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	Venera
		Venera 4 was successfully launched towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3299 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (857 words)

	Venera Missions to Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Venera 10 - Soviet Venus Orbiter and Lander (1975)
		Venera 9 - Soviet Venus Orbiter and Lander (1975)
		Venera 4 - Soviet Venus Probe - 1967
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /planetary/venera.html (88 words)

	The Venera 13 & 14 probes to Venus
		Venera 13 was launched on 30 October 1981 and Venera 14 was launched on 4 November 1981.
		Venera 14 took spectra in 30 energy channels with the same 0.5 and 4 s integration options.
		The data from Venera 13 and 14 produced a confirmed gamma-ray burst event of 1 every 3 days, a factor of 3 better than had been deduced previously from Venera 11 and 12 and Prognoz 7.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1314.html (418 words)

	Surface of Venus
		Venera 4 (1967) analyzed the chemical composition of Venus' upper atmosphere and provided the scientific community with the first direct measurements for a model of the planet's atmospheric makeup.
		Venera 7 (1970) and Venera 8 (1972) detected the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes (chiefly uranium and thorium) on Venus' surface.
		Venera 9 and 10 (1975) sent back the first closeup photographs of the planet's surface; these images showed that certain parts of Venus were covered with sizable sharp-edged rocks and others with fine-grain dust.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html (1002 words)

	The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus
		It, and its sister, Venera 12, which was launched on 14 September 1978, traveled to Venus with a separation of ~0.02 AU.
		The Venera spacecraft could either be spin stabilized with a spin period of several hours, or 3 axis stabilized.
		Veneras 11 and 12 were part of the French-Soviet collaboration SIGNE 2.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html (641 words)

	Venera
		Veneras 4 (in 1967), 5, and 6 (in 1969) were all probes that gathered data on the composition of Venus' atmosphere, learning that it is largely made up of carbon dioxide, with little oxygen.
		Venera 10 returned the first fl and white photographs of its terrain, while Venera 13 sent back the first color photos.
		Despite the success of the Venera missions and the amount of interesting information they accumulated, trips to Venus in the near future are unlikely.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/venera.html (337 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Details about Venera 11 are sketchy; however, the spacecraft did make a soft landing on the surface, and sent back evidence of thunder and lightning as well as the presence of carbon monoxide in the lower altitudes.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	Exploration of Venus by Spacecrafts
		The Soviet Venera 4 capsule was parachuted down into the atmosphere of Venus on Oct. 18, 1967.
		Venera 4 confirmed that the atmosphere was made mostly of carbon dioxide, the temperatures were very hot and atmospheric pressure was great.
		The Venera 8 was more successful, which landed on July 22, 1972 and was able to transport data about the ground conditions, like illumination level and rock properties on the surface.
	library.thinkquest.org /25097/graphics/vcrafts.htm (807 words)

	On August 17, 2000, the Soviet Union launched Venera-7 - the first man-made object to transmit data from another planet
		These probes, Veneras 5 and 6, were built to withstand up to 25 atmospheres.
		On December 15, the Venera-7 lander separated from its cruising stage and plunged into the planet's atmosphere on the dark side of the planet, which was facing Earth.
		After deciphering a very weak signal, the scientists confirmed that for around 23 minutes after hitting the surface of another world, Venera 7, despite the fact it was laying on its side in darkness with its antennas pointed away from Earth, had continued transmitting temperature data.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/venera7_000817.html (795 words)

	Venera Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Russian Venera probes represent a long-term commitment to exploration of the planet Venus.
		The earlier ones were crushed by the atmosphere before reaching the surface, but Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to soft-land on the planet.
		A number of the later Venera craft survived for up to an hour in the harsh Venusian atmosphere and sent back photographs of the surface and analyses of the air and soil.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/venera.html (163 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Venera 4
		Venera 4 (Russian:Венера-4) was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		On October 18, 1967, the spacecraft entered the Venusian atmosphere and released two thermometers, a barometer, a radio altimeter, and atmospheric density gauge, 11 gas analyzers, and two radio transmitters operating in the DM waveband.
	reference.com /browse/wiki/Venera_4 (271 words)

