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Topic: Venera 1

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	Venera 1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Venus-1 Automatic Interplanetary Station, or Venera 1, was a 643.5 kg probe consisting of a cylindrical body 1.05 meter in diameter topped by a dome, totaling 2.035 meters in height.
		This was pressurized to 1.2 atmospheres of dry nitrogen, with internal fans to maintain even distribution of heat.
		On May 19 and 20, 1961, Venera 1 passed within 100,000 km of Venus and entered a heliocentric orbit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_1 (527 words)

	Venera 4V-1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Venera 11 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium.
		Venera 12 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/craft/venra4v1.htm (1978 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		Venera 8 slowed from 41,696 km/hr to about 900 km/hr by aerobraking, then opened its 2.5-m-diameter parachute at an altitude of 60 km, and transmitted data during its descent.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (859 words)

	Venera Program Encyclopedia @ LaunchBase.com (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		While it was initially claimed that Venera 4 reached the surface, re-analysis including atmospheric occultation data from the American Mariner 5 spacecraft that flew by Venus the day after its arrival demonstrated that Venus's surface pressure was 75-100 atmospheres, much higher than its 25 atm hull strength, and the claim was retracted.
		Venera 5 and 6 were launched as atmospheric probes, knowing that they would be crushed before reaching the surface, but they had smaller parachutes, to explore deeper in the atmosphere before their batteries failed.
		Venera 13 and 14 were the only landers on which all cameras worked properly; although ironically, the lens cap on Venera 14 landed exactly in the way of the soil compression probe...
	www.launchbase.com /encyclopedia/Venera_program (1626 words)

	Venera
		Venera 7 was launched from an earth parking orbit towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3317 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Details about Venera 11 are sketchy; however, the spacecraft did make a soft landing on the surface, and sent back evidence of thunder and lightning as well as the presence of carbon monoxide in the lower altitudes.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	✓ Venera-Mission - Weltraummedizin.de - Weltraummedizin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		"Venera 12" stellte dabei den bis heute gÃ¼ltigen Rekord von 110 Minuten Ãberlebensdauer auf der VenusoberflÃ¤che auf.
		Die von "Venera 15" und "Venera 16" erstellten Karten hatten eine AuflÃ¶sung von 1-2 km und waren damit etwa 10 Mal detailreicher als die von Pioneer-Venus 1.
		Venera D ist eine geplante Venus-Landesonde, die von Lawotschkin entwickelt wird und frÃ¼hestens 2013 starten soll.
	weltraummedizin.de /index.php/Venera-Mission (4210 words)

	Venera 1
		It was determined that the Venera fourth stage on the 4 February attempt failed due to loss of tank pressurisation.
		The first communications session between the Venera and the Saturn communications complex was all right, but the planned second session failed since the spacecraft was moving faster than predicted and was out of sight.
		In the West, the failed Venera 4 launch is being analysed as an attempted manned flight.
	www.astronautix.com /details/venra164.htm (546 words)

	Inventing The Interplanetary Probe
		It was sealed and pressurized with nitrogen to 1.2 atmospheres, with circulating fans to distribute heat.
		Cross-shaped semi-directional antennas were mounted on the back of the solar panels, for low-bandwidth (probably 1 bit/sec) telemetry during flight on 922.8 MHz and telecommand reception.
		An omni-directional antenna was located at the end of a 2.4-meter boom, used during near-earth operation on a wavelength of 1.6 meters.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_OKB1.htm (5869 words)

	Drilling into the Surface of Venus
		As the atmosphere thickened with depth, the craft slowed from 50 meters/sec (112 mph) to a landing speed of 8 meters/sec (18 mph).
		While this meant the return of only about 1 percent as much data as Venera-11 and 12, it was valuable information.
		Venera-13 was launched October 30, 1981 and arrived at Venus on March 1.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_Venera11.htm (3379 words)

	St Venera UYN Web-Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The first win of the season for St Venera U/16 came against one of the top teams in Section B. It was a great match that played by St Venera players and this thanks to the returns of Mark Dougall and Sandro Mifsud.
		The match was balanced but ST Venera found the finishing touch which gave them the desired points and know the U/14's are in 4th place in battle for promotion.But there is much more to do because St Venera will face Naxxar in the next match which will be decisive for St Venera.
		St Venera today had several chances from set-pieces and was very near the advantage when a well hit freekick by Ian Caruana hit the crossbar.
	www.expage.com /stvenerayn (538 words)

