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Topic: Venera program

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	Venera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Venera (Russian: Венера; formerly, sometimes referred to as Venusik in the West) series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 4 - Atmospheric Probe - launched June 12, 1967 ;: Arrived October 18, 1967 and was the first probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and return data.
		Venera 14 - Flyby and Lander - launched November 14, 1981 ;: Arrived March 5, 1982, a soil sample revealed tholeiitic basalt (similar to that found on Earth's mid-ocean ridges).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_program (1337 words)

	Venera 9 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Venera 9 (Russian: Венера-9) was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		Venera 9 measured clouds that were 30-40 km thick with bases at 30-35 km altitude.
		Venera 9 was the first probe to send back fl and white television pictures from the Venusian surface showing shadows, no apparent dust in the air, and a variety of 30-40 cm rocks which were not eroded.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Venera_9 (306 words)

	Venera 11 - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Venera 11 was an USSR unmanned space mission to explore the planet Venus.
		Venera 11 was launched on 9 September, 1978.
		Venera 11 also carried solar wind detectors, ionosphere electron instruments and two gamma ray burst detectors - the Soviet-built KONUS and the French-built SIGNE 2.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Venera_11 (160 words)

	Venera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Venera (Russian: Венера) series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 7 - Lander - launched August 17, 1970 : Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 12 - Flyby and Lander - launched September 14, 1978 : Arrived December 21, 1978, the lander surviving for 110 minutes and recorded what is thought to be lightning
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Venera_program (1035 words)

	Venera 10 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Venera 10 (Russian: Венера-10) was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		Venera 10 measured a surface windspeed of 3.5 m/s.
		Venera 10 was the second probe to send back fl and white television pictures from the Venusian surface (after Venera 9).
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Venera_10 (277 words)

	Venera_14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Venera 13 and Venera 14 (Russian: Венера-13, Венера-14) were a pair of identical probes in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.
		Venera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take advantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5 days apart, Venera 13 on 1981 October 30 at 06:04:00 UTC and Venera 14 at 1981 November 04 at 05:31:00 UTC, both with an on-orbit dry mass of 760 kg.
		Venera 14, however, ended up measuring the compressibility of the lens cap, which landed right where the probe was to measure the soil.
	www.comicscomics.com /search.php?title=Venera_14 (563 words)

	Encyclopedia: Venera 8
		Venera 8 was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.
		Venera 8 was a Venus atmospheric probe and lander.
		Venera 8 landed at 09:32 UT at 10 degrees south, 335 degrees west, in sunlight about 500 km from the morning terminator.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Venera-8 (200 words)

	Venera 4V-1
		Venera 11 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium.
		Venera 12 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium.
		Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/craft/venra4v1.htm (1978 words)

	Venera 1 - InformationBlast
		Venera 1 was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus.
		Venera 1 was launched along with an Earth orbiting launch platform (Tyazheliy Sputnik 5 (61-003C)) with a SL-6/A-2-e launcher.
		On May 19 and 20, 1961, Venera 1 passed within 100,000 km of Venus and entered a heliocentric orbit.
	www.informationblast.com /Venera_1.html (218 words)

	Vega program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The flyby of Comet Halley had been a late mission change in the Venera program following on from the cancellation of the US Halley mission in 1981.
		A later Venera mission was cancelled and the Venus part of the Vega 1 mission was reduced.
		The landers were identical to that of the previous five Venera missions and was to study the atmosphere and surface, it had instruments to study temperature, pressure, a UV spectrometer, a water concentration meter, a gas-phase chromatograph, a X-ray spectrometer, a mass spectrometer and a surface sampling device.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Vega_2 (1160 words)

	Venera
		Venera 7 was launched from an earth parking orbit towards Venus to study the Venusian atmosphere and other phenomena of the planet.
		Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970, and a landing capsule was jettisoned.
		Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus.
	www.astronautix.com /project/venera.htm (3385 words)

	Venera 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Venera 1 was launched along with an orbiting launch platform (Tyazheliy Sputnik 5 (61-003C)) a SL-6/A-2-e launcher.
		From a 229 × km orbit the Venera 1 automatic interplanetary was launched from the platform towards Venus the fourth stage Zond rocket.
		On May 19 and 20 1961 Venera 1 passed within 100 000 of Venus and entered a heliocentric orbit.
	www.freeglossary.com /Venera_1 (276 words)

	The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus
		It, and its sister, Venera 12, which was launched on 14 September 1978, traveled to Venus with a separation of ~0.02 AU.
		The Venera spacecraft could either be spin stabilized with a spin period of several hours, or 3 axis stabilized.
		Two features made this program unique in its time: it was the first time that identical detectors had been used simultaneously for gamma-ray burst studies on separate spacecraft over interplanetary distances, and the experiments used the largest dedicated gamma-ray burst detectors put into orbit.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html (649 words)

	Venera 12 at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Venera 12 was launched on 14 September, 1978.
		Venera 12 also carried solar wind detectors, ionosphere electron instruments and two gamma ray burst detectors - the Soviet-built KONUS and the French-built SIGNE 2.
		Venera 12 used its ultraviolet spectrometer to study Comet Bradfield on 13 February, 1980.
	wiki.tatet.org /Venera_12.html (208 words)

