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Topic: Venetian Ghetto

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	From Geographical Realia to Historiographical Symbol
		While the Venetian government tolerated the presence of the Jews in the city, many Venetians were upset by the new phenomenon of the presence of Jews all over the city, and the clergy preached against them, especially at Eastertime when anti-Jewish sentiment tended to intensify, demanding their expulsion.
		It is encountered in Venetian sources from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and today it is generally presumed that the word derives from the Italian verb gettare (to pour or to cast), because of the previous presence of foundries in the area.
		In later years, the Venetian origin of the word ghetto came to be forgotten, as it was used exclusively in its secondary meaning as referring to compulsory Jewish quarters, and much ink was spilled by eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth-century authors in attempts to ascertain its etymology.
	www.history.umd.edu /Faculty/BCooperman/NewCity/Geographical.html (3523 words)

	Ghetto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.
		This was the last of the original ghettos to be abolished in Western Europe; not until 1870, when the kingdom of Italy conquered Rome from the Pope, was the Ghetto finally opened, with the walls themselves being torn down in 1888.
		The first large ghetto at Tuliszkow was established in December 1939 or January 1940, followed by the Łódź Ghetto in April 1940 and the Warsaw Ghetto in October 1940, with many other ghettos established throughout 1940 and 1941.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Jewish_Ghettos.htm (3426 words)

	Venice
		On the whole the Venetian government was protective of the lives and property of the Jews and regularly acted as a restraining force against physical violence.
		In the Ghetto Nuovo were situated pawn broking establishments or loan banks which played such an important part in the history of the community catering to the crowds of needy Venetians.
		Externally the Venetian Synagogues do not present any features of particular merit or interest; probably it was thought better not to attract the attention of the Rulers of the Republic who had explicitly forbidden their construction in the town.
	www.wzo.org.il /en/resources/view.asp?id=1369 (2046 words)

	The Mavens' Word of the Day
		Ghetto as the walled and gated area in which Jews were required to live was first used for a section of Venice in 1516, and scholars believe that the word comes from an iron foundry in the neighborhood.
		The first appearance of ghetto in English was in 1611: "The place where the whole fraternity of the Jews dwelleth together, which is called the Ghetto" and "Walking in the Court of the Ghetto, I casually met with a Jewish Rabbin that spake good Latin" (Thomas Coryat, Coryats Crudities).
		Ghetto began to be used as a verb meaning 'to put in a ghetto' in the 1930s: "Jews, who are ghettoed under the racial legislation" (Times of London, 1936).
	www.randomhouse.com /wotd/index.pperl?date=20000802 (476 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Venice
		The commercial activity of the ghetto was halted during the plague that spread throughout Europe in 1630-31 and hit the Jewish community of Venice in the summer of 1630.
		The ghetto’s boundary were extended and the Nuovissimo ghetto was opened to house wealthy Jewish residents.
		There is not much left of this section of the Venetian ghetto, besides a few mezuzah indentations found on the doorposts of some of the buildings.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Venice.html (2507 words)

	Ghetto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ghetto was abolished in 1797, after the fall of the Republic of Venice to Napoleon.
		In some cases, the ghetto was a Jewish quarter with a relatively affluent population (for instance the Jewish ghetto in Venice).
		Often ghetto residents had to have a pass to go outside of the bounds of the ghetto.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ghetto (3449 words)

	Ghetto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To place Venetian provisions requiring groups in the city to live in compulsory quarters in historical context, it should be noted that: Merchants from the Germanic lands were required to reside in a special building known as the 'Fondaco dei Tedeschi'.
		Ghettos established by the Nazis in which Jews were confined, and later shipped to concentration camps.
		The first large ghetto at Tuliszkow was established in December 1939 or January 1940, followed by the ÅÃ³dÅº Ghetto in April 1940 and the Warsaw Ghetto in October 1940, with many other ghettos established throughout 1940 and 1941.
	www.zdnet.co.za /wiki/Ghetto (3518 words)

	ghetto — Infoplease.com
		The ghetto was typically walled, with gates that were closed at a certain hour each night, and all Jews had to be inside the gate at that hour or suffer penalties.
		The reason generally given for compulsory ghettos was that the faith of Christians would be weakened by the presence of Jews; the idea of Jewish segregation dates from the Lateran Councils of 1179 and 1215.
		One of the most infamous ghettos was that of Frankfurt, to which Jews were compelled to move by a city ordinance of 1460.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0820714.html (515 words)

	Heritage
		In 1516 Venice's growing Jewish community was confined to a quarter known as the "Ghetto Nuovo" (New Ghetto).
		The Venetian ghetto's population grew at a rapid pace.
		They were ordered into a ghetto, which, for the next 300 years, remained the only place Jews were permitted to live in Rome.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/heritage/episode5/atlas/map2.html (302 words)

