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Topic: Venera 9

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	Venera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While it was initially claimed that Venera 4 reached the surface, re-analysis including atmospheric occultation data from the American Mariner 5 spacecraft that flew by Venus the day after its arrival demonstrated that Venus's surface pressure was 75-100 atmospheres, much higher than its 25 atm hull strength, and the claim was retracted.
		Venera 5 and 6 were launched as atmospheric probes, knowing that they would be crushed before reaching the surface, but they had smaller parachutes, to explore deeper in the atmosphere before their batteries failed.
		Venera 13 and 14 were the only landers on which all cameras worked properly; although ironically, the lens cap on Venera 14 landed exactly in the way of the soil compression probe...
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_program (1532 words)

	Venera 9 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 9 (Russian: Венера-9) was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		Venera 9 measured clouds that were 30–40 km thick with bases at 30–35 km altitude.
		Venera 9 was the first probe to send back fl and white television pictures from the Venusian surface showing shadows, no apparent dust in the air, and a variety of 30 to 40 cm rocks which were not eroded.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_9 (424 words)

	Venera
		The Venera spacecraft, unlike the Soviet Mars probes, were tremendously successful, and made the first soft landings on and sent back the first pictures from the surface of Venus.
		The probe confirmed Venera 7's data on the high surface temperature and pressure, and also determined that the light level was suitable for surface photography, being similar to the illumination on an overcast day on Earth.
		Venera 14's attempt at surface analysis was foiled when its drilling arm landed on one of the ejected camera covers.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/Venera.html (859 words)

	Surface Photographs from Venera 9 and 10
		The Soviet Venera 9 and 10 spacecraft were launched on 8 and 14 June 1975, respectively, to do the unprecedented: place landers on the surface of Venus and return images.
		The Venera 9 Lander (top) touched down on the surface of Venus on October 22, 1975 at 5:13 UT, about 32° S, 291° E with the sun near zenith.
		Venera 9 landed on a slope inclined by about 30 degrees to the horizontal.
	www.solarviews.com /cap/venus/venera9.htm (258 words)

	Surface of Venus
		Venera 4 (1967) analyzed the chemical composition of Venus' upper atmosphere and provided the scientific community with the first direct measurements for a model of the planet's atmospheric makeup.
		Venera 7 (1970) and Venera 8 (1972) detected the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes (chiefly uranium and thorium) on Venus' surface.
		Venera 9 and 10 (1975) sent back the first closeup photographs of the planet's surface; these images showed that certain parts of Venus were covered with sizable sharp-edged rocks and others with fine-grain dust.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html (1002 words)

	Venera 4V-1
		Venera 9 and 10 were the first probes to send back fl and white pictures from the Venusian surface.
		Venera 11 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/craft/venra4v1.htm (1978 words)

	Venera
		Venera 4 was successfully launched towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 7 was launched from an earth parking orbit towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/project/venera.htm (3213 words)

	Venera Spacecraft
		Venera 7 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		The Venera 11 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
	members.tripod.com /~abramovo/venera.htm (812 words)

	Adler Planetarium / Learning Astronomy / Planets / Venus / Exploration of Venus / The Venera Missions / Venera 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Venera 9 was a combined orbiter and lander.
		Venera 9 returned images of a harsh dry planet covered with nothing but volcanic rocks.
		The image to the top left is of the Venera 9 orbiter and lander, and the one below is an image the lander returned of the surface of Venus (Images courtesy of A. Chernov, NPO Lavochkina Museum, IKI and NASA).
	www.adlerplanetarium.org /learn/planets/venus/venera09.ssi (123 words)