	Venera 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Venera 1 (Russian languageRussian:''Венера-1'') was a Soviet UnionSoviet spacecraft, which became the first spacecraft to fly by Venus (planet)Venus.
		The dome contained a pressurized sphere which carried a Soviet pennant and was designed to float on the putative Venus oceans after the intended Venus impact.
		Venera 1 (61-003A) was launched along with an Earth orbiting launch platform (Tyazheliy Sputnik 5 (61-003C)) with a Molniya rocketMolniya launcher February 12 1961, 00:34:36 UTC.
	www.infothis.com /find/Venera_1 (260 words)

	Chapter 17 -- The Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		On November 12 and 16, 1965 the Soviets launched Venera 2 and 3 whose purpose was to orbit Venus and possibly land on its surface.
		Venera 7, launched from Tyuratam on August 17, 1970, softlanded on Venus' equator on December 15, 1970 and transmitted data for 23 minutes before succumbing to the high temperatures and pressure.
		Venera 14 only operated for 53 minutes, but it, too, took color pictures of the surface and performed chemical analysis of the soil.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter17.html (6264 words)

	Venera-9 and 10
		It was programmed to activate at the altitude of 25 kilometers and work in cycles for as long as the lander remained functional.
		In the case of Venera 9 and 10, he undid a pixel replication and replaced it with a higher quality interpolation filter.
		A cruise stage of the 4V (Venera) spacecraft, which once adored Cosmos Pavilion and other Soviet exhibits, was later seen on the premises of NPO Lavochkin stripped of most of its external elements.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /venera75.html (3108 words)

	Venera : Venera program
		The Venera series of satellites was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		Venera 10[?] - Orbiter and Lander - launched June 14, 1975 : Arrived October 25, 1975, the lander surviving 65 minutes bfore succumbing to the heat and pressure
		Venera 12[?] - Flyby and Lander - launched September 14, 1978 : Arrived December 21, 1978, the lander surviving for 110 minutes and recorded what is thought to be lighting
	www.fastload.org /ve/Venera_program.html (586 words)

	Venera 2V (V-69)
		Venera 5 is launched at 9:26 Moscow time from LC-31 in -23 deg C temperatures.
		Meanwhile Venera 5 was launched from its parking orbit towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		Venera 6 was launched towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/ven2vv69.htm (669 words)

	Articles - Venera 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Venera 12 (Russian: Ð’ÐµÐ½ÐµÑÐ°-12) was an USSR unmanned space mission to explore the planet Venus.
		Venera 12 was launched on 14 September 1978 02:25:13 UTC.
		The Venera 12 descent craft carried instruments designed to study the detailed chemical composition of the atmosphere, the nature of the clouds, and the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Venera_12 (344 words)

	Venera 6 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venera 6 (Russian:Венера-6) was a Soviet spacecraft, launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (69-002C) on January 10 1969 towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data.
		It had an on-orbit dry mass of 1130 kg.
		The spacecraft was very similar to Venera 4 although it was of a stronger design.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venera_6 (163 words)

	Lander
		A number of Moon probes, such as some members of the Soviet Luna program and the American Ranger program, were hard-impact landers which were not intended to continue providing useful data after their high-speed landings.
		The Soviet Venera program included a number of Venus landers, some of which were crushed during descent much as Galileo's Jupiter "lander" and others of which successfully touched down.
		The Surveyor program was designed to determine where Apollo could land safely; thus these robotic missions required soft landers to sample the lunar soil and determine the thickness of the dust layer, which was unknown before Surveyor.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Lander (392 words)

	Venera Space Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Russian Venera probes represent a long-term commitment to exploration of the planet Venus.
		The Russian space program sought to explore the atmosphere and surface, while the U.S. Mariner program concentrated on radar mapping of the surface from orbit.
		A number of the later Venera craft survived for up to an hour in the harsh Venusian atmosphere and sent back photographs of the surface and analyses of the air and soil.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/venera.html (163 words)

	Unmanned space mission - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There were also a few Japanese missions and the Chinese space program is preparing missions for the future.
		Mariner program - Mercury, Venus and Mars, flyby and orbital
		Mars Surveyor '98 program (Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander)
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Unmanned_spaceflight (502 words)

	venera 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Venera 9 was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		The lander survived 53 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure.
		Venera 9 was the first probe to send back fl and white television pictures from the Venusian surface.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /venera_9.html (190 words)

	APOD: 2003 November 30 - A Venus Landing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Soviet Venera 13 lander that parachuted to the surface on 1982 March 1 transmitted it.
		Venera 13 lander survived long enough to send back a series of images and perform an analysis of the
		Venera 7 (1970), was the first spacecraft to return data from the surface of another planet.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap031130.html (139 words)

	Venera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Venera series of probes was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus.
		right300pxThe Venera 7 landerThey included a transfer and relay bus that had engines to brake into Venus orbit (Venera 9 and 10, 15 and 16) and to serve as receiver and relay for the entry probe's transmissions.
		Venera 5 - Atmospheric Probe - launched January 5, 1969 : Arrived May 16, 1969 and successfully returned atmoshperic data before being crushed by pressure within 26km of the surface
	www.indexlistus.de /index.php?title=Venera_program&redirect=no (928 words)

	Venera 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Venera 10 was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus.
		Venera 10 was the second probe to send backfl and white television pictures from the Venusian surface (after Venera 9).
		Venera 10 photographs showed lava rocks of pancake shape.
	www.therfcc.org /venera-10-44934.html (143 words)

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