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	Venetian polychoral style
		The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras which involved spatially separate choirs singing in alternation.
		The style arose from the architectural pecularities of the imposing Basilica San Marco di Venezia, also known as St. Mark's, in Venice.
		The peak of development of the style was in the late 1580s and 1590s, while Giovanni Gabrieli was organist at San Marco and principal composer, and while Gioseffo Zarlino was still maestro di cappella.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/v/ve/venetian_polychoral_style.html (475 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Venetian School
		The Venetian polychoral compositions of the late 16th century were among the most famous musical events in Europe, and their influence on musical practice in other countries was enormous.
		Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia,Venessia), nicknamed the "city of canals" and La Serenissima, is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice in Italy.
		In the 12th century the essentials for the power of Venice were laid: the Venetian Arsenal was under construction in 1104; Venice wrested control of the Brenner pass from Verona in 1178, opening a lifeline to silver from Germany; the last autocratic doge, Vitale Michiele, died in 1172.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Venetian-School (2984 words)

	Music Renaissance Style
		Venetian polychoral style - The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras which involved spatially separate choirs singing in alternation.
		Music Renaissance Style - Music Renaissance Style Venetian polychoral style - The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras which involved spatially separate choirs singing in alternation.
		Music Twentieth Century Style Structure - Music Twentieth Century Style Structure Philip Johnson In this critically acclaimed biography, Franz Schulze probes the private music twentieth century style structure and professional life of one of the most famous architects music twentieth century style structure and architectural critics of the twentieth century.
	co92.amp3dance.com /musicrenaissancestyle.html (739 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Venetian Republic was a major sea power and a staging area for the Crusades, as well as a very important centre of commerce (especially the spice trade) and art in the Renaissance.
		The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected executive power (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge.
		Throughout the 15th century, Venetian land forces were almost always on the offensive and were regarded as the most effective in Italy, largely because of the tradition of all classes carrying arms in defense of the city and official encouragement of general military training.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Venice (5200 words)

	Venetian polychoral style
		The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras which involved spatially separate choirs singing in alternation.
		The style arose from the architectural pecularities of the imposing Basilica San Marco di Venezia, also known as St. Mark's, in Venice.
		The peak of development of the style was in the late 1580s and 1590s, while Giovanni Gabrieli was organist at San Marco and principal composer, and while Gioseffo Zarlino was still maestro di capella.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/v/ve/venetian_polychoral_style.html (455 words)

	Venice - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia), nicknamed the "city of canals", is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice in Italy.
		In 1848 a revolt briefly reestablished the Venetian Republic.
		The classical Venetian boat is the gondola, although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies.
	arikah.com /encyclopedia/Venice,_Italy (3871 words)

	Venetian School
		In music history, the Venetian School is a term used to describe the composers working in Venice from about 1550 to around 1610; it also describes the music they produced.
		The Venetian polychoral compositions of the late 16th century were among the most famous musical events in Europe, and their influence on musical practice in other countries was enormous.
		The innovations introduced by the Venetian school, along with the contemporary development of monody and opera in Florence, together define the end of the musical Renaissance and the beginning of the musical Baroque.
	www.musicsonglyrics.org /Venetian_School.html (657 words)

	Peter Hasse (Composer) - Short Biography
		During this period he supervised a number of structural alterations to both of the organs at the Marienkirche and established himself as a teacher and performer; four of his sons were among his pupils.
		His variations on Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr reflect the early north German style of organ composition in their idiomatic use of the chorale melody as a readily perceived cantus firmus accompanied by a variety of contrapuntal devices, a piece often being divided into well-defined sections depending on the treatment of the subject.
		Hasse’s two extant vocal works show the influence of the prevailing Venetian polychoral style in the rhythmic declamation of the text in association with homophonic concertato textures.
	www.bach-cantatas.com /Lib/Hasse-Peter.htm (241 words)

	Venetian Polychoral Style
		The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras which involved spatially separate choir s singing in alternation.
		The peak of development of the style was in the late 1580s and 1590s, while Giovanni Gabrieli was organist at San Marco and principal composer, and while Gioseffo Zarlino was still ''maestro di cappella''.
		In 1612 Claudio Monteverdi was appointed ''maestro di cappella'', and though he brought the musical standards back to a high level, the vogue of the polychoral style had passed; concertato music, much with solo voice, was now the norm; the productions of this late period are identifiably Baroque.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Venetian_polychoral_style (599 words)