	Venera 15/16 Radar Mosaic Browser
		The Venera data consists of 27 images (quads) covering the latitude range of 25 degrees north to the north pole; however, two quads, the 8th and 9th, are not included because they were not available at the time the CD was produced.
		The higher-resolution imaginery obtained by Veneras 15 and 16 showed that most of the Lahshmi Planum was relatively smooth and higher than the adjacent area.
		Coronae are definied by a concentric structure consisting of an annulus of ridges or fractures, an interior that may be topographically positive or negative, and a peripheral moat or trough.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/venera15.html (795 words)

	Soviet Spacecraft Pennants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The messages are Mars-3 1971, Mars-Zemlia, Zemlia Venera Mars (Mars-3 1971, Mars-Earth, Earth Venus Mars), SSSR, Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (USSR) and the state seal.
		The messages are Iyune 1967, Zemlya, Venera (June 1967, Earth, Venus) and SSSR, Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (USSR) and the state seal.
		The messages are Zemlia XII 1984, Venera VI 1985, Aerostat b Atmosphere Venery, Venera 1984 1985 Interkosmos CNES (Earth December 1984, Venus June 1985, Balloon in Atmosphere of Venus, Venus 1984/1985 Intercosmos CNES) and SSSR, Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (USSR) and the state seal.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_Pennants.htm (1166 words)

	The Interaction of the Solar Wind With Venus
		Veneras 7 and 8 did not study the solar wind interaction and Mariner 10, whose primary mission was to explore Mercury, passed by Venus at too large a distance to provide new insight into the nature of the interaction.
		Venera 4 transmitted ion and magnetic field data until it reached an altitude of 200 kin.
		Region 1 is the wake, 2 the rarefaction region, 3 the magnetosheath, 4 the foreshock, and 5 the undisturbed solar wind.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/interact_solwind (18676 words)

	Venera Spacecraft - Soviet spacecraft exploring Planet Venus
		The Soviet Venera program was a series 16 probes to Planet Venus from 1961 and 1983.
		Although the first missions failed, Venera 7 to 14 landed safely, analysing the soil and taking the first pictures of Venus's surface.
		Venera 1 was the world's first attempt to launch a space probe to another planet.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /venera.html (98 words)

	Venera
		Signals were returned by the spacecraft, which deployed a parachute after braking to subsonic velocity in the Venusian atmosphere, until it reached an altitude of 24.96 km.
		Suggestions for the cause of the failure included incorrect soldering of wires in multiple pin plugs, wrong attachments of the plugs to the pyrotechnic connectors, or a mix-up of the pyrotechnic connectors during assembly..
		The orbiter spacecraft entered Venus orbit and was separated from the lander on October 23, 1975.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/project/venera.htm (3213 words)

	Soviet Venus Probe Launches
		Venera 5 survived for 53 minutes in the atmosphere of Venus and reached 26 km from the surface.
		Venera 6 said to have survived to 10-12 km altitude 51 minutes after atmospheric entry.
		The 4 th stage was late in igniting and cut off early after 25 sec because of faulty sequencer and DC/DC converter failure.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /histind/Soviemar/sovievenus.htm (346 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		With except of the first three all thirteen other Venera probes entered and operated successfully in the Venus atmosphere while signal and some data were received from only two Mars probes.
		The trajectory reconstruction of Venera 4 produced a major confusion at that time when concluded that the Venus surface pressure is ~ 20 atm while the one-way Doppler tracking and trajectory reconstruction of Venera 8 lead to discovery of superrotation of bulk of the Venus atmosphere.
		At the most dramatic descent of Venera 7 whose parachute was damaged and telemetry transmitted temperature data only, the Doppler tracking and digital data processing helped to reconstruct the trajectory and to save the mission data.
	www.mrc.uidaho.edu /entryws/abs/abs_Kerzhanovich.html (406 words)

