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Topic: Venera 8

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	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		Venera 8 slowed from 41,696 km/hr to about 900 km/hr by aerobraking, then opened its 2.5-m-diameter parachute at an altitude of 60 km, and transmitted data during its descent.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (813 words)

	Venera 9 - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Venera 9 was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		It launched on June 8, 1975 and the lander landed on Venus October 22, 1975.
		Venera 9 measured clouds that were 30-40 km thick with bases at 30-35 km altitude.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Venera_9 (135 words)

	Venera 8 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 8 (Russian: Венера-8) was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.
		Venera 8 was a Venus atmospheric probe and lander.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 UT within 150 km radius of 10.70° south, 335.25° east, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_8 (168 words)

	Venera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Venera (Russian: Венера; formerly, sometimes referred to as Venusik in the West) series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 4 - Atmospheric Probe - launched June 12, 1967 : Arrived October 18, 1967 and was the first probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and return data.
		Venera 14 - Flyby and Lander - launched November 14, 1981 : Arrived March 5, 1982, a soil sample revealed tholeiitic basalt (similar to that found on Earth's mid-ocean ridges).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_program (1337 words)

	Venera 9 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Venera 9 (Russian: Венера-9) was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		On October 20, 1975, this spacecraft was separated from the Orbiter, and landing was made with the sun near zenith at 0513 UT on October 22.
		Venera 9 was the first probe to send back fl and white television pictures from the Venusian surface showing shadows, no apparent dust in the air, and a variety of 30-40 cm rocks which were not eroded.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Venera_9 (306 words)

	Venera
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
		Venera 16 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 15) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3276 words)

	Exploration of Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Venera 9 and 10, in October 1975, arranged landers on the surface; both probes survived for an hour and dispatched the first pictures of the Venusian surface.
		Venera 11 and 12, in 1978, released probes that landed on the surface of Venus on December 25 and 21, individually.
		Venera 13 and 14 on March 1 and 5 of 1982, landed on Venus.
	library.thinkquest.org /19498/venus.html (257 words)

	Venera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Venera (Russian: Венера) series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 7 - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 8 - Lander - launched March 27, 1972 : Arrived July 22, 1972 and survived for 50 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Venera_program (1035 words)

	Venera 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Venera 8 spacecraft, launched by Russia on March 27, 1972, landed on Venus on July 22.
		Venera 8 found that the Venusian surface resembles the earth's granitic rocks, and that some sunlight penetrates the dense cloud cover to reach the planet's surface.
		Venera 8 recorded a surface temperature of 880 degrees Fahrenheit (470 degrees Celsius) and atmospheric pressure 90 times greater than on earth.
	www.worldbook.com /features/venus/html/venera8.html (209 words)

	Venus (planet) - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		It relayed surface temperatures of 457 to 474°C. Venera 8 landed on July 22, 1972.
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 carried out essentially the same mission, arriving at Venus on March 1 and March 5, 1982.
		Venera 15 analyzed and mapped the upper atmosphere with an infrared Fourier spectrometer.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Venus_(planet) (3620 words)

	Venera-Mission - Wikipedia
		Obwohl nur "Venera 2" und "Venera 3" teilweise erfolgreich arbeiteten, stellte das Jahr 1966 dennoch den sowjetischen Durchbruch zur Venus dar.
		Die von "Venera 15" und "Venera 16" erstellten Karten hatten eine Auflösung von 1-2 km und waren damit etwa 30 Mal detailreicher als die von Pioneer-Venus 1.
		Venera D ist eine geplante Venus-Landesonde, die von Lawotschkin entwickelt werden soll und frühestens 2013 starten könnte.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera-Mission (2567 words)

	Surface of Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Venera 4 (1967) analyzed the chemical composition of Venus' upper atmosphere and provided the scientific community with the first direct measurements for a model of the planet's atmospheric makeup.
		Venera 7 (1970) and Venera 8 (1972) detected the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes (chiefly uranium and thorium) on Venus' surface.
		Venera 9 and 10 (1975) sent back the first closeup photographs of the planet's surface; these images showed that certain parts of Venus were covered with sizable sharp-edged rocks and others with fine-grain dust.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html (1002 words)

	Planetary Society: Missions to Venus
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970, deployed a parachute and began its descent to the surface.
		Venera 11 arrived at Venus on December 25, 1978 and soft-landed on the venusian surface.
		Venera 14 soft-landed on the surface of Venus on March 5, 1982.
	www.planetary.org /learn/missions/venusmissions.html (1777 words)

	Venera series probe missions to Venus
		Venera 13 mockup at the Cosmos Pavillion in Moscow.
		Photograph of the Venera 13 mockup at the Cosmos Pavillion in Moscow is courtesy of Sky and Telescope.
		The illustration of the Venera spacecraft landing sequences is courtesy of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/images/venera1112_images.html (70 words)

	Encyclopedia: Venera 7
		The Venera 13 lander Insignia on board of Venera-7 Color image taken from the surface of Venus by the Soviet Venera 13 lander The Venera (Russian: Ð’ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€Ð°; formerly, sometimes referred to as Venusik in the West) series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from...
		Venera 6 Venera 6 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) on January 10 1969 towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Venera 8 Color image taken from the surface of Venus by the Soviet Venera 13 lander The Venera series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Venera-7 (598 words)