	The Ultimate Venice - American History Information Guide and Reference
		The Venetian Republic was a major sea power and a staging area for the Crusades, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially the spice trade) and art in the Renaissance.
		In the mid-8th century, the Venetians resisted the empire-building efforts of Pepin III and remained subject to the Byzantine Empire, at least theoretically.
		The classical Venetian boat is the gondola, although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies, due to its cost.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Venice (2616 words)

	Attractions in Venice, Itineraries, Venice city tours, cruises, Venice gay and lesbian tours, interesting tourist ...
		This elegant linear style favoured by the Venetian architects was not totally superseded by the flourishes of baroque until the end of the 16th century.
		The spacious interior of the building with its multiple choir lofts was the inspiration for the development of a Venetian polychoral style among the composers appointed maestro di cappella at St Mark's.
		Sant'Erasmo is an island in the Venetian Lagoon lying north of the Lido and north east of Venice.
	www.bestcitiestravel.com /venice/itineraries.html (3948 words)

	Summi et Aeterni ORDER
		Musica reservata is a term referring to either a style or a performance practice in a cappella vocal music of the latter, mainly in Italy and southern Germany, involving refinement, exclusivity, and intense emotional expression of sung text.
		Late in life he wrote in a sober, heavily homophonic style, but all through his life he was a careful craftsman who considered the expression and understandability of the text to be the highest artistic goal.
		The style is similar to the style of monody being developed in Florence at approximately the same time; indeed there was considerable competition between composers in those two musical centers.
	jeff.ostrowski.cc /productions/summi/order.htm (14963 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Venetian School
		The Venetian polychoral compositions of the late 16th century were among the most famous musical events in Europe, and their influence on musical practice in other countries was enormous.
		The innovations introduced by the Venetian school, along with the contemporary development of monody and opera in Florence, together define the end of the musical Renaissance and the beginning of the musical Baroque.
		The peak of development of the Venetian School was in the 1580s, when Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli composed enormous works for multiple choirs, groups of brass and string instruments, and organ.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Venetian_School (698 words)

	Venetian polychoral style at AllExperts
		The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras which involved spatially separate choirs singing in alternation.
		The idea of different groups singing in alternation gradually evolved into the concertato style, which in its different instrumental and vocal manifestations eventually led to such diverse musical ideas as the chorale cantata, the concerto grosso, and the sonata.
		The peak of development of the style was in the late 1580s and 1590s, while Giovanni Gabrieli was organist at San Marco and principal composer, and while Gioseffo Zarlino was still maestro di cappella.
	en.allexperts.com /e/v/ve/venetian_polychoral_style.htm (635 words)

	HOASM: The Venetian Style
		Andrea Gabrieli, succeeding Annibale Padovano at the second organ in 1564 and Merulo at the first organ in 1585--when he was himself succeeded at the second organ by Giovanni Gabrieli --produced sacred music of great distinction.
		His Masses include a four-part Missa brevis in the normal style for this species, which, for him, is unusually simple.
		It was in Giovanni's motets that the Venetian style of polychoral composition attained its culmination.
	www.hoasm.org /IVN/IVNVenetianStyle.html (1141 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		He was appointed as ambassador of Venetian Republic at Wedding Francesco de’ Medici duke of Florence with Venetian Bianca Cappello (1579) and wrote music of celebration for Henry III King of France, who visited Venice (1574).
		Since he was a member of what is known today as the Venetian School, he also wrote motets for double choir in the manner of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli.
		In sacred scores, we find music closer to Venetian style, often for two or more chorus: a deeper study of this music could reveal his interest for sound ambient effects.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Claudio_Merulo (1133 words)

	Best of Venice - Best of Venice, Italy - Venezien, Venezia, Venedig, Venetian, Venice Beach - Lido, & Lido di Venezia.
		The Venetian Republic was a major sea power and a staging area for the
		Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
		Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition.
	bestofvenice.com (2341 words)

