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Topic: Veneti (Gaul)

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	Gaul
		Gaul (Latin Gallia), ancient Roman designation of that portion of western Europe which is substantially identical with France, although extending beyond the boundaries of the modern country.
		It was bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Pyrenees Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea, on the north by the English Channel, and on the east by the Alps and the Rhine River.
		The last Roman outposts in Gaul capitulated to the Frankish king Clovis I in 486, and the foundations of a new empire were laid in the Merovingian dynasty, inaugurating the beginning of medieval Europe.
	autocww.colorado.edu /~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AncientHistory/gaul.htm (693 words)

	Gaul
		The Gaul in Italy was called Cisalpine Gaul [Cisalpine, from Lat.=on this side the Alps], as opposed to Transalpine Gaul; Cisalpine Gaul was divided into Cispadane Gaul [on this side the Po] and Transpadane Gaul.
		In Roman Gaul it often became customary to call the chief center of a tribe or the country around it by some form of the tribe’s name.
		The greatest testimony to the stability and thoroughness of the culture of Roman Gaul is the survival of the Latin language as French.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/G/Gaul.html (501 words)

	Veneti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Veneti are also mentioned by Jordanes in his The origin and deeds of the Goths (33,34 -36) where he explicitely connects them with the Slavic peoples.
		In his introductory overview on the archaeology of Slavic settlements, the archaeologist Florin Curta p.13 conducts the common stance of modern archaeology that the overwhelming evidence shows that the Veneti were Slavs.
		Note: The word Veneti must not be confused with the word Venedes, although these two words might sometimes be undistinguishable.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Veneti (515 words)

	[No title]
		In the winter of 57 B.C., with some of their neighbours, they took up arms against the Romans, and in 56 were decisively defeated in a naval engagement, details of which are given in Caesar's Bell.
		They carried,on an extensive trade in amber, which reached them overland from the shores of the Baltic.' They were especially famous for their skill in the training and breeding of horses, attributed to their stay in Thrace, whence they brought the cult of Diomede into their Italian home.
		The first historical mention of the, Veneti occurs in connexion with the capture of Rome by the Gauls, whose retreat is said to have been caused by an irruption of the Veneti into their territory (Polybius ii.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=68086&locale=en (1329 words)

	Gaul, Iberia, & Galatia
		The Celtic tribes of Gaul included the Ligures, Saluvii, Volcae Arecomice, Volcae Tectosages, Tarbelli Ausci, Boii, Cadurci, Allobroges, and Helvii in the south, the Petrocorii, Santones, Pictones, Lemovices, Averni, Velavii, Segusiavii, Sequani, Mandubii, Bituriges Cubi, Carnutes, and Lingones in the middle, and the Veliocasses, Caletes, Ambiani, Atrebates, Morini, and Menapii in the north.
		Veneti ships could not be rammed by Roman ships becuase of their higher prows but Roman ships were more maneauverable because they were powered by oars rather than sails.
		Galatia is the name given to the area in central Asia Minor that was invaded by Celts (Gauls) around 278 B.C. The mercenaries, with their wives and children, were invited into the area by Nicomedes of Bithynia.
	www.geocities.com /mariamnephilemon/names/europa/gaul.html (1785 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 546 (v. 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Veneti, after suffering a great naval defeat, were obliged to surrender to Caesar, who treated them with merciless severity in order to strike terror into the surrounding tribes: he put all the senators to death, and sold the rest of the people as slaves.
		They therefore made several attempts to recover their independence; and it was not till their revolts had been again and again put down by Caesar, and the flower of the nation had perished in battle, that, they learnt to submit to the Roman yoke.
		The Gauls had suffered too much in the last three campaigns to make any further attempt against the Romans at present; but Caesar's ambition would not allow him to be idle.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0555.html (1223 words)

