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Topic: Venera 3

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	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3317 words)

	The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus
		Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978.
		It, and its sister, Venera 12, which was launched on 14 September 1978, traveled to Venus with a separation of ~0.02 AU.
		The Venera spacecraft could either be spin stabilized with a spin period of several hours, or 3 axis stabilized.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html (641 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Venera 3 was the first spacecraft to land on (impact) another planet, but no data was returned.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	Soviet Venus Probe Launches
		LOX leak in 3 rd stage froze fuel in pipe and it eventually exploded.
		Venera 5 survived for 53 minutes in the atmosphere of Venus and reached 26 km from the surface.
		Venera 6 said to have survived to 10-12 km altitude 51 minutes after atmospheric entry.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /histind/Soviemar/sovievenus.htm (346 words)

	Chapter 17 -- The Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On November 12 and 16, 1965 the Soviets launched Venera 2 and 3 whose purpose was to orbit Venus and possibly land on its surface.
		Venera 7, launched from Tyuratam on August 17, 1970, softlanded on Venus' equator on December 15, 1970 and transmitted data for 23 minutes before succumbing to the high temperatures and pressure.
		On December 3, 1973 this probe flew within 130,000 km of Jupiter's surface; it returned 300 photographs of the planet and its Galilean moons while performing an extensive study of the Jovian magnetosphere.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter17.html (6264 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Venus: Past: Venera 3
		Venera 3 successfully left Earth orbit and released a small 0.9- meter-diameter, 337-kilogram (some sources say 310-kilogram) landing capsule to explore the Venusian atmosphere and transmit data on pressure, temperature, and composition of the Venusian atmosphere back to Earth during the descent by parachute.
		Later investigation confirmed that Venera 3 suffered many of the same failures as Venera 2.
		Venera 3 marked the first time a humanmade object had made physical contact with another planetary body besides the Moon.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_3 (122 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Venera 15 and 16 produced a map of the northern hemisphere from the pole to 30°N. They found several hot spots, possibly caused from volcanic activity.
		On 3 December 1999 the probes were nearing Mars on a trajectory to enter the atmosphere and bring them to their intended landing site, but contact was never made with either probe and the mission was presumed lost.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/craft2.htm (8246 words)

	Munch's Spacecraft - Venera 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Venera 3 was the first spacecraft to land on another planet.
		The orbital module executed a course correction on boxing day 1965, placing it on a trajectory that would allow it to pass just 800km from the centre of Venus, close enough to deploy an attached lander.
		It is likely that Venera 3 hit the cloud tops just on the night side of the terminator.
	www.zoneforums.com /munch/astronomy/spacecraft/venus/venera3.html (121 words)

	Molniya 8K78M
		The spacecraft entered lunar orbit 3 50 x 1017 km, inclination 71.9 deg to plane of the lunar equator.
		The objectives of the mission included the study of: (1) lunar gamma- and X-ray emissions in order to determine the Moon's chemical composition; (2) lunar gravitational anomalies; (3) the concentration of meteorite streams near the Moon; and, (4) the intensity of hard corpuscular radiation near the Moon.
		Venera 5 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-001C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/lvs/mol8k78m.htm (7171 words)

	Venus Scorecard
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
		The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure (470 C, 90 atmospheres) returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1 km visibility.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2093 words)

	Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus
		The heat shield of the Venera capsule was a lightweight porous material, probably based on phenolic epoxy resin.
		Venera-5 eventually came to rest at 3° S, 18° E, and Venera-6 landed at 5° S, 23° E. Venera-5 and 6 landed on the night side of Venus, in the center of the visible disc of the planet.
		At the moment of impact, the signal dropped to 3 percent power, came back to full strength for a second, then remained at 3 percent for 23 minutes before ending.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_Lavochkin1.htm (4994 words)

	Inner Planets
		Venera 3 was the first spacecraft to impact another planet.
		With Venera 16, it mapped Venus from the North pole to about 30° N latitude over an 8 month period.
		Photographed 57% of the surface of Mercury in 3 passes (704 km on 29 March 1974, 48,069 km on 21 September 1974, and 327 km on 16 March 1975).
	www.worldspaceflight.com /probes/inner.htm (908 words)