	Adler Planetarium / CyberSpace / Planets / Venus / The Exploration of Venus
		Venera 1 was the first spacecraft to fly past Venus.
		Venera 13 and 14 were a pair of landers.
		Venera 10 was a combined orbiter and lander identical to its companion Venera 9.
	www.adlerplanetarium.org /cyberspace/planets/venus/exploration.html (965 words)

	Venus Scorecard
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
		The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure (470 C, 90 atmospheres) returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1 km visibility.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2093 words)

	Space Stamp of the Day Archive- 1961
		Venera 1's trajectory took it within 100,000 km of Venus in mid May 1961.
		Their last and most notable was Yuri Gagarin's one complete orbit on Vostok 1 a month and a half before.
		Chapter 1 - Between Mercury and Apollo in On The Shoulders of Titans A History of Project Gemini, NASA SP-4203.
	members.aol.com /nyrocketscience/space/1961/1961.htm (2927 words)

	Venus images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On March 1 1982 Venera 13 landed on a surface resembling that seen by Venera 10.
		The camera systems were improved over the earlier successful landers (Veneras 11 and 12 carried cameras but a 'lens cap' malfunction prevented the use of the cameras!) and obtained color information with repeated scans of the tilted panoramic camera using color filters.
		Venera 14 landed on Venus on March 5 1982, seeing a weathering layered surface, possibly volcanic in origin.
	www.donaldedavis.com /2003NEW/NEWSTUFF/DDVENUS.html (292 words)

	Soviet Spacecraft Pennants
		The globe and medallion were enclosed within a protective shell of stainless steel pentagonal elements, similar to the Luna-2 ball of medals.
		The messages are Iyune 1967, Zemlya, Venera (June 1967, Earth, Venus) and SSSR, Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (USSR) and the state seal.
		The messages are Zemlia XII 1984, Venera VI 1985, Aerostat b Atmosphere Venery, Venera 1984 1985 Interkosmos CNES (Earth December 1984, Venus June 1985, Balloon in Atmosphere of Venus, Venus 1984/1985 Intercosmos CNES) and SSSR, Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (USSR) and the state seal.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_Pennants.htm (1166 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Viking 2 lander used Viking 1 orbiter as a communications relay, and had to be shut down at the same time as the orbiter on August 7, 1980.
		Venera 15 and 16 produced a map of the northern hemisphere from the pole to 30°N. They found several hot spots, possibly caused from volcanic activity.
	www.iki.rssi.ru /solar/eng/craft1.htm (6549 words)

	Soviet Venus Probe Launches
		Reached surface of Venus at 0656 UT 1 March 1966.
		Venera 5 survived for 53 minutes in the atmosphere of Venus and reached 26 km from the surface.
		Venera 6 said to have survived to 10-12 km altitude 51 minutes after atmospheric entry.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /histind/Soviemar/sovievenus.htm (346 words)

	Chronology of deep space exploration
		1: The 2MV-1 No. 4 Venus lander left stranded in the low-Earth orbit due to the fourth stage failure.
		March 1: Venera-3 lander penetrates the atmosphere of Venus.
		June 1, 2005: NASA announced the selection of a Juno mission to orbit Jupiter.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /chronology_planetary.html (2786 words)

	Malta (Women) 2005/06 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Venera Lightenings 14 5 3 6 21- 35 18 7.Rabat Ajax 14 1 1 12 8- 78 4 8.Qormi 14 0 1 13 6-135 1 Round 1 [Sep 21] Rabat A. 1-5 Sta.
		Venera L. 1-0 Rabat A. [Jan 22] Qormi 0-16 Hibernians Birkirkara 1-0 Mosta Raiders 2-1 Melita Round 9 [Jan 29] Hibernians 12-0 Rabat A. Birkirkara 3-0 Sta.
		Venera Lightenings 14 5 3 6 21- 35 18 7.Rabat Ajax 14 1 1 12 8- 78 4 8.Qormi 14 0 1 13 6-135 1 Knock-Out Competition 2006 Quarterfinals [May 6] Hibernians 10-0 Rabat A. Mosta 6-0 Qormi [May 7] Birkirkara 1-3 Melita Raiders 2-2 Sta.
	www.rsssf.com /tablesm/malt-wom06.html (444 words)