	Veneti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Veneti (Enetoi in Greek) were an ancient people who inhabited today's northeastern Italy, in a area comprised in the modern-day region Veneto.
		They spoke the Venetic language, a language somewhat close to the Italic languages.
		The ancient Veneti are not to be confused with the later Venetians, who traditionally speak Venetian, a Romance language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Veneti (128 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Adriatic Veneti
		According to Livy, himself one of the Veneti from Patavium, the Veneti were formed by a merging of the indigenous peoples known as the Euganei and a Trojan-Paphlagonian tribe known as the Eneti (or Enetoi in Greek) who had settled in the area between the Alps and the Adriatic sea.
		Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, who assisted the Veneti to repel the attacks of the Liburnian pirates, is said to have kept a stud in their country (Strabo v.1.4).
		The ancient Veneti are not to be confused with the later Venetians, who traditionally speak Venetian, a Romance language; both of whom originate from the modern-day Veneto region and are known in Italian as Veneti.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti (1059 words)

	Julius Caesar biography
		The Veneti detained Silius and Velanius, who had been sent among them, for they thought they would recover by their means the hostages which they had given Crassus.
		After summoning the chiefs of Gaul, Caesar thought proper to pretend ignorance of the things which he had discovered and, having conciliated and confirmed their minds and ordered some cavalry to be raised, resolved to make war against the Germans.
		The Gauls, animated by the opportunity afforded through his absence, and indignant that they were reduced beneath the dominion of Rome, began to organize their plans for war openly.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/juliuscae_bh.html (2035 words)

	Gaul. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Gaul in Italy was called Cisalpine Gaul [Cisalpine, from Lat.=on this side the Alps], as opposed to Transalpine Gaul; Cisalpine Gaul was divided into Cispadane Gaul [on this side the Po] and Transpadane Gaul.
		In Roman Gaul it often became customary to call the chief center of a tribe or the country around it by some form of the tribe’s name.
		The greatest testimony to the stability and thoroughness of the culture of Roman Gaul is the survival of the Latin language as French.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ga/Gaul.html (585 words)

	Veneti (Gaul) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Veneti is name given to several ancient European tribes.
		The Veneti were a seafaring people who lived in what is now Brittany, France.
		Their most notable city, and probably their capital, was Darioritum (now known as Vannes), mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Veneti_(Gaul) (112 words)

	VENETI - LoveToKnow Article on VENETI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the winter of 5~ B.C., with some of their neighbors, they took up arms against the Romans, and in 56 were decisively defeated in a naval engagement, details of which are given in Caesars Bell.
		The extent of their territory before their incorporation by the Romans is uncertain It was at first included in Cisalpine Gaul, but under Augustus was known as the tenth region of Italy (\Tenetia and Histria).
		The first historical mention of the Veneti occurs in connection with the capture of Rome by the Gauls, whose retreat is said to have been caused by an irruption of the Veneti into their territory (Polybius il.
	96.1911encyclopedia.org /V/VE/VENETI.htm (1081 words)

	History of the Hellenistic and Roman World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He passed thither twice from that part of Gaul which lies over against it, and in several battles which he fought did more hurt to the enemy than service to himself, for the islanders were so miserably poor that they had nothing worth being plundered of.
		He drowned his sorrow in the blood of the Gauls, waging a war of extermination against the rebellious Eburones and bridging the Rhine for a second raid in 53.
		Without a doubt, the Gauls were aware of these troubles, and a young, ambitious Arvenian noble, Vercingetorix, seized the opportunity to raise the peoples of Central Gaul in revolt and have himself crowned King of the Gauls.
	www.fenrir.dk /history/index.php?title=Julius_Caesar_:_Gaul_(58_-_50_BCE)&diff=prev&oldid=1444 (3044 words)

	GAUL - LoveToKnow Article on GAUL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		According to this authority, Gaul was at that time divided among three peoples, more or less distinct from one another, the Aquitani, the Gauls, who called themselves Celts, and the Belgae.
		The tribes inhabiting Gaul in Caesars time, and belonging to one or other of the three races distinguished by him, were numerous.
		TBut all five leaders were romanized nobles, with Roman names and Roman citizenship, and their risings were directed rather against the Roman government than the Roman empire; In general, the Gauls of these provinces accepted Roman civilization more or less rapidly, and in due course became hardly distinguishable from the Italian.
	1.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GA/GAUL.htm (3040 words)

