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	Venera
		The Venera series of satellites was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 7[?] - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 10[?] - Orbiter and Lander - launched June 14, 1975 : Arrived October 25, 1975, the lander surviving 65 minutes bfore succumbing to the heat and pressure
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ve/Venera.html (539 words)

	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3299 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (857 words)

	Soviet Craft - Venera
		Venera 1 was the first probe from Earth to pass by Venus; Venera 3 was the first probe to land on Venus.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use 8 cm band side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
		The Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft were identical and were based on modifications to the the orbiter portions of the Venera 9 and 14 probes.
	burro.astr.cwru.edu /stu/advanced/20th_soviet_venera.html (3714 words)

	[5.0] The Exploration Of Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A second Mariner Venus probe, "Mariner 5", was launched on 14 June 1967, and performed a fly-by of Venus on 19 October 1967 at a closest approach of 4,025 kilometers.
		Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978, with the lander touching down on Venus on 25 December 1978 and transmitting data for 95 minutes.
		Venera 13 was launched on 30 October 1981 and its lander touched down on 1 March 1982, to return data for 127 minutes.
	www.vectorsite.net /taxpl_05.html (6885 words)

	Surface of Venus
		Venera 5 and 6 (1969) made similar soft landings on Venus, but ceased transmitting data before reaching the surface because of the extreme heat and pressure of the planet's atmosphere.
		Venera 7 (1970) and Venera 8 (1972) detected the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes (chiefly uranium and thorium) on Venus' surface.
		Venera 9 and 10 (1975) sent back the first closeup photographs of the planet's surface; these images showed that certain parts of Venus were covered with sizable sharp-edged rocks and others with fine-grain dust.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html (1002 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 6 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
	www.if.ufrgs.br /ast/solar/eng/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Details about Venera 11 are sketchy; however, the spacecraft did make a soft landing on the surface, and sent back evidence of thunder and lightning as well as the presence of carbon monoxide in the lower altitudes.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	The Venera 13 & 14 probes to Venus
		Venera 13 was launched on 30 October 1981 and Venera 14 was launched on 4 November 1981.
		Venera 14 took spectra in 30 energy channels with the same 0.5 and 4 s integration options.
		The data from Venera 13 and 14 produced a confirmed gamma-ray burst event of 1 every 3 days, a factor of 3 better than had been deduced previously from Venera 11 and 12 and Prognoz 7.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1314.html (418 words)

	Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Venera 4 showed that the surface temperature was even hotter than Mariner 2 had measured at almost 500°C, and that the atmosphere was about 90 to 95% carbon dioxide.
		Venera 7 represented a concerted effort to return data from the planet's surface, and was constructed with a reinforced descent module capable of withstanding a pressure of 180 bar.
		Both Venera 13 and 14 analyzed soil samples with an on-board X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and attempted to measure the compressibility of the soil with an impact probe.
	www.askmore.net /en/Venus.htm (6052 words)

	Exploration of Venus by Spacecrafts
		The Venera 3 was actually designed to be the first spacecraft to land on a planet but it never got to do that.
		Venera 4 confirmed that the atmosphere was made mostly of carbon dioxide, the temperatures were very hot and atmospheric pressure was great.
		The Venera 8 was more successful, which landed on July 22, 1972 and was able to transport data about the ground conditions, like illumination level and rock properties on the surface.
	library.thinkquest.org /25097/graphics/vcrafts.htm (807 words)

	Venera 15/16 Radar Mosaic Browser
		The Venera data consists of 27 images (quads) covering the latitude range of 25 degrees north to the north pole; however, two quads, the 8th and 9th, are not included because they were not available at the time the CD was produced.
		The higher-resolution imaginery obtained by Veneras 15 and 16 showed that most of the Lahshmi Planum was relatively smooth and higher than the adjacent area.
		Coronae are definied by a concentric structure consisting of an annulus of ridges or fractures, an interior that may be topographically positive or negative, and a peripheral moat or trough.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/venera15.html (795 words)

	[18.0] Unmanned Space Expands
		Their first effort was a 5 kilogram (11 pound) satellite designated the "Orbital Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio (OSCAR) 1", designed and built by American HAMS and launched on 12 December 1961 as a secondary payload on a CORONA flight.
		A second Mariner Venus probe, "Mariner 5", was launched on 14 June 1967, and performed a fly-by of Venus on 19 October 1967 at a closest approach of 4,025 kilometers (2,500 miles).
		A "Venera 1V" probe, not the same type of spacecraft as the much earlier Venera 1VA series, instead being an improved version of the Venera 3MV series, was launched on 12 June 1967 by the new improved "Molniya M" booster.
	www.vectorsite.net /tamrc_18.html (4059 words)

	The Interaction of the Solar Wind With Venus
		Veneras 7 and 8 did not study the solar wind interaction and Mariner 10, whose primary mission was to explore Mercury, passed by Venus at too large a distance to provide new insight into the nature of the interaction.
		The Venera 9 and 10 shock crossings were recorded mainly on the west side of the planet and were strongly affected by any shock tilt, whereas the Pioneer data at high latitudes would be little affected by this process.
		Region 1 is the wake, 2 the rarefaction region, 3 the magnetosheath, 4 the foreshock, and 5 the undisturbed solar wind.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/interact_solwind (18676 words)

	Venus...Astroppo.com
		These results were verified and refined by the Venera 5 and Venera 6 missions in May 16 and 17 of 1969.
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 carried out essentially the same mission, arriving at Venus on March 1 and March 5, 1982.
		Venera 15 analyzed and mapped the upper atmosphere with an infrared Fourier spectrometer.
	www.astroppo.com /venus.html (3319 words)