	Venera 13 and 14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 were launched by the Soviet Union in 1981.
		Two Russian Venera spacecraft landed on Venus during the first week of March 1982 and returned to Earth remarkable color photographs and detailed chemical analyses of the surface of our "sister planet." Soviet geophysicists reported on the results of the mission at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston on March 18.
		Venera 13 transmitted data for more than two hours, and Venera 14 functioned for about one hour, before being overcome by the high temperatures on the planet's surface.
	www.worldbook.com /features/venus/html/venera13_14.html (234 words)

	Soviet Craft - Venera
		Venera 1 was the first probe from Earth to pass by Venus; Venera 3 was the first probe to land on Venus.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use 8 cm band side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
		The Venera 15 and 16 spacecraft were identical and were based on modifications to the the orbiter portions of the Venera 9 and 14 probes.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_venera.html (3714 words)

	Venera 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Venera Data Products Time-sample data from the Venera 15 and 16 missions plus images from earlier missions.
		Venera 9 and 10 Mission overviews including images sent back by the probes.
		Venera History of the program including images and bibliography.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Venera_8.html (136 words)

	Ask an Astronomer for KIDS! - Has a spacecraft ever landed on Venus? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		On Oct. 22, 1975, Venera 9 landed on the surface of Venus.
		Venera 10 took photographs of its surface and studied its rocks.
		Venera 12 sent back data for 110 minutes (the longest of any Venera lander) before the effects of heat and pressure ended its mission.
	coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu /cosmic_kids/AskKids/venera.shtml (193 words)

	Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Venera series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering ofdata from Venus.
		Venera 7 - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successfullanding of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 12 - Flyby and Lander - launched September 14, 1978 : Arrived December 21, 1978, the lander surviving for 110 minutes and recorded whatis thought to be lightning
	www.therfcc.org /venera-41268.html (863 words)

	Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Veneras 13 and 14 were the landers on which all cameras worked properly.
		Venera 7 - Lander - launched August 17 1970 : Arrived December 15 1970 was the first successful landing of spacecraft on another planet and survived for minutes before succumbing to the heat and
		Venera 8 - Lander - launched March 27 1972 : Arrived July 22 1972 and survived for 50 minutes before to the heat and pressure
	www.freeglossary.com /Venera_program (1001 words)

	RUIMTEVLUCHTEN NAAR VENUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Venera 4 De Russen lanceerden op 18 oktober 1967 de Venera 4.
		Venera 7 De Venera 7 werd op 15 December 1970 gelanceerd.
		De Venera 8 kon een uur lang belangrijke metingen doen, waarna de hitte, de druk en het zwavelzuur in de atmosfeer de Venera 8 vernielde.
	www.thumpershollow.com /encyclopedia/R/Ruimtevluchten_naar_Venus (637 words)

	Our Solar System - Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		This was a repetition of the Venera 8 and 9 missions with improved sensors and equipment.
		Venera 12 lasted 110 minutes on the surface, recording electrical discharges that indicated lightning was present on Venus.
		Venera 14's sample was determined to be tholeiitic basalt, similar to that found at mid-ocean ridges on the Earth.
	www.dunnbypaul.net /solarsystem/classic/venera.html (1233 words)

	Venus Transit Extended INfoSheet D5
		On board Venera 1 was a magnetometer for detecting a possible magnetic field in the planet's neighbourhood and sensors to detect ionized particles in the outer parts of its atmosphere.
		Venera 5 and 6, launched during the 1969 Venus window, were fitted with smaller parachutes for a faster descent to the surface before being destroyed by heat, but they did not survive long on the surface.
		Venera 8 was aimed at the day side of Venus and it sent back data for 50 minutes after landing.
	www.vt-2004.org /Background/Infol2/EIS-D5.html (1891 words)

	Venera 8
		The 2.5 meter diameter parachute opened at an altitude of 60 km, and a refrigeration system was used to cool the interior components.
		Venera 8 transmitted data during the descent and continued to send back data for 50 minutes after landing.
		The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/venera8.htm (157 words)

	Venera-Mission - netlexikon
		"Venera 12" stellte dabei den bis heute gültigen Rekord von 110 Minuten Überlebensdauer auf der Venusoberfläche auf.
		Die von "Venera 15" und "Venera 16" erstellten Karten hatten eine Auflösung von 1-2 km und waren damit etwa 10 Mal detailreicher als die von Pioneer-Venus 1.
		Venera D ist eine geplante Venus-Landesonde, die von Lawotschkin entwickelt wird und frühestens 2013 starten soll.
	www.lexikon-definition.de /Venera-Mission.html (2371 words)

	Venera
		Veneras 4 (in 1967), 5, and 6 (in 1969) were all probes that gathered data on the composition of Venus' atmosphere, learning that it is largely made up of carbon dioxide, with little oxygen.
		Venera 10 returned the first fl and white photographs of its terrain, while Venera 13 sent back the first color photos.
		Despite the success of the Venera missions and the amount of interesting information they accumulated, trips to Venus in the near future are unlikely.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/venera.html (295 words)

	Venera Missions to Venus
		Venera 10 - Soviet Venus Orbiter and Lander (1975)
		Venera 9 - Soviet Venus Orbiter and Lander (1975)
		Venera 8 - Soviet Venus Lander - 1972
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /planetary/venera.html (88 words)

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