	Gallic Wars - The start of the conquest of Gaul
		In his own words: "I notice that almost all the Gauls are fond of revolution, and easily and quickly excited to war; that all men likewise, by nature, love liberty and hate the condition of slavery, it might be wise to divide and more widely distribute my army, before more states should join the confederation."
		This move, while certainly designed to establish authority over the whole of Gaul, was a certain precursor to the invasion of Britain.
		The Veneti controlled the waterways with a formidable fleet of their own and were augmented by British Celts.
	www.angelfire.com /me/ik/gallicwars2.html (434 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These wars demonstrated the genius of Julius Caesar, the skills of the legions, the indomitable spirit of the Gauls and the damage that could be inflicted on cities, territories and entire populations in Rome's drive to world domination.
		Furthermore, from Gaul he would always be capable of marching immediately to Italy in times of crisis and could be apprised of news from Rome.
		In his account of the Gallic Wars, Caesar wrote that Gaul was divided by three: the Belgae, the Aquitani and the Celtae tribes, different from each other in language, government and laws.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0692 (1323 words)

	Istria on the Internet - Archeology - Situla and Ancient Veneti
		We find the earliest documented occurrence of the name "Veneti" in the accounts of the sack of Rome by the Celts who were forced to retreat when the Veneti broke through into their territory.
		The case, usually made of stone, sometimes a wooden one, was used to bury a couple in a common space and was often reopened for family's other members deceased afterwards, making the familiar and social links stronger, in a sort of unity between life and death.
		The primigenial religion of the ancient Veneti preserved this sense of harmony among the Universe's elements, likewise the oriental religions.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/archeology/situla-veneti.htm (1423 words)

	Bretons2
		Throughout Caesarâs campaigns in Gaul, Diviciacus, chieftain of the Aedui, was constantly at Caesarâs side, urging his Celtic confederates to submit peacefully to Roman domination.
		The Veneti were a maritime power, deriving much wealth from their shipping of British tin from Cornwall to Gallic traders.
		Their strongholds stood on headlands or islands in tidal estuaries which were cut off from the land for most of the time by the sea.
	www.mactavish.org /bretons2.html (637 words)

	Commentariorum De Bello Gallico C. Iuli Caesaris Libri Octo
		The campaigns of Caesar in Gaul lasted through eight seasons (58-51 B.C.), and are told in eight books,--the last written by Hirtius, an officer of Caesar,--each book containing the operations of a single year.
		Book II 57 B.C. A formidable confederacy of the northern populations of Gaul is suppressed, with the almost complete extermination of the bravest Belgian tribe, the Nervii, in a battle which seems to have been one of the most desperate of all that Caesar ever fought.
		Book III 56 B.C. After a brief conflict with the mountaineers of the Alps, who attacked the Roman armies on their march, the chief operations are the conquest of the coast tribes of Brittany (Veneti, etc.), in a warfare of curious naval engineering in the shallow tide-water inlets and among the rocky shores.
	www.uah.edu /student_life/organizations/SAL/texts/latin/classical/caesar/debelgal.html (680 words)

	Hampden Latin
		Two German tribes advanced into Gaul in 55 across the Rhine and asked for land from Rome, or the ability to seize it, and Caesar rebuffed them (there was no land to give...).
		Many regions of Gaul went into open revolt against Rome, and due to a poor harvest CaesarÕs legions were scattered across the province.
		His plan was not to defeat the Romans in open battle (which the Gauls have by then discovered was not possible), but by playing the waiting game, denying Caesar supplies, and forcing him to eventually withdraw.
	www.ha.sad22.us /BenJohnson/caesargaul.html (1408 words)

	Gaius Julius Caesar: Commentaries on the Gallic War, Book 3
		Wherefore, since he reflected that almost all the Gauls were fond of revolution, and easily and quickly excited to war; that all men likewise, by nature, love liberty and hate the condition of slavery, he thought he ought to divide and more widely distribute his army, before more states should join the confederation.
		They accordingly surrendered themselves and all their possessions to Caesar, on whom Caesar thought that punishment should be inflicted the more severely, in order that for the future the rights of embassadors might be more carefully respected by barbarians; having, therefore, put to death all their senate, he sold the rest for slaves.
		They resolved to conduct the war on a very different method from the rest of the Gauls; for as they perceived that the greatest nations [of Gaul] who had engaged in war, had been routed and overcome, and as they possessed continuous ranges of forests and morasses, they removed themselves and all their property thither.
	www.forumromanum.org /literature/caesar/gallic_e3.html (2533 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Veneti
		Veneti An Italic tribe with their own distinctive language who inhabited north-east Italy from the 1st millennium BC.
		In 56 bc, he conquered the Veneti, leaders of an anti-Roman confederation and, in 55–54 bc, he invaded Germany and Britain.
		Crossing into Transalpine Gaul, Caesar repelled German tribes in the south and east, Belgae in the north, and Veneti in the west.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Veneti (632 words)

