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Topic: Venera 12

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	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 12 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3276 words)

	Venera 12 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Venera 12 (Russian: Венера-12) was an USSR unmanned space mission to explore the planet Venus.
		The Venera 12 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
		Venera 12 used its ultraviolet spectrometer to study Comet Bradfield on 13 February 1980.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_12 (331 words)

	Venera 13 and 14 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 (Russian: Венера-13, Венера-14) were a pair of identical probes in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.
		Venera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take advantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5 days apart, Venera 13 on 1981-10-30 at 06:04:00 UTC and Venera 14 on 1981-11-04 at 05:31:00 UTC, both with an on-orbit dry mass of 760 kg.
		Venera 14, however, ended up measuring the compressibility of the lens cap, which landed right where the probe was to measure the soil.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_14 (652 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (857 words)

	Surface of Venus
		Venera 4 (1967) analyzed the chemical composition of Venus' upper atmosphere and provided the scientific community with the first direct measurements for a model of the planet's atmospheric makeup.
		Venera 7 (1970) and Venera 8 (1972) detected the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes (chiefly uranium and thorium) on Venus' surface.
		Venera 9 and 10 (1975) sent back the first closeup photographs of the planet's surface; these images showed that certain parts of Venus were covered with sizable sharp-edged rocks and others with fine-grain dust.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html (1002 words)

	Knowledge King - Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Venera series of satellites was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 7 - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 12 - Flyby and Lander - launched September 14, 1978 : Arrived December 21, 1978, the lander surviving for 110 minutes and recorded what is thought to be lighting
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/v/ve/venera.html (551 words)

	Soviet Craft - Venera
		Venera 1 was the first probe from Earth to pass by Venus; Venera 3 was the first probe to land on Venus.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177x205 km, 51.5° inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on September 21 and December 14.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use 8 cm band side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_venera.html (3714 words)

	Venus (planet) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These results were verified and refined by the Venera 5 and Venera 6 missions in May 16 and 17 of 1969.
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 carried out essentially the same mission, arriving at Venus on March 1 and March 5, 1982.
		Venera 15 analyzed and mapped the upper atmosphere with an infrared Fourier spectrometer.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Venus_(planet) (3804 words)

	Venera Spacecraft
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		The Venera 12 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
		Venera 13 carried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements, monitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric discharges during its descent phase through the Venusian atmosphere.
	members.tripod.com /~abramovo/venera.htm (812 words)

	12
		December 12 December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
		Sibley-Monroe checklist 12 The Sibley-Monroe checklist was a landmark document in the study of DNA-DNA hybridisation stu...
		Venera 12 The Venera 12 was an 1980.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/12.html (1427 words)

	Encyclopedia: Venera 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Categories: Venera programme The Venera 11 was an USSR unmanned space mission to explore the planet Venus.
		Color image taken from the surface of Venus by the Soviet Venera 13 lander The Venera series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 13 Soviet Venus lander Venera 13 and Venera 14 were a pair of identical probes in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Venera-12 (571 words)

	Our Solar System - Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Venera 12 lasted 110 minutes on the surface, recording electrical discharges that indicated lightning was present on Venus.
		Venera 13's sample was determined to be leucite basalt, a rare rock type on the Earth.
		Venera 14's sample was determined to be tholeiitic basalt, similar to that found at mid-ocean ridges on the Earth.
	www.dunnbypaul.net /solarsystem/classic/venera.html (1233 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Venera 12 was designed to study the atmospheric composition and clouds of Venus.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	Space Today Online -- Lunar and Planetary Exploration Timeline
		Luna 12 - 22 Oct 1966 - Lunar Orbiter
		Venera 9 - 8 Jun 1975 - Venus Orbiter and Lander
		Venera 10 - 14 Jun 1975 - Venus Orbiter and Lander
	www.spacetoday.org /History/ExplorationTimeline.html (2469 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Venus: Past: Venera 13
		Results: Venera 13 was one of the third pair of heavy Venus flyby/lander probes launched towards Venus by the Soviet Union in the 1970s (after Venera 9/10 and Venera 11/12).
		The Venera 13/14 combination had an improved set of instruments (such as the spectrophotometer, the gas chromatograph, and the mass spectrometer), including a redesigned soil sampler.
		Venera 13 repeated the attempts at color surface photography (using red, green, and blue filters) that failed on Veneras 11 and 12 and succeeded by relaying to Earth the first color photographs of the surface of Venus.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_13&Display=ReadMore (371 words)

	Venera 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Both Venera 11 and Venera 12 had landers with two cameras, eachdesigned for color imaging.
		Venera 12 also carried solar wind detectors, ionosphere electron instruments and two gamma ray burst detectors - the Soviet-built KONUS and the French -built SIGNE 2.
		The SIGNE 2 detectors were simultaneously flown on Venera 12 and Prognoz 7 to allow triangulation of gamma raysources.
	www.therfcc.org /venera-12-44948.html (179 words)

