)

	Venera 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Venera 13 landed on Venus in 1982, returning the first color images from the Venusian surface.
		Unlike the Venera 9/10 mission, the landers were supported by flyby bus spacecraft rather than orbiters, due to weight limitations.
		Venera 14 at 7 deg 30 min S, 303 E, just east of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as Phoebe Regio.
	pages.preferred.com /~tedstryk/venerab.html (600 words)

	APOD: 2003 November 30 - A Venus Landing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Soviet Venera 13 lander that parachuted to the surface on 1982 March 1 transmitted it.
		Venera 13 lander survived long enough to send back a series of images and perform an analysis of the
		Venera 7 (1970), was the first spacecraft to return data from the surface of another planet.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap031130.html (139 words)

	Venera Space Probes
		The Russian Venera probes represent a long-term commitment to exploration of the planet Venus.
		The earlier ones were crushed by the atmosphere before reaching the surface, but Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to soft-land on the planet.
		A number of the later Venera craft survived for up to an hour in the harsh Venusian atmosphere and sent back photographs of the surface and analyses of the air and soil.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/venera.html (163 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Reworked images reveal hot Venus
		All the Venera craft survived the landing and four of them sent back images of the inhospitable surface, where the temperature is 490 deg Celsius and the pressure is 90 times that on Earth.
		The results are a dramatic improvement on the images previously released from Veneras 9 and 10.
		He has started processing data from Venera 13, which are of twice the resolution of Veneras 9 and 10, and in colour.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3387895.stm (387 words)

	Adler Planetarium / Learning Astronomy / Planets / Venus / Exploration of Venus / The Venera Missions / Venera 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Venera 10 was a combined orbiter and lander identical to its companion Venera 9.
		The orbiter examined Venus' clouds in multiple wavelengths, measured for magnetic fields, and acted as a communications relay for its lander.
		The image to the left shows the Venera 10 space craft (Images courtesy of A. Chernov, the Polytechnical Museum in Russia and NASA).
	www.adlerplanetarium.org /learn/planets/venus/venera10.ssi (93 words)

	Venera-9 and 10
		Almost three decades after Venera 9 and 10 "scanned" these truly out-of-the-world landscapes through a one-centimeter thick quartz pressure windows, Donald Mitchell, an image expert who worked for ATandT Bell Labs and Microsoft Research, reprocessed the original digital telemetry from the Soviet landers.
		In the case of Venera 9 and 10, he undid a pixel replication and replaced it with a higher quality interpolation filter.
		A cruise stage of the 4V (Venera) spacecraft, which once adored Cosmos Pavilion and other Soviet exhibits, was later seen on the premises of NPO Lavochkin stripped of most of its external elements.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /venera75.html (3108 words)

	St Venera UYN Web-Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first win of the season for St Venera U/16 came against one of the top teams in Section B. It was a great match that played by St Venera players and this thanks to the returns of Mark Dougall and Sandro Mifsud.
		The match was balanced but ST Venera found the finishing touch which gave them the desired points and know the U/14's are in 4th place in battle for promotion.But there is much more to do because St Venera will face Naxxar in the next match which will be decisive for St Venera.
		St Venera today had several chances from set-pieces and was very near the advantage when a well hit freekick by Ian Caruana hit the crossbar.
	www.expage.com /stvenerayn (538 words)

	Venus images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On March 1 1982 Venera 13 landed on a surface resembling that seen by Venera 10.
		The camera systems were improved over the earlier successful landers (Veneras 11 and 12 carried cameras but a 'lens cap' malfunction prevented the use of the cameras!) and obtained color information with repeated scans of the tilted panoramic camera using color filters.
		Venera 14 landed on Venus on March 5 1982, seeing a weathering layered surface, possibly volcanic in origin.
	www.donaldedavis.com /2003NEW/NEWSTUFF/DDVENUS.html (292 words)

	The Venera Missions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Venera Missions consisted of 16 separate Soviet missions to Venus from 1961 to 1983.
		The Venera 7 capsule was the first man-made object to return data after landing on another planet.
		The Venera landers rarely survived for more than an hour before being destroyed by Venus's harsh environment.
	members.aol.com /bethje/venera.htm (303 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Venus: Past: Venera 9
		Venera 9 was the first of a new generation of Soviet space probes ('4V') designed to explore Venus.
		Launched by the more powerful Proton launch booster, the new spacecraft were nearly five times heavier than their predecessors.
		The 2,300-kilogram orbiters (at Venus orbit insertion) were designed to spend their missions photographing the planet in ultraviolet light and conducting other scientific investigations.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09 (95 words)

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