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Topic: Venera 7

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	Venera
		Venera 7 was launched from an earth parking orbit towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3317 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (859 words)

	Venera Spacecraft
		The Venera 11 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
		The Venera 12 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
		It survived for 2 h 7 min in an environment with a temperature of 457°C and a pressure of 89 earth atmospheres.
	members.tripod.com /~abramovo/venera.htm (812 words)

	Surface of Venus
		Venera 4 (1967) analyzed the chemical composition of Venus' upper atmosphere and provided the scientific community with the first direct measurements for a model of the planet's atmospheric makeup.
		Venera 7 (1970) and Venera 8 (1972) detected the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes (chiefly uranium and thorium) on Venus' surface.
		Venera 9 and 10 (1975) sent back the first closeup photographs of the planet's surface; these images showed that certain parts of Venus were covered with sizable sharp-edged rocks and others with fine-grain dust.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html (1002 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 5 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-001C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Venera 6 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
	irsps.sci.unich.it /mirrors/solar/eng/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	Venera 7 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Venera 7 (Russian: Венера-7) was launched as part of the Venera program by the Soviet Union.
		Launch date/time: 1970 August 17 at 05:38 UTC
		Landing coordinates are 5° S, 351° E. Venera 7 became the first man-made spacecraft to successfully land on another planet and to transmit data from there back to Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_7 (160 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 18 \| 1967: Soviets glimpse beneath clouds of Venus
		Venera 4 is the first successful attempt to reach Venus after three failed Soviet missions.
		Venera 3 came closest, and successfully reached the planet, but communications had already failed, making the mission a failure.
		Venera 7 became the first space probe to land successfully on Venus in August 1970.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/18/newsid_4082000/4082373.stm (586 words)

	The Russian Venus Landers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Venera 13 and 14 had two cameras and were able to capture images though clear, red, green and blue filters.
		Venera 11 and 12 were unable to return pictures because of an equipment failure, but the rest of their experiments were successful.
		Venera 13 and 14 survived longer than expected and returned dozens of images, repeating their program of clear and color scans.
	www.mentallandscape.com /Venus_Venera.htm (366 words)

	Our Solar System - Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Venera 12 lasted 110 minutes on the surface, recording electrical discharges that indicated lightning was present on Venus.
		Venera 13's sample was determined to be leucite basalt, a rare rock type on the Earth.
		Venera 14's sample was determined to be tholeiitic basalt, similar to that found at mid-ocean ridges on the Earth.
	www.dunnbypaul.net /solarsystem/classic/venera.html (1233 words)

	Venera
		Veneras 4 (in 1967), 5, and 6 (in 1969) were all probes that gathered data on the composition of Venus' atmosphere, learning that it is largely made up of carbon dioxide, with little oxygen.
		Venera 10 returned the first fl and white photographs of its terrain, while Venera 13 sent back the first color photos.
		Despite the success of the Venera missions and the amount of interesting information they accumulated, trips to Venus in the near future are unlikely.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/venera.html (295 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Reworked images reveal hot Venus
		All the Venera craft survived the landing and four of them sent back images of the inhospitable surface, where the temperature is 490 deg Celsius and the pressure is 90 times that on Earth.
		The results are a dramatic improvement on the images previously released from Veneras 9 and 10.
		He has started processing data from Venera 13, which are of twice the resolution of Veneras 9 and 10, and in colour.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3387895.stm (376 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		Details about Venera 11 are sketchy; however, the spacecraft did make a soft landing on the surface, and sent back evidence of thunder and lightning as well as the presence of carbon monoxide in the lower altitudes.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	Ask an Astronomer for KIDS! - Has a spacecraft ever landed on Venus? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		On Oct. 22, 1975, Venera 9 landed on the surface of Venus.
		Venera 10 took photographs of its surface and studied its rocks.
		Venera 12 sent back data for 110 minutes (the longest of any Venera lander) before the effects of heat and pressure ended its mission.
	coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu /cosmic_kids/AskKids/venera.shtml (193 words)

	[FPSPACE] Venera 7 - "lost" its parachute just before touchdo wn? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Named Venera 7, it reached the surface of the planet Venus on December 15, 1970 and radioed back confirmation that the planet's surface air pressure was ninety times that of Earth and over 475 degrees Celsius (900 degree Fahrenheit) on a global scale.
		The later Veneras came down from much higher altitudes without the aid of parachutes and survived because the air is so thick (granted they had aerobrake discs).
		Some relevant Web sites on Venera 7: http://www.friends-partners.org/~mwade/project/venera.htm http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/tmp/1970-060A.html http://vsm.host.ru/e_venera.htm http://sunra.colorado.edu:80/david/ch3.html http://www.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/1993/jasa9302.txt This article from Sven Grahn includes the sounds of the companion probe to Venera 7 that did not make it out of Earth orbit and was called Cosmos 359.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2000-August/000195.html (489 words)

	Astrobiology: The Living Universe - Interplanetary Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Venera 7, the Russian spacecraft sent to Venus and the first ever successful 'soft landing' on another planet.
		Unlike the Americans, the Soviet exploration of Venus was not so successful; four of their Venera series of landers either crashed on the surface or stopped transmitting (it was discovered that they simply couldn't withstand the high temperatures and eventually melted).
		However, Veneras 7 to 10 were successful in transmitting back information about Venus' surface - in fact, the Soviets were successful with Venera 7 making the first ever successful 'soft landing' on another planet (in 1970).
	www.ibiblio.org /astrobiology/print.php?page=findlife02 (547 words)