	Venera
		Veneras 4 (in 1967), 5, and 6 (in 1969) were all probes that gathered data on the composition of Venus' atmosphere, learning that it is largely made up of carbon dioxide, with little oxygen.
		Venera 10 returned the first fl and white photographs of its terrain, while Venera 13 sent back the first color photos.
		Despite the success of the Venera missions and the amount of interesting information they accumulated, trips to Venus in the near future are unlikely.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/venera.html (295 words)

	Venera Spacecraft - Soviet spacecraft exploring Planet Venus
		The Soviet Venera program was a series 16 probes to Planet Venus from 1961 and 1983.
		Although the first missions failed, Venera 7 to 14 landed safely, analysing the soil and taking the first pictures of Venus's surface.
		Venera 1 was the world's first attempt to launch a space probe to another planet.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /venera.html (98 words)

	Soviet Space Cameras (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Luna-22 adjusted its orbit until it was skimming the lunar surface at 15 to 30 kilometers distance.
		Reports claim the tape recorder was also used to store the video signal from the lander, although technical papers stress that the radio signal from the Venera and Mars landers to the orbiter was digital, not analog.
		A PMT-114 (multialkali cathode, also used on Venera lander) was used with red and orange glass filters to image those colors.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_Cameras.htm (5681 words)

	Venera 14 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 14 was identical to the Venera 13 spacecraft and built to take advantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5 days apart.
		It was launched on 1981-11-04 at 05:31:00 UTC and Venera 13 on 1981-10-30 at 06:04:00 UTC, both with an on-orbit dry mass of 760 kg.
		Venera 14 landed at 13,25° S, 310° E (about 950 km southwest of Venera 13) near the eastern flank of Phoebe Regio on a basaltic plain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_14 (594 words)

	Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Venera-5 spacecraft was launched on January 5, 1969, and its sister mission Venera-6 was launched on January 10.
		Venera-5 eventually came to rest at 3° S, 18° E, and Venera-6 landed at 5° S, 23° E. Venera-5 and 6 landed on the night side of Venus, in the center of the visible disc of the planet.
		The reported surface temperature changed between adjacent binary codes for 457° C and 474° C. Venera-7 came to rest at 5° S, 351° E. The radio Doppler velocity measurements and aerodynamic calculations on Venera-4 to Venera-7 revealed a surprising fact.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_Lavochkin1.htm (4994 words)

	VENERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Venera ima gustu atmosferu, ispunjenu bljestavim slojem oblaka.
		Venera je jedan od rado posmatranih objekata jer se lako pronalazi na nebu, a i malim teleskopom mogu se uociti njene faze.
		Slicno kao i Venera 5 (300 km dalje).
	www.astronomija.co.yu /suncsist/planete/Venera/venera.htm (1077 words)

	Venus Scorecard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
		The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure (470 C, 90 atmospheres) returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1 km visibility.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2115 words)

	Venus - Crystalinks
		It showed 95% carbon dioxide, and in combination with radio occultation data from the Mariner 5 probe, it showed that surface pressures were far greater than expected (75 to 100 atmospheres).
		Venera 4's battery ran out while still slowly floating through the massive atmosphere, and Venera 5 and 6 were crushed by high pressure 18 km (60,000 ft) above the surface.
		The 300 lb descent vehicle separated from Venera 9 and landed, taking the first pictures of the surface and analyzing the crust with a gamma ray spectrometer and a densitometer.
	www.crystalinks.com /venus.html (3353 words)

	On August 17, 2000, the Soviet Union launched Venera-7 - the first man-made object to transmit data from another planet
		These probes, Veneras 5 and 6, were built to withstand up to 25 atmospheres.
		On December 15, the Venera-7 lander separated from its cruising stage and plunged into the planet's atmosphere on the dark side of the planet, which was facing Earth.
		After deciphering a very weak signal, the scientists confirmed that for around 23 minutes after hitting the surface of another world, Venera 7, despite the fact it was laying on its side in darkness with its antennas pointed away from Earth, had continued transmitting temperature data.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/venera7_000817.html (795 words)

	Venera-9 and 10
		Almost three decades after Venera 9 and 10 "scanned" these truly out-of-the-world landscapes through a one-centimeter thick quartz pressure windows, Donald Mitchell, an image expert who worked for ATandT Bell Labs and Microsoft Research, reprocessed the original digital telemetry from the Soviet landers.
		In the case of Venera 9 and 10, he undid a pixel replication and replaced it with a higher quality interpolation filter.
		A cruise stage of the 4V (Venera) spacecraft, which once adored Cosmos Pavilion and other Soviet exhibits, was later seen on the premises of NPO Lavochkin stripped of most of its external elements.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /venera75.html (3108 words)

	Venus and Spacecrafts
		The Venera 1 was launched before the Mariner 2, but was unsuccessful and failed.
		Venera 4 was the first spacecraft to enter another planet's atmosphere.
		The U.S., in December 1978 sent the crafts Pioneer Venus 1 to orbit the planet and Pioneer Venus Bus and the 4 probes it carried entered Venus' atmosphere.
	library.thinkquest.org /C002416/venus/spacecraft.htm (763 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration
		Along with Venera 5, atmospheric data was returned indicating an atmosphere composed of 93-97% carbon dioxide, 2-5% nitrogen, and less than 4% oxygen.
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Venera 15 and 16 produced a map of the northern hemisphere from the pole to 30°N. They found several hot spots, possibly caused from volcanic activity.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/craft2.htm (8246 words)

	Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Venera 9 - Venus orbiter and lander in 1975
		Venera 10 - Venus orbiter and lander in 1975
		Venera 11 - Venus orbiter and lander in 1978
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/venus.html (1441 words)

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