	Venera 10 - TheBestLinks.com - June 14, October 25, USSR, Unmanned space mission, ...
		Venera 10 was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		Venera 10 measured a surface windspeed of 3.5 m/s.
		Venera 10 was the second probe to send back fl and white television pictures from the Venusian surface (after Venera 9).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Venera_10.html (200 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Venus: Past: Venera 10
		Venera 10 transmitted for a record 65 minutes from the surface, although it was designed to last only 30 minutes.
		Like Venera 9, the Venera 10 lander was supposed to take a 360° panorama but covered only 180° of the surroundings because of a stuck lens cover.
		Soviet officials later revealed that the termination of data reception from both Veneras 9 and 10 was not caused by the adverse surface conditions but by the flying out of view of the orbiter relays for both spacecraft.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_10&Display=ReadMore (286 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Venera 2 flew within 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) of Venus on February 27, 1966, but communications with the spacecraft was lost just before its close approach with the planet.
		The Venera 9 lander separated from the orbiter on October 20, 1975.
		Venera 13 returned the first color images from the surface of Venus, landing at 7.5° S, 303° E. A drilling arm collected a sample that was examined by an onboard x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its composition.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	Our Solar System - Venera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Venera 12 lasted 110 minutes on the surface, recording electrical discharges that indicated lightning was present on Venus.
		Venera 13's sample was determined to be leucite basalt, a rare rock type on the Earth.
		Venera 14's sample was determined to be tholeiitic basalt, similar to that found at mid-ocean ridges on the Earth.
	www.dunnbypaul.net /solarsystem/classic/venera.html (1233 words)

	The Interaction of the Solar Wind With Venus
		Veneras 7 and 8 did not study the solar wind interaction and Mariner 10, whose primary mission was to explore Mercury, passed by Venus at too large a distance to provide new insight into the nature of the interaction.
		9 shows there is a gradual buildup in magnetic field strength as the planet is approached in the subsolar region, though the strength of this magnetic barrier varies from day to day.
		The Venera 9 and 10 shock crossings were recorded mainly on the west side of the planet and were strongly affected by any shock tilt, whereas the Pioneer data at high latitudes would be little affected by this process.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/interact_solwind (18676 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Reworked images reveal hot Venus
		All the Venera craft survived the landing and four of them sent back images of the inhospitable surface, where the temperature is 490 deg Celsius and the pressure is 90 times that on Earth.
		The results are a dramatic improvement on the images previously released from Veneras 9 and 10.
		He has started processing data from Venera 13, which are of twice the resolution of Veneras 9 and 10, and in colour.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3387895.stm (376 words)

	Lava Compositions on Venus
		Venera 9 set down on the northeastern edge of Beta Regio at 31°N, 291°W, Venera 10 landed at 16°N, 291°W. All the Venera probes carried out research on the upland rolling plains and flat lowlands of Venus.
		The main aims of the Venera 13 and 14 missions were to study the composition, structure and properties of Venusian rocks, and their layering on the surface.
		Venera 8 analyses, with a high potassium content (4%) and ten times the U and Th content of other sites, indicated an evolved, subalkaline lava equivalent to a trachyte or syenite, or a type of alkaline mafic rock such as a lamprophyre.
	www.es.ucl.ac.uk /research/planetary/undergraduate/mcmillan/venus/venus.htm (5893 words)

	Venera
		It was determined that the Venera fourth stage on the 4 February attempt failed...
		Venera 5 is launched at 9:26 Moscow time from LC-31 in -23 deg C temperatures.
		Meanwhile Venera 5 was launched from its parking orbit towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3317 words)

	Venera Mission Summaries
		Venera 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
		Venera 4 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (67-058B) towards the planet Venus with the announced mission of direct atmospheric studies.
		Venera 6 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
	irsps.sci.unich.it /mirrors/solar/eng/venerall.htm (1059 words)

	Venera 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Venera 13 landed on Venus in 1982, returning the first color images from the Venusian surface.
		Unlike the Venera 9/10 mission, the landers were supported by flyby bus spacecraft rather than orbiters, due to weight limitations.
		Venera 14 at 7 deg 30 min S, 303 E, just east of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as Phoebe Regio.
	pages.preferred.com /~tedstryk/venerab.html (600 words)

	Venera 9 and 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Venera 9 lander was the first spacecraft to successfully land on the Venusian surface and return an image (there were previous landers which did not carry cameras).
		This is the single panorama returned by the Venera 9 lander in 1975, the first successfully transmitted from a planetary surface.
		This image, as well as all other Venera surface images is distorted, as if viewed through a fisheye lens, due to the nature of the imaging system.
	pages.preferred.com /~tedstryk/venera.html (223 words)