	SOVIET PLANETARY MISSIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		VENERA 2 - Attempt to image Venus during flyby mission in tandem with VENERA 3.
		VENERA 3 - Attempt to place a lander capsule on Venusian surface.
		VENERA 7 - First probe to return data from the surface of another planet in 1970.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/jgreen/rusplan.html (672 words)

	Chronology of deep space exploration
		3: Mars Polar Lander disappears during its descent on the surface of Mars.
		The launch of Mars Smart Lander/Mobile Laboratory was delayed from 2007 to 2009.
		3: A second reaction wheel onboard Japan's Hayabusa (MUSES-C) spacecraft failed and its attitude has been maintained by a single wheel together with the chemical engines aboard.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /chronology_planetary.html (2786 words)

	Space Today Online -- Lunar and Planetary Exploration Timeline
		Venera 9 - 8 Jun 1975 - Venus Orbiter and Lander
		Venera 10 - 14 Jun 1975 - Venus Orbiter and Lander
		Venera 13 - 30 Oct 1981 - Venus Orbiter and Lander
	www.spacetoday.org /History/ExplorationTimeline.html (2469 words)

	[No title]
		Impacted Venus." "Luna 8","(USSR)","Dec. 3, 1965","Lunar lander","Destroyed upon impact with lunar surface." "Pioneer 6","(USA)","Dec. 16, 1965","Solar probe","Still transmitting from a solar orbit." "Luna 9","(USSR)","Jan. 31, 1966","Lunar lander","Performed first successful soft landing on the Moon, on Feb. 3, 1966, and transmitted the first photographs from its surface." "Luna 10","(USSR)","Mar. 31, 1966","Lunar orbiter","Studied Moon's gravity and radiation.
		Shut down in 1992." "Pioneer 13","(USA)","Aug. 8, 1978","Venus probe","Arrived on Dec. 9, 1978, deploying four atmospheric probes, which descended by parachute and learned that the lower atmosphere was clear." "Venera 11","(USSR)","Sep. 9, 1978","Venus lander","Arrived on Dec 25, 1978.
		Mapped part of northern hemisphere using radar." "Venera 16","(USSR)","June 7, 1983","Venus orbiter","Arrived on Oct. 14, 1983.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /members/slitchfield/pocketinfo/data/unmanned.csv (872 words)

	VENUS
		(USSR) Zond-1 (1964), Venera 2(1965), Venera 3 (1965)
		Venera 10 (1975), Venera 11 (1978), Venera 12 (1978),
		Venera 15 (1983) and Venera 16 (1983) orbiters,
	www.fredonia.edu /department/geosciences/Venus-F03.htm (243 words)

	Missions
		Venera 3 - USSR Vebus Atmospheric Probe {16 November 1965}
		Communications with Venera 3 was lost just before atmosphere entry at Venus.
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on 15 December 1970.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1967/missions.htm (2062 words)

	Planetary Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		(3 planetary probes in 139 missions = %)
		(3 planetary probes in 173 missions = %)
		(3 planetary probes in 40+ missions = %)
	www.sciencepresse.qc.ca /clafleur/Scfam-planetary.html (435 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It recorded circulation in the Venusian atmosphere and showed the temperature of the cloud tops to be -23°C. Mariner 10 flew past Mercury 3 times on March 29, 1974, September 21, 1974, and March 16, 1975.
		Venera 9 arrived at Venus on October 22, 1975, three days before its sister spacecraft Venera 10.
		Venera 10 arrived at Venus on October 25, 1975, three days after its sister spacecraft Venera 9.
	www.iki.rssi.ru /solar/eng/craft1.htm (6549 words)

	Venera 3MV-3
		The mission was to land on the Venusian surface.
		The mission of this spacecraft was to land on the Venusian surface.
		1: Sp 95/37-260; Sp 96/38-31 (8K71 launches); 2: Sp 96/38-48; 3: Sp 96/38-206; Sp 96/38-317 (designatons); 4: Sp 98/40-28; 5:Sp 98/40-85
	www.astronautix.com /craft/vena3mv3.htm (368 words)

	Inventing The Interplanetary Probe
		The camera system and ultraviolet spectrometers were identical to Zond-2 and 3.
		However, the infrared spectrometer was not the CH-band experiment designed for Zond-2; but rather, was a meteorological spectrometer to measure the atmosphere's thermal balance.
		Both were consistent with the radio spectrum of Venus, but neither could reproduce it accurately without extreme assumptions.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_OKB1.htm (5869 words)

