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Topic: Venera 16

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Recursion

	Venera 16
		Venera 16 was part of a two spacecraft mission to Venus.
		Venera 16 was launched on June 6th 1983, four days after Venera 15.
		Venera 16 reached Venus' orbit on October 14 1983.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ve/Venera_16.html (344 words)

	Venera 16 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 16 (Russian: Венера-16) was a spacecraft sent to Venus by the Soviet Union.
		Venera 16 was launched on June 7, 1983 at 02:32:00 UTC and reached Venus' orbit on October 14, 1983.
		The Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft were identical and were based on modifications to the orbiter portions of the Venera 9 and Venera 14 probes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_16 (519 words)

	Venera
		Venera 7[?] - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 15[?] - Orbiter - launched June 2, 1983 : Arrived October 10, 1983 and mapped (along with Venera 16) the northern hemisphere down to 30 degrees from North (resolution 1-2km)
		Venera 16 - Orbiter - launched June 7, 1983 : Arrived October 14, 1983 and mapped (along with Venera 15) the northern hemisphere down to 30 degrees from North (resolution 1-2km)
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ve/Venera.html (539 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (857 words)

	Venera 15 & 16
		Venera 15 and Venera 16 were a two-spacecraft mission designed to use 8-centimeter (3-inch) band, side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
		Venera 15 was launched on June 2, 1983, and Venera 16 on June 7.
		The Venera 15 and 16 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems were identical, and were used to map the surface of Venus at a resolution of 1 to 2 kilometers (.6 to 1.2 miles) over a period of 8 months.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/venera16.htm (934 words)

	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
		Venera 16 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 15) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3334 words)

	Soviet Craft - Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Venera 1 was the first probe from Earth to pass by Venus; Venera 3 was the first probe to land on Venus.
		Venera 13 and 14 were twins, designed to take advantage of the 1981 launch opportunity, and Venera 15 and 16 were twins, designed to take advantage of the 1983 launch opportunity.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177x205 km, 51.5° inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on September 21 and December 14.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_venera.html (3714 words)

	Radio Science and Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since the early Venera capsules landed almost in the center of the planets disk, horizontal wind speed was not very accurate.
		The Venera satellites were placed in elliptical polar orbits, with a minimum altitude of 1000 km above 62° N latitude.
		Brown University geologist J.W. Head, a guest scientist on the Venera mission, proposed an alternative hypothesis, that Lakshmi is formed by a confluence of compression forces in the surrounding crust.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_RadarMapping.htm (4800 words)

	[5.0] The Exploration Of Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978, with the lander touching down on Venus on 25 December 1978 and transmitting data for 95 minutes.
		Venera 13 was launched on 30 October 1981 and its lander touched down on 1 March 1982, to return data for 127 minutes.
		Venera 15 was launched on 2 June 1983, followed by Venera 16 on 7 June.
	www.vectorsite.net /taxpl_05.html (6774 words)

	Venera 15 and 16 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 15 and Venera 16 (Russian: Венера-15, Венера-16) were two identical spacecraft sent to Venus by the Soviet Union.
		Venera 15 was launched on June 2, 1983 at 02:38:39 UTC, and Venera 16 on June 7, 1983 at 02:32:00 UTC.
		Venera 15 and Venera 16 both reached Venus' orbit (on October 10, 1983 and October 14, 1983 respectively).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_15_and_16 (587 words)

	Venera 15
		Dopo l'elaborazione a bordo con un sistema di controllo automatico digitale di guadagno, i risultati sono immagazzinati in una memoria ausiliaria fino a che l'immagine del radar viene completata.
		Il suo orbiter, assieme a quello della Venera 16, furono posti in un'orbita press'a poco polare con un periastro a 62° di latitudine Nord, con i loro piani orbitali sfasati di approssimativamente di un angolo di 4° l'una rispetto all'altra.
		Il suo orbiter, assieme a quello della Venera 15, furono posti in un'orbita press'a poco polare con un periastro a 62° di latitudine Nord, con i loro piani orbitali sfasati di approssimativamente di un angolo di 4° l'una rispetto all'altra.
	www.castfvg.it /zzz/urss/sonde/venera/venera_15.htm (2530 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Details about Venera 11 are sketchy; however, the spacecraft did make a soft landing on the surface, and sent back evidence of thunder and lightning as well as the presence of carbon monoxide in the lower altitudes.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus
		It, and its sister, Venera 12, which was launched on 14 September 1978, traveled to Venus with a separation of ~0.02 AU.
		The Venera spacecraft could either be spin stabilized with a spin period of several hours, or 3 axis stabilized.
		Veneras 11 and 12 were part of the French-Soviet collaboration SIGNE 2.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html (641 words)

	Venera
		The Soviet space program to Venus in the late 1960's, 70's, and early 80's was very successful, with 13 of 16 Venera missions safely reaching the planet.
		Veneras 4 (in 1967), 5, and 6 (in 1969) were all probes that gathered data on the composition of Venus' atmosphere, learning that it is largely made up of carbon dioxide, with little oxygen.
		Venera 10 returned the first fl and white photographs of its terrain, while Venera 13 sent back the first color photos.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/venera.html (295 words)