	Venera-9 and 10
		Almost three decades after Venera 9 and 10 "scanned" these truly out-of-the-world landscapes through a one-centimeter thick quartz pressure windows, Donald Mitchell, an image expert who worked for ATandT Bell Labs and Microsoft Research, reprocessed the original digital telemetry from the Soviet landers.
		In the case of Venera 9 and 10, he undid a pixel replication and replaced it with a higher quality interpolation filter.
		A cruise stage of the 4V (Venera) spacecraft, which once adored Cosmos Pavilion and other Soviet exhibits, was later seen on the premises of NPO Lavochkin stripped of most of its external elements.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /venera75.html (3108 words)

	Evidence for Lightning on Venus
		The desire to confirm this speculation led to the installation on the Venera 11 and 12 landers, and was one of the objectives for the installation on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, of instruments that could detect the electromagnetic radiation associated with lightning /2,3/.
		However, the Venera 9 visible spectrometer was capable of making such a measurement /5/ and the star sensor on Pioneer Venus could be adapted to such a search /7/.
		On October 26, 1975 the Venera 9 spectrometer detected one period of apparent optical flashes on the nightside of Venus /19/ at 1930 LT and 9
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/evidence (5477 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Venus: Past: Venera 9
		Results: Venera 9 was the first of a new generation of Soviet space probes ('4V') designed to explore Venus.
		During its 53 minutes of transmissions from the surface, Venera 9 took and transmitted the very first picture of the Venusian surface from a height of 90 centimeters.
		The Venera 9 orbiter meanwhile entered a 1,500 x 111,700-kilometer orbit around the planet at 34°10' inclination and acted as a communications relay for the lander.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09&Display=ReadMore (419 words)

	Venera 15/16 Radar Mosaic Browser
		The Venera data consists of 27 images (quads) covering the latitude range of 25 degrees north to the north pole; however, two quads, the 8th and 9th, are not included because they were not available at the time the CD was produced.
		The higher-resolution imaginery obtained by Veneras 15 and 16 showed that most of the Lahshmi Planum was relatively smooth and higher than the adjacent area.
		Coronae are definied by a concentric structure consisting of an annulus of ridges or fractures, an interior that may be topographically positive or negative, and a peripheral moat or trough.
	members.tripod.com /petermasek/venera15.html (795 words)

	On August 17, 2000, the Soviet Union launched Venera-7 - the first man-made object to transmit data from another planet
		Rocks of the surface of Venus, photographed by Venera 9 in 1975.
		These probes, Veneras 5 and 6, were built to withstand up to 25 atmospheres.
		After deciphering a very weak signal, the scientists confirmed that for around 23 minutes after hitting the surface of another world, Venera 7, despite the fact it was laying on its side in darkness with its antennas pointed away from Earth, had continued transmitting temperature data.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/venera7_000817.html (795 words)

	Venera 9 10 - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Venera 9 10 - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Venera 9 and 10 soft-landed on Venus, taking the first photographs from its surface.
		Venus’s complete cloud cover and deep atmosphere make it difficult to study from the Earth, and most knowledge of the planet has been obtained...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Venera_9_10.html (98 words)

	Chronology of Space Exploration
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970 and was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
		Venera 9 arrived at Venus on October 22, 1975, three days before the arrival of its sister spacecraft, Venera 10.
		Venera 10 arrived at Venus on October 25, 1975, three days after the arrival of its sister spacecraft Venera 9.
	www.iki.rssi.ru /solar/eng/craft2.htm (7499 words)

	Adler Planetarium / CyberSpace / Planets / Venus / The Exploration of Venus
		The image to the top is of the Venera 9 orbiter and lander, and the one below is an image the lander returned of the surface of Venus (Images courtesy of A. Chernov, NPO Lavochkina Museum, IKI and NASA).
		Venera 13 and 14 were a pair of landers.
		Venera 10 was a combined orbiter and lander identical to its companion Venera 9.
	www.adlerplanetarium.org /cyberspace/planets/venus/exploration.html (965 words)

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