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	Venera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Venera (Russian: Венера; formerly, sometimes referred to as Venusik in the West) series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 4 - Atmospheric Probe - launched June 12, 1967 : Arrived October 18, 1967 and was the first probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and return data.
		Venera 14 - Flyby and Lander - launched November 14, 1981 : Arrived March 5, 1982, a soil sample revealed tholeiitic basalt (similar to that found on Earth's mid-ocean ridges).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_program (1336 words)

	Venera 15 and 16 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Venera 15 was launched on June 2 1983 at 02:38:39 (Greenwich Mean Time updated with leap seconds) UTC, and Venera 16 on June 7 1983 at 02:32:00 UTC.
		Venera 15 and Venera 16 both reached Venus' orbit (on October 10 1983 and October 14 1983 respectively).
		The Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft were identical and were based on modifications to the orbiter portions of the (additional info and facts about Venera 9) Venera 9 and (additional info and facts about Venera 14) Venera 14 probes.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/ve/venera_15_and_16.htm (478 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (863 words)

	Venera 15 & 16
		Venera 15 and Venera 16 were a two-spacecraft mission designed to use 8-centimeter (3-inch) band, side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
		Venera 15 was launched on June 2, 1983, and Venera 16 on June 7.
		The Venera 15 and 16 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems were identical, and were used to map the surface of Venus at a resolution of 1 to 2 kilometers (.6 to 1.2 miles) over a period of 8 months.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/venera16.htm (934 words)

	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/project/venera.htm (3213 words)

	Venera 15/16 Radar Mosaic Browser
		The Venera data consists of 27 images (quads) covering the latitude range of 25 degrees north to the north pole; however, two quads, the 8th and 9th, are not included because they were not available at the time the CD was produced.
		The higher-resolution imaginery obtained by Veneras 15 and 16 showed that most of the Lahshmi Planum was relatively smooth and higher than the adjacent area.
		Coronae are definied by a concentric structure consisting of an annulus of ridges or fractures, an interior that may be topographically positive or negative, and a peripheral moat or trough.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/venera15.html (795 words)

	[5.0] The Exploration Of Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978, with the lander touching down on Venus on 25 December 1978 and transmitting data for 95 minutes.
		Venera 13 was launched on 30 October 1981 and its lander touched down on 1 March 1982, to return data for 127 minutes.
		Venera 15 was launched on 2 June 1983, followed by Venera 16 on 7 June.
	www.vectorsite.net /taxpl_05.html (6774 words)

	Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The Venera (Russian: Венера) series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 7 - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 15 - Orbiter - launched June 2, 1983 : Arrived October 10, 1983 and mapped (along with Venera 16) the northern hemisphere down to 30 degrees from North (resolution 1-2km)
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/V/Venera.htm (1045 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 6 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
	astro.if.ufrgs.br /solar/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	Venera
		Venera 5 is launched at 9:26 Moscow time from LC-31 in -23 deg C temperatures.
		Meanwhile Venera 5 was launched from its parking orbit towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Venera 6 was launched towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3403 words)

	The Venera Missions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The Venera Missions consisted of 16 separate Soviet missions to Venus from 1961 to 1983.
		Venera 1 was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus.
		The Venera 7 capsule was the first man-made object to return data after landing on another planet.
	members.aol.com /bethje/venera.htm (303 words)

	Venera 9 and 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		In October, Venera 9 and Venera 10 made the first twin landings on another planet -- Venus -- and transmitted the first pictures from the surface of another planet.
		Venera 9 operated for 53 minutes on the surface and Venera 10 for a record 65 minutes.
		Soviet spacecraft Venera 9 took the first photographs of Venus's surface (above), which gave scientists their first glimpse of the planet's rocky surface.
	www2.worldbook.com /features/venus/html/venera9_10.html (223 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Venera 8: Was a probe that landed to collect data and remained of the surface to collect data of the atmosphere.
		Venera 14: Was sent on the same mission as the Venera 13; therefore, it did the same tests and studies as the Venera 13.
		Venera 16: Was sent at the same time and on the same mission as Venerea 15; therefore, it took the same tests and studies as the Venera 15..
	gatornet.chapin.edu /~BMD_2010Webpage (819 words)