	Venera 15/16 Radar Mosaic Browser
		The Venera data consists of 27 images (quads) covering the latitude range of 25 degrees north to the north pole; however, two quads, the 8th and 9th, are not included because they were not available at the time the CD was produced.
		The higher-resolution imaginery obtained by Veneras 15 and 16 showed that most of the Lahshmi Planum was relatively smooth and higher than the adjacent area.
		Coronae are definied by a concentric structure consisting of an annulus of ridges or fractures, an interior that may be topographically positive or negative, and a peripheral moat or trough.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/venera15.html (795 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		Venera 13 carried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements, monitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric discharges during its descent phase through the Venusian atmosphere.
	www.if.ufrgs.br /ast/solar/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	Venera 15, 16 (4V2 #1 , 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Venera 15 and 16 were a two spacecraft mission designed to use 8 cm band side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
		The two spacecraft were inserted into Venus orbit a day apart with their orbital planes shifted by an angle of approximately 4 degrees relative to one another.
		The Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft were identical and were based on modifications to the the orbiter portions of the Venera 9 and 14 probes.
	space.skyrocket.de /doc_sdat/venera-4v2.htm (279 words)

	Venera Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Russian Venera probes represent a long-term commitment to exploration of the planet Venus.
		A number of the later Venera craft survived for up to an hour in the harsh Venusian atmosphere and sent back photographs of the surface and analyses of the air and soil.
		In 1983 the Venera 15 and Venera 16 orbiters sent back detailed radar maps of large parts of the northern hemisphere of Venus.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/venera.html (163 words)

	St Venera UYN Web-Page
		The first win of the season for St Venera U/16 came against one of the top teams in Section B. It was a great match that played by St Venera players and this thanks to the returns of Mark Dougall and Sandro Mifsud.
		The match was balanced but ST Venera found the finishing touch which gave them the desired points and know the U/14's are in 4th place in battle for promotion.But there is much more to do because St Venera will face Naxxar in the next match which will be decisive for St Venera.
		St Venera today had several chances from set-pieces and was very near the advantage when a well hit freekick by Ian Caruana hit the crossbar.
	www.expage.com /stvenerayn (538 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA00465
		These volcanoes were first identified as small hills in Venera 15/16 images and were predicted to be shield-type volcanoes constructed mainly from eruptions of fluid lava flows similar to those that produce the Hawaiian Islands and sea floor volcanoes - a prediction that was confirmed by Magellan.
		These small shield-type volcanoes are the most abundant geologic feature on the surface of Venus, believed to number in the hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, and are important evidence in understanding the geologic evolution of the planet.
		Clearly visible in the Magellan image are details of volcano morphology, such as variation in slope, the occurrence and size range of summit craters, and geologic age relationships between adjacent volcanoes, as well as additional volcanoes that were not identifiable in the Venera image.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA00465 (310 words)

	Venus - Crystalinks
		Venera 4's battery ran out while still slowly floating through the massive atmosphere, and Venera 5 and 6 were crushed by high pressure 18 km (60,000 ft) above the surface.
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 carried out essentially the same mission, arriving at Venus on March 1 and March 5, 1982.
		Venera 15 analyzed and mapped the upper atmosphere with an infrared Fourier spectrometer.
	www.crystalinks.com /venus.html (3353 words)

	Venera Spacecraft - Soviet spacecraft exploring Planet Venus
		The Soviet Venera program was a series 16 probes to Planet Venus from 1961 and 1983.
		Although the first missions failed, Venera 7 to 14 landed safely, analysing the soil and taking the first pictures of Venus's surface.
		Venera 1 was the world's first attempt to launch a space probe to another planet.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /venera.html (98 words)

	Schoolforge News Journal - Venus
		In the early 1970s, hints of the geology of Venus began to emerge from the geochemical measurements of the Soviet Venera 8 mission and from the panoramas of the surface from Venera 9 and 10.
		The Venera 15-16 side looking radar with 1-2 km resolution revealed surface landforms and provided images over a large enough area to determine by crater counting when landforms and terrain formed.
		The Venera 4 entry probe established that carbon dioxide is the major gas in the atmosphere at a mole fraction of ~97%.
	www.opensourceschools.org /article.php?story=20030421050401484 (3168 words)

	Venus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 7 represented a concerted effort to return data from the planet's surface, and was constructed with a reinforced descent module capable of withstanding a pressure of 180 bar.
		Both Venera 13 and 14 analyzed soil samples with an on-board X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and attempted to measure the compressibility of the soil with an impact probe.
		The Venera program came to a close in October 1983 when Venera 15 and Venera 16 were placed in orbit to conduct mapping of the Venusian terrain with synthetic aperture radar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venus (6035 words)

	GME Online Planet Jam: Space Probes Venera Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Venera, the program of the former USSR for exploring the planet Venus (see space exploration), employed various types of spacecraft to measure the composition and dynamics of the Venusian atmosphere and to analyze and radar-map the planet's surface.
		After ten failures, the eleventh probe, Venera 4, was launched on June 12, 1967, and successfully relayed data from the Venusian atmosphere.
		In 1983, Venera 15 and Venera 16 were launched, entering orbit around Venus in October of that year for extensive radar mapping of the planet.
	gme.grolier.com /gme-ol/gme-jam/planets/probes/docs/venera.htm (431 words)

	Venus Scorecard
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		In a bout of mania, on 1969 May 16, while the capsule was suspended from the parachute, 53 minutes of data from the Venusian atmosphere were returned.
		This orbiter, in conjunction with Venera 16, mapped the planet from the north pole to 30 degrees north latitude over its eight month operating life.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2093 words)

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