	Venera Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Russian Venera probes represent a long-term commitment to exploration of the planet Venus.
		The earlier ones were crushed by the atmosphere before reaching the surface, but Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to soft-land on the planet.
		A number of the later Venera craft survived for up to an hour in the harsh Venusian atmosphere and sent back photographs of the surface and analyses of the air and soil.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/venera.html (163 words)

	Venera 7 - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Venera 7 - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Venera 7, launched in August 1970, ejected a...
		Venus’s complete cloud cover and deep atmosphere make it difficult to study from the Earth, and most knowledge of the planet has been obtained...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Venera_7.html (111 words)

	APOD: 2003 November 30 - A Venus Landing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Soviet Venera 13 lander that parachuted to the surface on 1982 March 1 transmitted it.
		Venera 13 lander survived long enough to send back a series of images and perform an analysis of the
		Venera 7 (1970), was the first spacecraft to return data from the surface of another planet.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap031130.html (139 words)

	Space FAQ 08/13 - Planetary Probe History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		SURVEYOR 7, the last of the series, was a purely scientific mission which explored the Tycho crater region in 1968.
		VOYAGER 2 was launched August 20, 1977 (before VOYAGER 1), and flew by Jupiter on August 7, 1979, by Saturn on August 26, 1981, by Uranus on January 24, 1986, and by Neptune on August 8, 1989.
		VENERA 7 - First probe to return data from the surface of another planet in 1970.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/space/probe (3705 words)

	* J. Lee Lehman's Astrological Data for Planetary Missions * (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Venera 5 USSR - Jan 5, 1969 - Venus Atmospheric Probe Venera 6 USSR - Jan 10, 1969 - Venus Atmospheric Probe Mariner 6 USA - Feb 24, 1969 - Mars Flyby Launched at 01:29:00 UT Used exclusively for planetary data acquisition; no data were obtained during the trip to Mars or beyond Mars.
		Mariner 7 USA - Mar 27, 1969 - Mars Flyby Launched at 22:22:00 UT Identical in construction to Mariner 6, it also was used to gather planetary data exclusively.
		Venera 9 USSR - Jun 8, 1975 - Venus Lander Landing occurred on Oct 22, 1975 at 5:13 UT. Viking 1 USA - Aug 20, 1975 - Mars surface studies Viking 1 arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976.
	www.leelehman.com /pages/planets.html (1395 words)

	On August 17, 2000, the Soviet Union launched Venera-7 - the first man-made object to transmit data from another planet
		These probes, Veneras 5 and 6, were built to withstand up to 25 atmospheres.
		On December 15, the Venera-7 lander separated from its cruising stage and plunged into the planet's atmosphere on the dark side of the planet, which was facing Earth.
		After deciphering a very weak signal, the scientists confirmed that for around 23 minutes after hitting the surface of another world, Venera 7, despite the fact it was laying on its side in darkness with its antennas pointed away from Earth, had continued transmitting temperature data.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/venera7_000817.html (795 words)

	Venus Scorecard
		The fourth stage was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
		The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure (470 C, 90 atmospheres) returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1 km visibility.
	www.bio.aps.anl.gov /~dgore/fun/PSL/venusscorecard.html (2093 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 19-7
		Venera 8 also succeeded in 1972, adding chemical composition data on radioactive U, Th, and K from analysis by a gamma ray spectrometer that suggests local rocks are potassium-rich (4%) basalts containing 200 ppm Uranium and 650 ppm Thorium (both major heat sources).
		Venera 9 is shown in these photos, first of the entire spacecraft and second of the lander.
		Two views, taken from Venera 9 and 10, disclose a rocky surface; note in the upper image a distinctive rock that reminds some viewers of a MacDonald's hamburger.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /Sect19/Sect19_7.html (2141 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration
		Mariner 6 and 7 took measurements of the surface and atmospheric temperature, surface molecular composition, and pressure of the atmosphere.
		Mariner 7 arrived at Mars on August 5, 1969, and passed within 3,551 kilometers of the planet's south pole region.
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/craft1.htm (7286 words)

	Greatest Space Events of the 20th Century: The 70s
		The Soviets, who had little success in several Mars landing attempts, succeeded with an even more challenging task: Their Venera landers actually survived a descent to the hellish surface of Venus.
		Beneath the planet's dense, opaque atmosphere, the Venera's found surface pressures 90 times that on Earth and temperatures as high as 900 degrees Fahrenheit (482 degrees Celsius) -- hot enough to melt lead.
		The Venera landings gave scientists their first images and in situ data on the planet's surface composition.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/greatest_70s_991230.html (1964 words)

	ASTRONOMY (VENUS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		* From the USSR's Venera 7 in 1970, it was found that the atmosphere is largely carbon dioxide, with a pressure at the planetary surface about 100 times that of the Earth's atmosphere.
		Venera 7 also measured a surface temperature of about 500° C. * Mariner 10 flew past Venus in 1974.
		In 1975, the Venera* 9 and 10 lander spacecraft found that the surface of the planet is firm and rocky.
	www.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/venus.html (1485 words)

	Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus
		Significant energy is still transferred to the vehicle by radiant heat from the incandescent shockwave, and ablative heat shields were developed to absorb this heat and sublimate or burn away in layers.
		The heat shield of the Venera capsule was a lightweight porous material, probably based on phenolic epoxy resin.
		Their model of the Venusian atmosphere would be refined by data from all subsequent Venera missions.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_Lavochkin1.htm (4994 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: History: History Timeline
		Russia becomes the first nation to receive signals from another planet as the Venera 7 lander sends back data from the surface of Venus for 22 minutes and 58 seconds.
		Venera 7 was launched on Aug. 17, 1970.
		The Venera 9 orbiter is the first spacecraft to orbit Venus.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /history/timeline.cfm?Section=4 (746 words)

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