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Topic: Venera 11

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	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 11 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium.
		Venera 11 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3299 words)

	Venera 11 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Venera 11 (Russian: Венера-11) was an USSR unmanned space mission to explore the planet Venus.
		Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978 3:25:39 UTC.
		Venera 11 also carried solar wind detectors, ionosphere electron instruments and two gamma ray burst detectors - the Soviet-built KONUS and the French-built SIGNE 2.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_11 (303 words)

	Venera 12 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 12 was launched on 14 September 1978 02:25:13 UTC.
		The Venera 12 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
		Venera 12 used its ultraviolet spectrometer to study Comet Bradfield on 13 February 1980.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_12 (331 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (857 words)

	Surface of Venus
		Venera 7 (1970) and Venera 8 (1972) detected the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes (chiefly uranium and thorium) on Venus' surface.
		Venera 9 and 10 (1975) sent back the first closeup photographs of the planet's surface; these images showed that certain parts of Venus were covered with sizable sharp-edged rocks and others with fine-grain dust.
		Venera 11 and 12 (1978) measured the chemical components of the planet's lower atmosphere.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html (1002 words)

	Venus (planet) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 carried out essentially the same mission, arriving at Venus on March 1 and March 5, 1982.
		Venera 15 analyzed and mapped the upper atmosphere with an infrared Fourier spectrometer.
		From November 11 to July 10, both satellites mapped the northern third of the planet with synthetic aperture radar.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Venus_(planet) (3804 words)

	The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus
		Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978.
		It, and its sister, Venera 12, which was launched on 14 September 1978, traveled to Venus with a separation of ~0.02 AU.
		Veneras 11 and 12 were part of the French-Soviet collaboration SIGNE 2.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html (641 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Details about Venera 11 are sketchy; however, the spacecraft did make a soft landing on the surface, and sent back evidence of thunder and lightning as well as the presence of carbon monoxide in the lower altitudes.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	Venera
		Venera 1 was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus.
		Suggestions for the cause of the failure included incorrect soldering of wires in multiple pin plugs, wrong attachments of the plugs to the pyrotechnic connectors, or a mix-up of the pyrotechnic connectors during assembly..
		Venera 5 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-001C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/project/venera.htm (3213 words)

	Venera series probe missions to Venus
		Venera 13 mockup at the Cosmos Pavillion in Moscow.
		Photograph of the Venera 13 mockup at the Cosmos Pavillion in Moscow is courtesy of Sky and Telescope.
		The illustration of the Venera spacecraft landing sequences is courtesy of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/images/venera1112_images.html (70 words)

	Ask an Astronomer for KIDS! - Has a spacecraft ever landed on Venus? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On Oct. 22, 1975, Venera 9 landed on the surface of Venus.
		Venera 10 took photographs of its surface and studied its rocks.
		Venera 12 sent back data for 110 minutes (the longest of any Venera lander) before the effects of heat and pressure ended its mission.
	coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu /cosmic_kids/AskKids/venera.shtml (193 words)

	Our Solar System - Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Venera 12 lasted 110 minutes on the surface, recording electrical discharges that indicated lightning was present on Venus.
		Venera 13's sample was determined to be leucite basalt, a rare rock type on the Earth.
		Venera 14's sample was determined to be tholeiitic basalt, similar to that found at mid-ocean ridges on the Earth.
	www.dunnbypaul.net /solarsystem/classic/venera.html (1233 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		The Venera 11 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
	www.if.ufrgs.br /ast/solar/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	Venera Spacecraft
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		The Venera 11 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
		Venera 13 carried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements, monitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric discharges during its descent phase through the Venusian atmosphere.
	members.tripod.com /~abramovo/venera.htm (812 words)

	Venera-9 and 10
		The central section of the bus, with the height of one meter and the diameter of 1.1 meters, contained propellant tanks for the main propulsion unit.
		The main engine was encircled by a conical instrument compartment with the diameter of 2.35 meters at the base, which also served as an interface with the upper stage of the launch vehicle.
		A cruise stage of the 4V (Venera) spacecraft, which once adored Cosmos Pavilion and other Soviet exhibits, was later seen on the premises of NPO Lavochkin stripped of most of its external elements.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /venera75.html (3108 words)