	[No title]
		3 US 385 orbited moon, photographed far side & A-12 landing site; impacted on command Apr 17,1967 Surveyor 3 US 283 landed on lunar surface (pieces brought back) May 4,1967 Lunar Orb.
		4 US 390 orbited moon at polar inclination, complete Earth-side coverage; impacted on command Jun 12,1967 Venera 4 USSR 1,104 presumed impacted on Venus Jun 14,1967 Mariner 5 US 244 Venus flyby now in solar orbit Jul 14,1967 Surveyor 4 US 283 lunar soft-lander failed, impacted moon Aug 1,1967 Lunar Orb.
		US date entered Mars orbit (expected decay: 2025) Jul 20,1976 Viking 1 Land.US date landed on Mars, now NASM exhibit (Tim Mutch Memorial Station) Jul 24,1976 Viking 2 Orb.
	asterope.bajaobs.hu /astrobase/astronom/spacemis/docu/probes.txt (201 words)

	Spacecrafts launched in 1961 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Satellite 2120 was launched as SAMOS 3 with the 0.9-meter focal length E-2 steerable reconnaissance payload.
		In addition to the SAMOS E-2 camera and F-1 ferret, satellite 2120 carried scientific experiments.(SAMOS 3 was the only Program 101A satellite; a second satellite; Agena no. 2121, appears never to have been launched.)
		This mission clearly demonstrated that amateurs are capable of (1) designing and constructing reliable spacecraft, (2) tracking satellites and (3) collecting and processing related scientific and engineering information.
	www.sciencepresse.qc.ca /clafleur/Spacecrafts-1961.html (3822 words)

	Interplanetary Spacecraft
		Venus bus, released four entry probes before encounter.
		Originally launched as International Sun-Earth Explorer 3 (ISEE-3).
		Transfer to escape trajectory and renamed International Comet Explorer.
	www.braeunig.us /space/planet.htm (846 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #4452011 - MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR PROTONS WITH ENERGIES OF 1 TO 5 MeV BY THE VENERA-2, VENERA- 3, AND ZOND-3 SPACE PROBES.
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR PROTONS WITH ENERGIES OF 1 TO 5 MeV BY THE VENERA-2, VENERA- 3, AND ZOND-3 SPACE PROBES.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4452011 (128 words)

	[No title]
		Mercury 1975 Mar 16 330xE 1973-85A Mariner X Mercury flyby 1975 Mar 16 ?
		1973-85A Centaur AC-34 Earth orbit 1973 Nov 3 700x1110x2.6 1973-85B Spuskaemiy Apparat Marsa-7 Mars flyby 1974 Mar 9 1000x1600x2??
		1981-110 Spuskaemiy Apparat Veneri-13 Venera-13 1982 Feb 27 700x990x2.3 Venus 1982 Mar 1 Landing 1981-106D Spuskaemiy Apparat Veneri-14 Venera-14 1982 Mar 3 710x990x2.3 Venus 1982 Mar 5 Landing 1981-110D Venera-15 Earth orbit 1983 Jun 2 710x1010x2.3 293d Venus 1983 Oct 9 Orbit 1983-53A Blok-DM Earth orbit 1983 Jun 2 700x1000x2?
	www.planet4589.org /space/logs/deep/hco (1110 words)

	Deep space probes and other manmade objects beyond Earth orbit
		Objects in distant Earth orbits (includes objects with semimajor axes greater than half that of the Moon) INT-ID/Name country name launch date in orbit inclin.
		1969-014B USA ATLAS CENTAUR R/B AC-20 2/25/69 2/25/69 2.1 0.970 x 1.593 1969-018B USA SATURN V R/B 504N 3/ 3/69 3/ 3/69 0.5 0.546 x 0.991 1969-030A USA MARINER 7 (MARS) 3/27/69 3/27/69 1.8 1.118 x 1.670 data to 8/5/69?
		1971-049A USSR MARS 3 5/28/71 12/ 2/71 60 1530 x 214500 data to 3/72?
	pages.prodigy.net /wrjohnston/astro/awrjp493.html (246 words)

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