	Ask an Astronomer for KIDS! - Has a spacecraft ever landed on Venus?
		On Oct. 22, 1975, Venera 9 landed on the surface of Venus.
		Venera 10 took photographs of its surface and studied its rocks.
		Venera 12 sent back data for 110 minutes (the longest of any Venera lander) before the effects of heat and pressure ended its mission.
	coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu /cosmic_kids/AskKids/venera.shtml (193 words)

	Venera
		Veneras 4 (in 1967), 5, and 6 (in 1969) were all probes that gathered data on the composition of Venus' atmosphere, learning that it is largely made up of carbon dioxide, with little oxygen.
		Venera 10 returned the first fl and white photographs of its terrain, while Venera 13 sent back the first color photos.
		Despite the success of the Venera missions and the amount of interesting information they accumulated, trips to Venus in the near future are unlikely.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/venera.html (295 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Space - Exploration - Venera 4
		Although a previous mission, Venera 3, had managed to successfully reach Venus, communications had already failed and mission control learned nothing of the conditions beneath the Venusian clouds.
		Venera 4 was a much more successful mission, arriving on the 18 October 1967.
		Upon entering the atmosphere, Venera 4 took measurements of the abundance of hydrogen and oxygen.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/space/exploration/missiontimeline/venera4.shtml (267 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 6 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
	www.if.ufrgs.br /ast/solar/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus
		It, and its sister, Venera 12, which was launched on 14 September 1978, traveled to Venus with a separation of ~0.02 AU.
		The Venera spacecraft could either be spin stabilized with a spin period of several hours, or 3 axis stabilized.
		Veneras 11 and 12 were part of the French-Soviet collaboration SIGNE 2.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html (641 words)

	Venera Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Russian Venera probes represent a long-term commitment to exploration of the planet Venus.
		The earlier ones were crushed by the atmosphere before reaching the surface, but Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to soft-land on the planet.
		A number of the later Venera craft survived for up to an hour in the harsh Venusian atmosphere and sent back photographs of the surface and analyses of the air and soil.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/venera.html (163 words)

	Venera Spacecraft - Soviet spacecraft exploring Planet Venus
		The Soviet Venera program was a series 16 probes to Planet Venus from 1961 and 1983.
		Although the first missions failed, Venera 7 to 14 landed safely, analysing the soil and taking the first pictures of Venus's surface.
		Venera 1 was the world's first attempt to launch a space probe to another planet.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /venera.html (98 words)

	Venera 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Venera 13 landed on Venus in 1982, returning the first color images from the Venusian surface.
		Unlike the Venera 9/10 mission, the landers were supported by flyby bus spacecraft rather than orbiters, due to weight limitations.
		Venera 14 at 7 deg 30 min S, 303 E, just east of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as Phoebe Regio.
	pages.preferred.com /~tedstryk/venerab.html (600 words)

	Evidence for Lightning on Venus
		The desire to confirm this speculation led to the installation on the Venera 11 and 12 landers, and was one of the objectives for the installation on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, of instruments that could detect the electromagnetic radiation associated with lightning /2,3/.
		The activity on Venera 13 and 14 was similar to that on Venera 12 and significantly less than on Venera 11.
		On the surface the instruments continued to operate but only Venera 12 saw a burst of VLF noise and only for a brief period as shown in Figure 8.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/evidence (5477 words)

	Soviet Venus Missions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Venera 12 lasted 110 minutes on the surface, recording electrical discharges that indicated lightning was present on Venus.
		Venera 13's sample was determined to be leucite basalt, a rare rock type on the Earth.
		Venera 14's sample was determined to be tholeiitic basalt, similar to that found at mid-ocean ridges on the Earth.
	ifp.uni-muenster.de /~sohl/solar/sovvenus.htm (1269 words)

	Chapter 17 -- The Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		On November 12 and 16, 1965 the Soviets launched Venera 2 and 3 whose purpose was to orbit Venus and possibly land on its surface.
		Venera 7, launched from Tyuratam on August 17, 1970, softlanded on Venus' equator on December 15, 1970 and transmitted data for 23 minutes before succumbing to the high temperatures and pressure.
		Venera 14 only operated for 53 minutes, but it, too, took color pictures of the surface and performed chemical analysis of the soil.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter17.html (6264 words)

	ThothWeb - Chronology of Space Exploration
		Luna 12 - USSR Lunar Orbiter - 1,620 - (October 22, 1966-1967) Luna 12 is in a lunar orbit.
		Venera 7 - USSR Venus Lander - 1180 kg - (August 17, 1970) Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Venera 12 - USSR Venus Flyby/Lander - 4,940 kg - (September 14, 1978) Venera 12 landed on December 21, 1978 and returned data for 110 minutes.
	www.thothweb.com /content-16.html (7788 words)

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