	Ghetto information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The first ghettos appeared in Italy, Germany, Spain and Portugal, in the 16th century, between 1557 and 1593, but some authors use the same word to indicate the destination towns to which the Roman Empire deported Jews from the first to the fourth centuries CE.
		The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories per Jew, compared to 669 calories per Pole and 2,613 calories per German.
		In some of the Ghettos the local resistance organisations started Ghetto uprisings, none were successful, and the Jewish populations of the ghettos were almost entirely killed.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Ghetto (2814 words)

	Jewish Museum of Venice - the Ghetto
		The Republic obliged the Jews to live in an area of the city where the foundries, known in Venetian as "geti", had been situated in ancient times, to wear a sign of identification and to manage the city's pawnshops at rates estabilished by the Serenissima.
		Known as "Scole", the synagogues of the Venetian ghetto were constructed between the early-sixteenth and mid-seventeenth centuries.
		What was Europe's first ghetto is now a lively and popular district of the city where the religious and administrative institutions of the Jewish Community and its five synagogues still persist.
	www.museoebraico.it /english/ghetto.html (443 words)

	JewishJournal.com
		The word ghetto is a corruption of the Venetian getto (the g is pronounced as in jet), which means foundry, after the iron foundry that was here before the ghetto walls went up.
		But it is Venice, which gave the world the name ghetto and it is the Venetian Jewish ghetto — its synagogues intact, its Hebrew signs and Jewish shopkeepers — that echoes history and transports tourists back in time.
		The ornate hall of one Sephardic synagogue is early Venetian baroque, with two-toned marble floors and overwhelming brass candelabras hanging from decorated ceilings.
	www.jewishjournal.com /home/preview.php?id=9620 (1206 words)

	The Venetian Ghetto and modern Jewish identity - From All Their Habitations Judaism - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		(1) But the symbolic primacy of the Venetian Ghetto is demonstrated by the rapid trademarking of its name all over Italy and Europe--a process due to the contradictory facets of the Venetian settlement.
		The city was born as a refugium, a shelter, as a negative place, as a welcoming (damp) land for people escaping from the barbarians.
		Constrained within the narrow limits of an island, surrounded by water, a safe haven for refugees, multiethnic and multilingual, the Ghetto turns out to be a perfect microcosm of Venice, epitomizing the potentialities and contradictions of the city as a whole.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0411/is_4_51/ai_106730957 (836 words)

	Vogalonga ii
		It must be interesting for them to see where they're going, and it must really fire them up to bear down on you from their three story viewpoint.
		The fact is that they choose a track exactly behind you then when they're close to the danger point they all sound off, probably something derogatory, then they give you a couple of nanoseconds to swerve out of the way.
		What's worse is all those boats I passed in the Ghetto probably bursted loose as a cluster, and were just behind me. The diploma handlers on the barge are overworked and understaffed.
	members.aol.com /jfreeent/vgl.htm (4652 words)

	Gallery - Venice Ghetto - Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Canal separating the Ghetto Vecchio and the Nuovo Ghetto sections of the Venice Jewish Quarter.
		Center of the Ghetto Nuovo section of the Jewish Quarter in Venice, Italy.
		View of the Ghetto Nuovo in Venice from the Ponte de de Ghetto Nuovo.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /holocaust/photos/venez3/venez3.htm (311 words)

	Tour of the Ghetto Vecchio - the Jewish Ghetto
		The Ghetto Vecchio was visited by everyone in Venice for its excellent shops and markets, as the Jews dominated most of the foreign trade in the city.
		The Ghetto had synagogues and prestigious schools in addition to a theater, a music conservatory and intellectual literary salons.
		When you visit the Old Ghetto, be sure to stop at Gam Gam, the one Kosher restaurant open to the public.
	www.venice-honeymoons.com /english/ghetto_vecchio_tour.htm (164 words)

	Venetian Ghetto - Venice for Visitors
		The Venetian Ghetto was a crowded place, with a population that grew as Jews and conversos (Jews who nominally had converted to Catholicism) came to Venice from other countries of Europe and the Mediterranean.
		Yet despite the amount of housing that was crammed into the Ghetto's modest boundaries, there wasn't enough sleeping space for the estimated 5,000 Jews who lived in the district before the European plague of 1630 that killed a third of Venice's population.
		Daily activity in the Ghetto was both colorful and lively.
	europeforvisitors.com /venice/articles/venice_ghetto2.htm (346 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ghetto
		The term now commonly labels any poverty-stricken urban area, though the news media created terms like rural ghetto to describe mobile home parks, farm labor housing tracts and Indian reservations to indicate that the poorest areas in the U.S. aren't inside major cities.
		Many social workers and community leaders suggest alternative words to describe these areas like inner city and economically disadvantaged areas as the location of the areas are often isolated from its outer worlds.
		Pope Pius V Europe ghettos existed in Prague, Frankfurt am Main, Mainz and elsewhere.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ghetto (3461 words)

