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Topic: Venera 6

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	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3299 words)

	Venera
		The Venera series of satellites was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 7[?] - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 10[?] - Orbiter and Lander - launched June 14, 1975 : Arrived October 25, 1975, the lander surviving 65 minutes bfore succumbing to the heat and pressure
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ve/Venera.html (539 words)

	Soviet Craft - Venera
		Venera 1 was the first probe from Earth to pass by Venus; Venera 3 was the first probe to land on Venus.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use 8 cm band side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
		The Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft were identical and were based on modifications to the the orbiter portions of the Venera 9 and 14 probes.
	burro.astr.cwru.edu /stu/advanced/20th_soviet_venera.html (3714 words)

	The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus
		It, and its sister, Venera 12, which was launched on 14 September 1978, traveled to Venus with a separation of ~0.02 AU.
		The Venera spacecraft could either be spin stabilized with a spin period of several hours, or 3 axis stabilized.
		It consisted of 6 scintillation detectors, a set of 6 devices for gamma-ray burst detection against the current background, 6 counters to measure the count rate in each sensor, a 320-channel time analyzer, and a 128 channel PHA.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html (641 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 5 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-001C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		The Venera 11 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
	www.if.ufrgs.br /ast/solar/eng/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	The Venera 13 & 14 probes to Venus
		Venera 13 was launched on 30 October 1981 and Venera 14 was launched on 4 November 1981.
		Venera 14 took spectra in 30 energy channels with the same 0.5 and 4 s integration options.
		The data from Venera 13 and 14 produced a confirmed gamma-ray burst event of 1 every 3 days, a factor of 3 better than had been deduced previously from Venera 11 and 12 and Prognoz 7.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1314.html (418 words)

	Beyond Earth: A Journey To The Edge
		Venera 1, the first spacecraft of the series, was launched in February 1961.
		Venera 5 and Venera 6 were virtual duplicates of Venera 4, except for they were more rugged in construction.
		Venera 10 was launched in 1975 and its lander lasted 6.5 minutes.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0116050/htmlversion/spacebook/c4-2.html (575 words)

	Venera
		Veneras 4 (in 1967), 5, and 6 (in 1969) were all probes that gathered data on the composition of Venus' atmosphere, learning that it is largely made up of carbon dioxide, with little oxygen.
		Venera 10 returned the first fl and white photographs of its terrain, while Venera 13 sent back the first color photos.
		The last Venera installments, launched in 1983, included two orbiters that used special radar to penetrate Venus' dense cloud cover and map part of its northern hemisphere.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/venera.html (295 words)

	Venera 6 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 6 (Russian:Венера-6) was a Soviet spacecraft, launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) on January 10, 1969 towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Given the results from Venera 4, the Venera 5 and Venera 6 landers contained new chemical analysis experiments tuned to provide more precise measurements of the atmosphere's components.
		Flybys: Venera 1 · Mariner 2 · Zond 1 · Venera 2 · Mariner 5 · Mariner 10 · Venera 11 · Venera 12 · Galileo · Cassini-Huygens · MESSENGER
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_6 (326 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Details about Venera 11 are sketchy; however, the spacecraft did make a soft landing on the surface, and sent back evidence of thunder and lightning as well as the presence of carbon monoxide in the lower altitudes.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	Venera 15/16 Radar Mosaic Browser
		The Venera data consists of 27 images (quads) covering the latitude range of 25 degrees north to the north pole; however, two quads, the 8th and 9th, are not included because they were not available at the time the CD was produced.
		The higher-resolution imaginery obtained by Veneras 15 and 16 showed that most of the Lahshmi Planum was relatively smooth and higher than the adjacent area.
		Coronae are definied by a concentric structure consisting of an annulus of ridges or fractures, an interior that may be topographically positive or negative, and a peripheral moat or trough.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/venera15.html (795 words)

	VENERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Venera - druga po redu velika planeta (recnik) Suncevog sistema polazeci od Sunca.To je terestricka (recnik) i najsvetlija planeta (posle Sunca i Meseca najsvetliji objekat na nebu).
		Venera je jedan od rado posmatranih objekata jer se lako pronalazi na nebu, a i malim teleskopom mogu se uociti njene faze.
		Slicno kao i Venera 5 (300 km dalje).
	www.astronomija.co.yu /suncsist/planete/Venera/venera.htm (1077 words)

	Venera Spacecraft
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		Venera 8 successfully landed a probe that survived for 50 minutes.
		On October 20, 1975, this spacecraft was separated from the Orbiter, and landing was made with the sun near zenith at 0513 UT on October 22.
	members.tripod.com /~abramovo/venera.htm (812 words)

	Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Venera 4 showed that the surface temperature was even hotter than Mariner 2 had measured at almost 500°C, and that the atmosphere was about 90 to 95% carbon dioxide.
		Venera 7 represented a concerted effort to return data from the planet's surface, and was constructed with a reinforced descent module capable of withstanding a pressure of 180 bar.
		Both Venera 13 and 14 analyzed soil samples with an on-board X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and attempted to measure the compressibility of the soil with an impact probe.
	www.askmore.net /en/Venus.htm (6052 words)

	Venera Spacecraft - Soviet spacecraft exploring Planet Venus
		The Soviet Venera program was a series 16 probes to Planet Venus from 1961 and 1983.
		Although the first missions failed, Venera 7 to 14 landed safely, analysing the soil and taking the first pictures of Venus's surface.
		Venera 1 was the world's first attempt to launch a space probe to another planet.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /venera.html (98 words)

	Venera 6
		Venera 6 fu lanciata da un Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) per una missione che ottenesse dati dell'atmosfera.
		Il suo orbiter, assieme a quello della Venera 16, furono posti in un'orbita press'a poco polare con un periastro a 62° di latitudine Nord, con i loro piani orbitali sfasati di approssimativamente di un angolo di 4° l'una rispetto all'altra.
		Il suo orbiter, assieme a quello della Venera 15, furono posti in un'orbita press'a poco polare con un periastro a 62° di latitudine Nord, con i loro piani orbitali sfasati di approssimativamente di un angolo di 4° l'una rispetto all'altra.
	www.castfvg.it /zzz/urss/sonde/venera/venera_06.htm (1030 words)

	Venera Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Russian Venera probes represent a long-term commitment to exploration of the planet Venus.
		The earlier ones were crushed by the atmosphere before reaching the surface, but Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to soft-land on the planet.
		A number of the later Venera craft survived for up to an hour in the harsh Venusian atmosphere and sent back photographs of the surface and analyses of the air and soil.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/venera.html (163 words)

	Venus...Astroppo.com
		These results were verified and refined by the Venera 5 and Venera 6 missions in May 16 and 17 of 1969.
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 carried out essentially the same mission, arriving at Venus on March 1 and March 5, 1982.
		Venera 15 analyzed and mapped the upper atmosphere with an infrared Fourier spectrometer.
	www.astroppo.com /venus.html (3319 words)

	Planetary Missions
		Venera 5 USSR - Jan 5, 1969 - Venus Atmospheric Probe Venera 6 USSR - Jan 10, 1969 - Venus Atmospheric Probe Mariner 6 USA - Feb 24, 1969 - Mars Flyby Launched at 01:29:00 UT Used exclusively for planetary data acquisition; no data were obtained during the trip to Mars or beyond Mars.
		Venera 9 USSR - Jun 8, 1975 - Venus Lander Landing occurred on Oct 22, 1975 at 5:13 UT. Viking 1 USA - Aug 20, 1975 - Mars surface studies Viking 1 arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976.
		Ulysses USA - Oct 6, 1990 - Solar systems astrophysics Launched at 11:47:16 UT from Space Shuttle Discovery It is investigating the properties of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field, of galactic cosmic rays and neutral interstellar gas.
	www.leelehman.com /planets.html (1583 words)