	Venera Spacecraft - Soviet spacecraft exploring Planet Venus
		The Soviet Venera program was a series 16 probes to Planet Venus from 1961 and 1983.
		Although the first missions failed, Venera 7 to 14 landed safely, analysing the soil and taking the first pictures of Venus's surface.
		Venera 1 was the world's first attempt to launch a space probe to another planet.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /venera.html (98 words)

	math lessons - Venera 10
		Venera 10 (Russian: Венера-10) was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		Venera 10 was the second probe to send back fl and white television pictures from the Venusian surface (after Venera 9).
		Venera 10 photographs showed lava rocks of pancake shape with lava or other weathered rocks in between.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Venera_10 (228 words)

	Chapter 17 -- The Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On November 12 and 16, 1965 the Soviets launched Venera 2 and 3 whose purpose was to orbit Venus and possibly land on its surface.
		Venera 7, launched from Tyuratam on August 17, 1970, softlanded on Venus' equator on December 15, 1970 and transmitted data for 23 minutes before succumbing to the high temperatures and pressure.
		Venera 14 only operated for 53 minutes, but it, too, took color pictures of the surface and performed chemical analysis of the soil.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter17.html (6264 words)

	Venus...Astroppo.com
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 carried out essentially the same mission, arriving at Venus on March 1 and March 5, 1982.
		Venera 15 analyzed and mapped the upper atmosphere with an infrared Fourier spectrometer.
		From November 11 to July 10, both satellites mapped the northern third of the planet with synthetic aperture radar.
	www.astroppo.com /venus.html (3319 words)

	Venus - Crystalinks
		Venera 4's battery ran out while still slowly floating through the massive atmosphere, and Venera 5 and 6 were crushed by high pressure 18 km (60,000 ft) above the surface.
		The 300 lb descent vehicle separated from Venera 9 and landed, taking the first pictures of the surface and analyzing the crust with a gamma ray spectrometer and a densitometer.
		Also in 1978, Venera 11 and Venera 12 flew past Venus, dropping descent vehicles on December 21 and December 25 respectively.
	www.crystalinks.com /venus.html (3353 words)

	Evidence for Lightning on Venus
		The desire to confirm this speculation led to the installation on the Venera 11 and 12 landers, and was one of the objectives for the installation on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, of instruments that could detect the electromagnetic radiation associated with lightning /2,3/.
		Venera 13 and 14 carried electromagnetic sensors similar to those on Venera 11 and 12 but no acoustic sensors.
		The activity on Venera 13 and 14 was similar to that on Venera 12 and significantly less than on Venera 11.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/evidence (5477 words)

	[No title]
		Venera 15/16 Bibliography Akim, E.L., Z.P. Vlasova, V.A. Stepan'Yants, and A.G. Tuchin, Orbit determination for a radar mapping satellite of Venus.
		Barsukov, V.L., A.T. Basilevsky, R.O. Kuzmin, A.A. Pronin, V.P. Kruchkov, O.V. Nikolayeva, I.M. Chernaya, G.A. Burba, N.N. Bobina, V.P. Shashkina, M.S. Markov, and A.L. Sukhanov, Preliminary evidence on the geology of Venus from radar measurements by the Venera 15 and 16 probes.
		Nikolayeva, O.V., Geochemistry of the Venera 8 material demonstrates the presence of continental crust on Venus.
	pds-geosciences.wustl.edu /geodata/venera/biblio.txt (2678 words)

	Adler Planetarium / CyberSpace / Planets / Venus / The Exploration of Venus
		On top is an image of the Venera 13 spacecraft, while on the bottom is a color-enhanced image of the surface of Venus taken by the Venera 13 lander.
		Venera 13 and 14 were a pair of landers.
		Venera 10 was a combined orbiter and lander identical to its companion Venera 9.
	www.adlerplanetarium.org /cyberspace/planets/venus/exploration.html (965 words)