	Inner Planets
		Venera 3 was the first spacecraft to impact another planet.
		With Venera 16, it mapped Venus from the North pole to about 30° N latitude over an 8 month period.
		Vega 1 continued on for a flyby of Halley's comet (6 March 1986).
	www.worldspaceflight.com /probes/inner.htm (908 words)

	Missions
		Pioneer Venus 1 was also known as Pioneer 12 and arrived at Venus on 4 December 1978.
		Viking 1 consisted of an orbiter and a lander.
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on 15 December 1970.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1967/missions.htm (2062 words)

	1961 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		January 1 - The farthing coin, used since the 13th century, ceases to be legal tender in the United Kingdom.
		March 1 - President of the United States John F. Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps.
		May 19 - Venera program: Venera 1 becomes the first man-made object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus (however the probe had lost contact with earth a month earlier and did not send back any data).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1961 (3421 words)

	Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities - Part 2
		In the TASS statement the transmission frequency of 922.8 MHz of the Venera 1 probe is mentioned, the first time that this frequency was ever given as a telemetry frequency for a Soviet space vehicle.However, the Soviet tracking network soon lost contact with the probe.
		Venera 2 did fly by Venus and Venera 3 probably hit Venus, but the probes both failed before reaching their target.
		Venera 5 survived for 53 minutes in the atmosphere and reached 26 km from the surface.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /trackind/jodrell/jodrole2.htm (6381 words)

	Space Today Online -- Lunar and Planetary Exploration Timeline
		Venera 9 - 8 Jun 1975 - Venus Orbiter and Lander
		Venera 10 - 14 Jun 1975 - Venus Orbiter and Lander
		Venera 13 - 30 Oct 1981 - Venus Orbiter and Lander
	www.spacetoday.org /History/ExplorationTimeline.html (2469 words)

	Russia's unmanned missions to Venus
		The first stage of the launch vehicle separated 1 minute 58 seconds after the launch and the fairing was jettisoned 4 minutes 14 seconds in flight.
		3MV-4 #4 spacecraft was officially announced as Venera-2, 3MV-3 #1 as Venera-3.
		The Venera spacecraft with the radar antenna during pre-launch assembly.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /spacecraft_planetary_venus.html (336 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration
		Venera 1 - USSR Venus Flyby - 643.5 kg - (February 12, 1961)
		Venera 9 arrived at Venus on October 22, 1975, three days before the arrival of its sister spacecraft, Venera 10.
		Venera 10 arrived at Venus on October 25, 1975, three days after the arrival of its sister spacecraft Venera 9.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/craft2.htm (8246 words)

	[No title]
		Shut down in 1992." "Pioneer 13","(USA)","Aug. 8, 1978","Venus probe","Arrived on Dec. 9, 1978, deploying four atmospheric probes, which descended by parachute and learned that the lower atmosphere was clear." "Venera 11","(USSR)","Sep. 9, 1978","Venus lander","Arrived on Dec 25, 1978.
		Returned panoramic photos and conducted soil analysis." "Venera 15","(USSR)","June 2, 1983","Venus orbiter","Arrived on Oct. 10, 1983.
		Mapped part of northern hemisphere using radar." "Venera 16","(USSR)","June 7, 1983","Venus orbiter","Arrived on Oct. 14, 1983.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /members/slitchfield/pocketinfo/data/unmanned.csv (872 words)

	Planetary Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		(1 planetary probe in 164 missions = %)
		(1 planetary probe in 135 missions = %)
		((1) planetary probe in 130 missions = %)
	www.sciencepresse.qc.ca /clafleur/Scfam-planetary.html (435 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Space - Exploration Timeline
		The USSR launched the first manned space flight, Vostok 1, which orbited the Earth once.
		The USSR achieved a Venus flyby, but lost contact with its spacecraft, the Venera 1.
		The USA were the first to achieve a successful flyby of Venus and of Mars with Mariner 2 and Mariner 4 respectively.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/space/exploration/missiontimeline/1960s.shtml (149 words)

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