	Soviet Venus Missions
		Venera 12 lasted 110 minutes on the surface, recording electrical discharges that indicated lightning was present on Venus.
		Venera 13's sample was determined to be leucite basalt, a rare rock type on the Earth.
		Venera 14's sample was determined to be tholeiitic basalt, similar to that found at mid-ocean ridges on the Earth.
	www.if.ufrgs.br /ast/solar/sovvenus.htm (1269 words)

	Venera Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The Russian Venera probes represent a long-term commitment to exploration of the planet Venus.
		A number of the later Venera craft survived for up to an hour in the harsh Venusian atmosphere and sent back photographs of the surface and analyses of the air and soil.
		In 1983 the Venera 15 and Venera 16 orbiters sent back detailed radar maps of large parts of the northern hemisphere of Venus.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/venera.html (163 words)

	Astronomy, Stars, Galaxy, Space, Big bang, Universe, Nebula, Cosmic, Planets, Spacecrafts, Probes, Nasa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The Venera lander was used by the Soviet Union to study the planet Venus.
		The Venera 4 was the first Venera lander, but was crushed by the atmospheric pressure at an altitude of 24 km.
		In 1970 Venera 7 was the first spacecraft ever to return data from the surface of another planet to scientists on Earth.
	www26.brinkster.com /rfhubers/astronomy_venera.asp (162 words)

	Venus: History: Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Venera 4 included a flyby spacecraft as well as a probe that entered the planet's atmosphere.
		The Venera 15 and 16 orbiters included the first radar systems flown to another planet that were capable of producing high-quality images of the surface.
		Like Veneras 15 and 16, Magellan carries a radar-imaging system, which in this case is capable of producing radar images with a resolution that can exceed 100 metres.
	www.space.com /reference/brit/venus/history.html (1342 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA00465 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		These volcanoes were first identified as small hills in Venera 15/16 images and were predicted to be shield-type volcanoes constructed mainly from eruptions of fluid lava flows similar to those that produce the Hawaiian Islands and sea floor volcanoes - a prediction that was confirmed by Magellan.
		These small shield-type volcanoes are the most abundant geologic feature on the surface of Venus, believed to number in the hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, and are important evidence in understanding the geologic evolution of the planet.
		Clearly visible in the Magellan image are details of volcano morphology, such as variation in slope, the occurrence and size range of summit craters, and geologic age relationships between adjacent volcanoes, as well as additional volcanoes that were not identifiable in the Venera image.
	www.bonus.com /contour/NASA_Photojournal/http@@/photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00465 (320 words)

	Where can I get photos of the Soviet Venera and Vega probes of Venus? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		On March 1, 1982 the Venera 13 lander touched down on the Venusian surface at 7.5° S, 303° E, east of Phoebe Regio.
		It was the first Venera mission to include a color TV camera.
		Venera 13 survived on the surface for 2 hours, 7 minutes, long enough to obtain 14 images.
	www.astronomycafe.net /qadir/q855.html (228 words)

	Inner Planets
		Venera 3 was the first spacecraft to impact another planet.
		With Venera 16, it mapped Venus from the North pole to about 30° N latitude over an 8 month period.
		With Venera 15, it mapped Venus from the North pole to about 30° N latitude over an 8 month period
	www.worldspaceflight.com /probes/inner.htm (909 words)