	Inner Planets
		Venera 3 was the first spacecraft to impact another planet.
		Venera 11 (Venera 11 Lander) (USSR) 9 September 1978.
		With Venera 16, it mapped Venus from the North pole to about 30° N latitude over an 8 month period.
	www.worldspaceflight.com /probes/inner.htm (909 words)

	The Venera 13 & 14 probes to Venus
		Venera 13 was launched on 30 October 1981 and Venera 14 was launched on 4 November 1981.
		Venera 13 and 14 contained the "Konus" experiments to observe cosmic gamma-ray bursts.
		The data from Venera 13 and 14 produced a confirmed gamma-ray burst event of 1 every 3 days, a factor of 3 better than had been deduced previously from Venera 11 and 12 and Prognoz 7.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/sats_n_data/missions/venera1314.html (511 words)

	Venera 11 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Venera 11 was launched on 9 September, 1978 3:25:39 (Greenwich Mean Time updated with leap seconds) UTC.
		A device called Groza detected (The flash of light that accompanies an electric discharge in the atmosphere (or something resembling such a flash); can scintillate for a second or more) lightning on Venus.
		Venera 11 also carried solar wind detectors, ionosphere electron instruments and two (Click link for more info and facts about gamma ray burst) gamma ray burst detectors - the Soviet-built KONUS and the (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French-built SIGNE 2.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/ve/venera_11.htm (353 words)

	History of Space Exploration...Part Two - Astronomy News - Care2.com
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Venera 11 landed on Venus on December 25, 1978, and returned data for 95 minutes.
		Venera 15 and 16 produced a map of the northern hemisphere from the pole to 30°N. They found several hot spots, possibly caused from volcanic activity.
	www.care2.com /c2c/groups/disc.html?gpp=9395&pst=856991 (10093 words)

	Venus Scorecard
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
		The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure (470 C, 90 atmospheres) returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1 km visibility.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2115 words)

	Venera 11, 12, 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Venera 12 launched on Dec 21, 1978 and returned data for 110 minutes.
		It was designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
		The sample was determined to be Lucite basalt, a rare rock type on the earth.
	library.thinkquest.org /03oct/02144/text/venus/venera/ven111213.htm (186 words)

	Venera 4V-1
		Venera 10 Orbiter - Venera 10 / 4V-1 Orbiter
		Venera 10 Detail - Venera 10 / 4V-1 Details
		Venera 10 Lander - Venera 10 / 4V-1 lander
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/craft/venra4v1.htm (1978 words)

	Directory - Science: Technology: Space: Missions: Unmanned: Venus: Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		HEASARC: The Venera 11 and 12 probes to Venus · iweb · cached · Summary of the missions including a description of instrumentation and scientific goals.
		HEASARC: The Venera 13 and 14 probes to Venus · iweb · cached · Summary of the missions including a description of instrumentation and scientific goals.
		Venera Missions to Venus · cached · Spacecraft and mission profiles from the National Space Science Data Center.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=1102257 (193 words)

	Venera 11 Venera 10 February lightning Venus UTC December 25 Venera 12 Venera program Russian gamma ray burst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Both Venera 11 and Venera 12 had landers with two cameras, each designed for color imaging, though Soviet literature doesn't mention them.Each failed to return images when the lens covers did not separate after landing due to a design flaw.
		The soil analyzer also failed.A gas chromatograph was on board to measure the composition of the Venus atmosphere, as well as instruments to study scattered solar radiation.
		Sputnik 7 - Venera 1 - Mariner 1 - Sputnik 19 - Mariner 2 - Sputnik 20 - Sputnik 21 - Venera 1964A - Venera 1964B - Cosmos 27 - Zond 1 - Venera 2 - Venera 3, Venera 4 - Mariner 5 - Cosmos 167 - Venera...
	en.powerwissen.com /epk5ER%7C%7CSL%7C%7C245HTampKIgnA2A%3D%3D_Venera_11.html (394 words)

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