	The Fourth Part Of Gaul: A Novel Of The Veneti Gaul Revolt Against Caesar And The Epic Voyage Of Its Survivors To The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Fourth Part of Gaul is the story of that revolt as experienced primarily by Marcus Brutus Pontus, a young tribune and staff officer, one of the hostages taken by the Gauls.
		What a knowledgeable and entertaining author John Beatty is! The Fourth Part of Gaul is a fascinating, informative and entertaining glimpse into the Veneti Gaul revolt against Caesar in the first century B.C., and the love story binds it nicely together.
		The bravery and determination of the Gauls to retain their independence, along with the historically researched descriptions of battles both on land and sea, makes the escape of these seafaring people to the western hemisphere very plausible.
	www.textkit.com /0_141340720X.html (836 words)

	The Kingdom of Brittany
		Armorica, the western arm of northern Gaul, was the ancient domain of the Veneti.
		It was as much an established part of Gaul as the Romans were of Italy.
		During the second century BC, Gaul was considered a centre of Celtic culture in Europe.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/FeaturesBritain/ArmoricaBrittany.htm (750 words)

	Ancient Rome From the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D By Robert F. Pennel (1890)- Chapter 31 from Nalanda Digital ...
		The Gauls were more or less civilized since they had come into contact with the Romans, but they still had the tribal form of government, like the early Romans.
		All the tribes in the northwestern part of Gaul (Brittany) except the VENETI had given hostages to Crassus, son of the Triumvir, and lieutenant of Caesar.
		The leaders of the Veneti were put to death for their treachery in seizing Roman officers, and the rest were sold into slavery.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/ancrome/chapter31.html (1924 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Gaul - AOL Research & Learn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Their cousins in Gaul proper (modern France) probably had been there since 600 B.C., for the Greeks of Massilia (Marseilles) knew them.
		By 121 B.C., Rome had acquired S Transalpine Gaul, and by the time of Julius Caesar it had been pacified.
		He is the best ancient source on Gaul, and he has immortalized its three ethnic divisions, Aquitania (S of the Garonne), Celtic Gaul (modern central France), and Belgica (very roughly Belgium).
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/gaul/20051206024909990013 (529 words)

	Gallic Tribes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Centre of the Druidic religion in Gaul, their territory is covered by extensive forests.
		Certainly their capital city Avaricum is the largest "oppidum" or fortified settlement in Gaul, the Bituriges proudly calling Avaricum, the "Queen of Cities." Frequently at war with the Pictones and the Arverni, over territory, the Bituriges are seperated from the Carnutes by the wide Liger River, which has limited their clashes.
		Lutetia reportedly has never been taken by assault in the endemic inter-tribal warfare of Gaul and for that reason the Parisii are not to be discounted in the power struggle of the tribes.
	www.donaldhs.vic.edu.au /home/spotter/Gallic_Tribes.html (777 words)

	the Slovenian
		BC., Veneti in Illyricum (Enetoi) on the lower Danube and in the upper Adriatic, were mentioned by Herodotus in 5th cent.
		BC:, Veneti in central Europe mentioned by Tacitus and Pliny the Elder, Veneti in Gaul were mentioned by Caesar, and Veneti in Latium who are referred to as Venetulani by Pliny the Elder.
		Bor had postulated that Etruscans were people originally linguistically related to the Veneti; (the genetic evidence supports his hypothesis); they came from the north and in course of time merged with another people, which in turn influenced their language.
	www.theslovenian.com /articles/skulj.htm (2053 words)

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