	Churches
		They were taken to Constantinople in the 4th century and adorned the city's hippodrome until plundered by Venetian crusaders in 1204.
		The cathedral's acoustics led to the development of a Venetian polychoral style of music which exploited the sound delay between opposing choir lofts.
		This is reflected by the style of the sculpture which abandons the traditional representation of Roman rulers as majestic Godlike creatures.
	www.venice-sights.co.uk /Basilica_di_San_Marco.htm (1180 words)

	Jacobus Gallus: Biography - Classic Cat
		This motet for 8 voices shows evidence of influence by the Venetian polychoral style, with its use of the coro spezzato technique.
		He rarely used the cantus firmus technique, preferring the then-new Venetian polychoral manner, yet he was equally conversant with earlier imitative techniques.
		He enjoyed word painting in the style of the madrigal, yet he could write the simple Ecce quomodo moritur justus later used by George Frideric Handel in his funeral anthem The Ways of Zion Do Mourn.
	www.classiccat.net /gallus_j/biography.htm (468 words)

	2005 Christmas Concert
		Venetian composers placed consorts (“choirs” of like instruments or voices) in different lofts, emphasizing contrasting tone colors in their music; e.g., high voices in one choir contrasting with low voices in another choir contrasting with stringed instruments in yet a third choir.
		They carried back the grand Venetian polychoral style to their home countries and thus transported the transitional early Baroque music north to Germany, an event which was decisive on subsequent music history.
		Also, with the introduction of elements of secular opera into the sacred polychoral style, the music had begun to include passages for solo singers and individual instruments, made possible by the use of multiple musical forces.
	music.sdsmt.edu /Events/05-06/xmas2005.htm (3008 words)

	Giovanni Gabrieli - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift from Renaissance to Baroque idioms.
		While this polychoral style had been extant for decades—possibly Adrian Willaert was the first to make use of it, at least in Venice—Gabrieli was the first to use carefully determined groups of instruments and singers, with precise directions for instrumentation, and in more than two groups.
		In particular, his arguably best-known piece, In Ecclesiis, is a showcase of such polychoral techniques, making use of four separate groups of instrumental and singing performers, underpinned by the omnipresent Organ and Continuo.
	www.someproxy.com /index.php?q=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9HaW92YW5uaV9HYWJyaWVsaQ== (763 words)

	Venetian polychoral style - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The spacious, resonant interior of this building was the inspiration for the development of this musical style.
		After 1603, a basso continuo was added to the already considerable forces at San Marco—orchestra, soloists, choir—a further step towards the Baroque cantata.
		ISBN 1-56159-174-2 (Note: curiously, there is no article for "polychoral" or "polychoral style" in the New Grove.)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style (550 words)

	Sleeve Notes - German Seventeenth-Century Church Music
		At the beginning of the century Heinrich Schütz and Michael Praetorius had introduced their German colleagues to the extravagant Venetian polychoral style, and polychoral music continued to be cultivated in Germany long after it had fallen out of favour in Italy.
		However, in the 1620s and '30s a new Italian style became popular in Germany and began to be cultivated alongside the old.
		We know nothing about why and when Schütz wrote his setting of the chorale Erbarm dich mein, O Herre Gott, though it only survives in late northern sources and is unusual for Schütz in that the setting uses the sixteenth-century chorale melody associated with the text, though modified with Italianate expressive devices.
	www.hyperion-records.co.uk /notes/67079.html (1097 words)

	Venetian polychoral style - Definition, explanation
		A commonly encountered term for the separated choirs is cori spezzati—literally, separated choirs.
		After 1603, a basso continuo was added to the already considerable forces at San Marco—orchestra, soloists, choir—a further step towards the Baroque cantata.
		ISBN 1561591742 (Note: curiously, there is no article for "polychoral" or "polychoral style" in the New Grove.)
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/v/ve/venetian_polychoral_style.php (523 words)

	MNotes0114 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		He brought the Venetian polychoral style back to Germany, where for the rest of his life he held prestigious musical posts, both secular and ecclesiastical.
		It is a great misfortune that so little of the music of Christopher Tye (c.1505-1573) has survived, for this composer is of the same caliber as his close contemporary Thomas Tallis.
		Thus, with Tye the style of the Eton Choirbook is carried forward into the Reformation, supplanting the severity and sparseness of Merbecke with a joyful, confident and rich choral texture that is nonetheless consistent with Archbishop Cranmer's directives.
	www.littlechurch.org /mn0114.html (425 words)

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