	[No title]
		The Ghetto was a setting for economic and cultural growth and the establishment of one correlated with the development of Jewish art music in the various cities of northern Italy.
		Tensions between Venetian rabbis and local rabbis in northern Italy peaked in a dispute over a ritual bath, a mikveh, in Rovigo, a small town between Padua and Ferrara, which ultimately divided much of Italian Jewry and which is relevant for subsequent musical developments.
		In around 1628 in the Venetian ghetto, an academy of music was organized with Modena serving as the Maestro di Caeppella.
	www.zamir.org /Features/Italy/Adelman.shtml (1898 words)

	Venetian Ghetto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Venetian Ghetto was the area of Venice in which Jewish people were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic.
		Despite the restrictions on movement and terribly cramped conditions, the Jewish population thrived, and in 1541, the quarter was enlarged to cover the neighbouring Ghetto Vecchio, and in 1633, the Ghetto Nuovissimo was also added.
		For the rest of the 19th century, the population of the Ghetto declined steeply and many of the buildings fell into disrepair.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Venetian_Ghetto (486 words)

	Jewish Studies - Conferences
		Encountering each other in the ghetto to which they were confined, the Jews of Venice gradually developed a distinctive Jewish Venetian style that expressed itself in their liturgy, their music, and their relations with their neighbors.
		Allowed to leave the Ghetto and join in the general life of Venice, they did not continue to define themselves by internalizing their Ghetto past, though they did not abandon it.
		These historic events and processes left their mark on the Venetian Ghetto: to read the Ghetto is to encounter the experience of a major diasporic Jewish community, connected to and in some ways similar to the paradigmatic Jewish communities of Eastern Europe and Germany, yet different enough from them to provide a unique perspective.
	humwww.ucsc.edu /JewishStudies/nehvenice_progdescription.html (860 words)

	Venice Ghetto - Venice for Visitors
		ABOVE: The Ghetto Nuovo, or "New Ghetto," in Venice, Italy.
		But in 1516, when an enclosed neighborhood for Jews was created in Venice, "ghetto" referred to the foundry that the district replaced.
		The Ghetto both isolated and protected the Jewish residents of Venice who lived within its walls.
	europeforvisitors.com /venice/articles/venice_ghetto.htm (269 words)

	Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The author of numerous articles on Venetian society and politics in the late Middle Ages, he is currently at work on a study of wifehood in Venice from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
		He is the author of numerous articles on Venetian, Byzantine, and crusading topics and, with Donald E. Queller, co-authored The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople (1997).
		The author of over thirty articles on aspects of the history of the Jews of Venice, he is currently co-editing--with Robert C. Davis--a volume of essays on the Jews of early modern Venice and working primarily on book-length treatments of the Venetian ghetto and the Jewish merchants of Venice.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /s99/excerpts/kittell.html (1375 words)

	Jewish travel and glatt kosher Greek Isles vacation cruises from Kosherica Enterprises, Inc.
		Whenever the Jews left the Ghetto area the men had to wear a yellow circle stitched on the left shoulder, while the women wore a yellow scarf.
		The first Jews to settle in the ghetto of Venice were central European Ashkenazim, who constructed two synagogues: in 1528, the Scola Grande Tedesca, and later in 1532, the Scola Canton.
		Even though the ghetto continues to be the centre of community activities for the Jewish community, very few Jews continue to live in the ghetto.
	www.kosherica.com /greekisles_cruises/greekisles_2007_08_27.asp (2918 words)

	JewishVenice.com - Jewish Ghetto - History
		The Jewish Ghetto, the world's oldest, remains intact and is still marked by dark porticos, peeling paint, laundry hung out to dry, and windows placed so close above one another that you're back aches just thinking about the low ceiling.
		They were allowed to area not far from today's train station, where there had be leave the Ghetto during the day, but were marked as Jews: Men wore a yellow circle stitched on the left shoulder of their cloaks or jackets, while women wore a yellow scarf.
		When they got their own neighbourhood, an extension of the Venetian Ghetto granted in 1541, they were wealthy enough to build a Synagogue on the ground, rather than in cramped top floor apartments.
	www.jewishvenice.org /ghetto/history.html (641 words)

	[No title]
		Leon Modena (1571-1648) was one of the most enigmatic and captivating figures of the Venetian ghetto in the Age of the Baroque.
		Though locked at night, the ghetto was far from isolated from Christian society.
		But, typical of the ghetto mentality with which he lived, Modena panicked when he learned that a Catholic friend had published the manuscript in Paris (in 1637).
	www.zamir.org /Features/Italy/CohenModena.shtml (1618 words)

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