	Venus Scorecard
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
		This orbiter, in conjunction with Venera 15, mapped the planet from the north pole to 30 degrees north latitude over its eight month operating life.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2093 words)

	ch7
		The Magellan image was acquired at a 27-de" incidence angle and the Venera 15/16 image at a 10-de" incidence angle; because of the better resolution and larger incidence angle of the Magellan image, there are more variations in the Magellan imagery.
		From the Venera 15/16 and Arecibo images, Basilevsky and Ivanov [1990] interpreted Cleopatra to be a peak-ring structure, which supported an impact origin for the crater.
		This is why the Venera 15 and 16 images, which were acquired at much smaller incidence angles (approximately 10 deg), appear much brighter than the corresponding Magellan images of the same areas.
	history.nasa.gov /JPL-93-24/ch7.htm (5430 words)

	On August 17, 2000, the Soviet Union launched Venera-7 - the first man-made object to transmit data from another planet
		On December 15, the Venera-7 lander separated from its cruising stage and plunged into the planet's atmosphere on the dark side of the planet, which was facing Earth.
		To their horror, the scientists on the ground discovered that due to malfunction of a mechanical switch on the probe, the spacecraft had lost the capability to transmit all but a single channel of data.
		After deciphering a very weak signal, the scientists confirmed that for around 23 minutes after hitting the surface of another world, Venera 7, despite the fact it was laying on its side in darkness with its antennas pointed away from Earth, had continued transmitting temperature data.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/venera7_000817.html (864 words)

	Schoolforge News-Journal: Venus
		In the early 1970s, hints of the geology of Venus began to emerge from the geochemical measurements of the Soviet Venera 8 mission and from the panoramas of the surface from Venera 9 and 10.
		The Venera 15-16 side looking radar with 1-2 km resolution revealed surface landforms and provided images over a large enough area to determine by crater counting when landforms and terrain formed.
		The Venera 4 entry probe established that carbon dioxide is the major gas in the atmosphere at a mole fraction of ~97%.
	opensourceschools.org /article.php?story=20030421050401484&mode=print (3025 words)

	Soviet Venus Probe Launches
		Venera 5 survived for 53 minutes in the atmosphere of Venus and reached 26 km from the surface.
		Venera 6 said to have survived to 10-12 km altitude 51 minutes after atmospheric entry.
		The environment on the surface measured to be 90 +/- 15 atm, 475 +/- 20
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /histind/Soviemar/sovievenus.htm (346 words)

	Venus Technical Literature
		Barsukov, V.L., A.T. Basilevsky, R.O. Kuz'min, A.A. Pronin, V.P. Kruchkov, O.V. Nikolayeva, I.M. Chernaya, G.A. Burba, N.N. Bobina, V.P. Shashkina, M.S. Markov, and A.L. Sukhanov, Preliminary evidence on the geology of Venus from radar measurements by the Venera 15 and 16 probes.
		Basilevsky, A.T., B.A. Ivanov, G.A. Burba, L.M. Chernaya, V.P. Kryuchkov, O.V. Nikolaeva, D.B. Campbell, and L.B. Ronca, Impact craters of Venus: A continuation of the analysis of data from the Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft.
		Ronca, L.B. and A.T. Basilevsky, Maxwell Montes and Tessera Fortuna: A study of Venera 15 and 16 radar images.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /magellan/tech.html (8340 words)

	Chronology of deep space exploration
		15: NASA loses contact with the CONTOUR spacecraft after a planned maneuver that was intended to propel it out of Earth orbit and into its comet-chasing solar orbit.
		March 15: NASA has suspended use of one of the mineral-identifying tools on the Opportunity Mars rover while experts troubleshoot a problem with getting data from the instrument, the robot's miniature thermal emission spectrometer.
		15: NASA discontinued a $65 million nuclear propulsion research program, at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, aimed to develop the nuclear propulsion system to carry spacecraft beyond the solar system within the Prometheus program.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /chronology_planetary.html (2466 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Venera 9 arrived at Venus on October 22, 1975, three days before the arrival of its sister spacecraft, Venera 10.
		Venera 10 arrived at Venus on October 25, 1975, three days after the arrival of its sister spacecraft Venera 9.
	www.bonus.com /contour/cometshmkr/http@@/www.solarviews.com/eng/craft2.htm (8205 words)

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