	On August 17, 2000, the Soviet Union launched Venera-7 - the first man-made object to transmit data from another planet
		These probes, Veneras 5 and 6, were built to withstand up to 25 atmospheres.
		On December 15, the Venera-7 lander separated from its cruising stage and plunged into the planet's atmosphere on the dark side of the planet, which was facing Earth.
		After deciphering a very weak signal, the scientists confirmed that for around 23 minutes after hitting the surface of another world, Venera 7, despite the fact it was laying on its side in darkness with its antennas pointed away from Earth, had continued transmitting temperature data.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/venera7_000817.html (795 words)

	Venus Scorecard
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
		The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure (470 C, 90 atmospheres) returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1 km visibility.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2115 words)

	venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Venera je druga planeta u Sunčevom sistemu i u našem narodu Venera se zove Večernjača i Zornjača, jer se vidi uveče odnosno u zoru.
		Postojanje atmosfere i velikog atmosferskog pritiska uzrokuje da je Venera mnogo ravnija od Zemlje, mada postoje planine više od našeg Mont Everesta.
		Veneri će biti potrebno 6 sati i 12 minuta za tranzit koji je bio vidljiv i sa našeg područja.
	www.ad-loznica.org.yu /planete/venera.htm (488 words)

	The Interaction of the Solar Wind With Venus
		Veneras 7 and 8 did not study the solar wind interaction and Mariner 10, whose primary mission was to explore Mercury, passed by Venus at too large a distance to provide new insight into the nature of the interaction.
		Veneras 9 and 10 clearly observed a magnetic tail extending to large distances from the planet.
		The Venera 9 and 10 shock crossings were recorded mainly on the west side of the planet and were strongly affected by any shock tilt, whereas the Pioneer data at high latitudes would be little affected by this process.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/interact_solwind (18676 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Along with Venera 6, atmospheric data was returned indicating an atmosphere composed of 93-97% carbon dioxide, 2-5% nitrogen, and less than 4% oxygen.
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Mariner 6 and 7 took measurements of the surface and atmospheric temperature, surface molecular composition, and pressure of the atmosphere.
	bonus.com /contour/cometshmkr/http@@/www.solarviews.com/eng/craft2.htm (8246 words)

	Venera-9 and 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Almost three decades after Venera 9 and 10 "scanned" these truly out-of-the-world landscapes through a one-centimeter thick quartz pressure windows, Donald Mitchell, an image expert who worked for ATandT Bell Labs and Microsoft Research, reprocessed the original digital telemetry from the Soviet landers.
		In the case of Venera 9 and 10, he undid a pixel replication and replaced it with a higher quality interpolation filter.
		A cruise stage of the 4V (Venera) spacecraft, which once adored Cosmos Pavilion and other Soviet exhibits, was later seen on the premises of NPO Lavochkin stripped of most of its external elements.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /venera75.html (3108 words)

	Venera 2V (V-69)
		Spacecraft was very similar to Venera 4 / 1V (V-67) although the descent module was of a stronger design.
		When asked about Soviet lunar plans, he revealed that Russia would only use robot probes, that it wouldn't risk men's lives in such an endeavour.
		Kamanin notes in his diary that the twin Venus missions mark a new triumph of the USSR in space, but pale in comparison with the American launch of Apollo 10.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/ven2vv69.htm (867 words)

	Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus
		Venera-5 and 6 used smaller main parachutes, 12 square meters, to quicken their descent and monitor conditions down to the designed hull-failure pressure of 25 atm.
		On Venera-5 and 6, the gas analyzers were reconfigured to refine the accuracy within narrowed dynamic ranges.
		The final result deduced from all the measurements of Venera-4 to 6 was: carbon dioxide 97±4 percent, nitrogen less than 2 percent, oxygen less than 0.1 percent, water vapor 6 to 11 mg per liter.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_Lavochkin1.htm (4994 words)

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