	Venus Scorecard
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
		The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure (470 C, 90 atmospheres) returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1 km visibility.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2115 words)

	Venus and Spacecrafts
		The Venera 1 was launched before the Mariner 2, but was unsuccessful and failed.
		Venera 4 was the first spacecraft to enter another planet's atmosphere.
		The U.S., in December 1978 sent the crafts Pioneer Venus 1 to orbit the planet and Pioneer Venus Bus and the 4 probes it carried entered Venus' atmosphere.
	library.thinkquest.org /C002416/venus/spacecraft.htm (763 words)

	GME Online Planet Jam: Space Probes Venera Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Venera, the program of the former USSR for exploring the planet Venus (see space exploration), employed various types of spacecraft to measure the composition and dynamics of the Venusian atmosphere and to analyze and radar-map the planet's surface.
		After ten failures, the eleventh probe, Venera 4, was launched on June 12, 1967, and successfully relayed data from the Venusian atmosphere.
		In 1983, Venera 15 and Venera 16 were launched, entering orbit around Venus in October of that year for extensive radar mapping of the planet.
	gme.grolier.com /gme-ol/gme-jam/planets/probes/docs/venera.htm (431 words)

	Venus - Visits to Venus
		Venera 1 began its journey to Venus but after 7 days and at about 2 million kilometres from Earth, contact with the space craft was lost.
		Venera 2 was another flyby mission and it did reach Venus, coming within 24,000 kilometres of the planet, but again the spacecraft systems weren't operating so no information could be sent back.
		Venera 3 was a lander mission, meaning that it was intended to land on the surface of the planet.
	www.bobthealien.co.uk /venusvisit.htm (2727 words)

	Venera-9 and 10
		Almost three decades after Venera 9 and 10 "scanned" these truly out-of-the-world landscapes through a one-centimeter thick quartz pressure windows, Donald Mitchell, an image expert who worked for ATandT Bell Labs and Microsoft Research, reprocessed the original digital telemetry from the Soviet landers.
		In the case of Venera 9 and 10, he undid a pixel replication and replaced it with a higher quality interpolation filter.
		A cruise stage of the 4V (Venera) spacecraft, which once adored Cosmos Pavilion and other Soviet exhibits, was later seen on the premises of NPO Lavochkin stripped of most of its external elements.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /venera75.html (3108 words)

	Venera 4 - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Venera 4 - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Venus’s complete cloud cover and deep atmosphere make it difficult to study from the Earth, and most knowledge of the planet has been obtained...
		Venera (space programme), series of spacecraft that the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) launched towards the planet Venus from the...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Venera_4.html (100 words)

	Space FAQ 08/13 - Planetary Probe History
		MARINER 4, the sister probe to MARINER 3, did reach Mars in 1965 and took the first close-up images of the Martian surface (22 in all) as it flew by the planet.
		PIONEER 4 was a Moon probe which missed the Moon and became the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit the Sun in 1959.
		RANGER 4, launched April 23, 1962, had the same purpose as RANGER 3, but suffered technical problems enroute and crashed on the lunar farside, the first U.S. probe to reach the Moon, albeit without returning data.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/space/probe (3705 words)

	History of Space Exploration...Part Two - Astronomy News - Care2.com
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Venera 15 and 16 produced a map of the northern hemisphere from the pole to 30°N. They found several hot spots, possibly caused from volcanic activity.
		Scientific objectives include imaging the nuclei at resolutions of 4 m, performing spectral mapping of the nuclei at resolutions of 100-200 m, and obtaining detailed compositional data on gas and dust in the near-nucleus environment.
	www.care2.com /c2c/groups/disc.html?gpp=9395&pst=856991 (10093 words)

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