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Topic: Venomous fish

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	Venomous Fish Outnumber Snakes \| LiveScience
		A new study finds there are more venomous fish than venomous snakes.
		The 1,200 presumably venomous fish tallied in a new study is six times previous estimates.
		Venoms pack proteins that can be used to develop drugs to treat a range of ails from allergies to pain and even cancer, the scientists say.
	www.livescience.com /animals/060822_venomous_fish.html (608 words)

	Venom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venom or zootoxin (literally, animal poison) is any of a variety of poisons used by several groups of animal species, for the purpose of defense and hunting prey.
		The animals most widely known to use venom are snakes, some species of which inject venom into their prey through hollow fangs; spiders and centipedes, which also inject venom through fangs; scorpions and stinging insects, which inject venom with a sting (which is a modified egg-laying device - the ovipositor).
		Venom can also be found in some fish such as the stonefish, scorpionfish, rabbitfish, weever fish, cowfish, boxfish, sabre-toothed blennies, chimaera fish, weaver fish, squirrelfish, scat fish, stingrays, and some toadfish and catfish; as well as some jellyfish, mollusks, amphibians, and even in a few mammals like the platypus, and some shrews.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venomous (628 words)

	Marine Neurotoxins: Envenomations and Contact Toxins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Stingrays have one to four venomous spines attached to the dorsum of the tail, nearer to the base than the tip of the tail, with retroserrated edges that may lacerate the skin and extend deeply into body cavities, resulting in injury beyond that of the envenomation [2*].
		Whereas elapid snake venoms may act presynaptically (beta-bungarotoxin) or postsynaptically (alpha-bungarotoxin), sea snake venoms act postsynaptically by binding to the alpha subunits of the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction [27].
		Venom is ejected at high pressure through mouth, which sits centrally at the base of the tentacles, usually in concert with a bite using a pair of powerful chitinous jaws.
	www.treatment-options.com /article.cfm?PubID=NE06-2-1-04&Type=Article&KeyWords= (4101 words)

	IB44529Venoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The venom apparatus of the globiferous pedicellariae of the toxopneustid
		Other venom constituents are lyso derivatives, hyaluronidase, hemolytic peptides (e.g., melittin, which comprises 50% of honey bee venom, and mast-cell degranulating peptide), and various biogenic amines (e.g., histamine, the agent responsible in part for the itching and swelling of bee and wasp stings) and serotonin, a neurotransmitter substance.
		Venom is delivered via urticating hairs or macrotrichia of caterpillars, in which venom is released when the terminal section of th e hair is broken.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /bio324/IB44529Venoms.html (3990 words)

	Stonefish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa, Bloch and Schneider, 1801), also known as the reef stonefish or dornorn, is a carnivorous ray-finned fish with venomous spines that lives on the sea bed, camouflaged as a rock.
		It is the most widespread species of the stonefishes family, and is known to be found in the shallow tropical marine waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans, ranging from the Red Sea to the Queensland Great Barrier Reef.
		It is the most dangerous of known venomous fish and its venom causes severe pain with possible shock, paralysis, and tissue death depending on the depth of the penetration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stonefish (246 words)

	Outdoor Survival Guide - Dangerous Fish and Mollusks
		Since fish and mollusks may be one of your major sources of food, it is wise to know which ones are dangerous to you should you catch them.
		Fish and mollusks will present a danger in one of three ways: by attacking and biting you, by injecting toxic venom into you through its venomous spines or tentacles, and through eating fish or mollusks whose flesh is toxic.
		In addition to the above fish and their characteristics, barracuda and red snapper fish may carry ciguatera, a toxin that accumulates in the systems of fish that feed on tropical marine reefs.
	www.survivetheoutdoors.com /guides/survival/dangerous_fish_and_mollusks.html (1519 words)

	Venomous Fish
		Venom apparatus differs in the size and shape of the spines and the presence or absence of a venom excretory duct.
		The literature indicates the venom apparatus of all varieties of Scorpaedinae is used defensively as it seems the expulsion of venom cannot be controlled by the fish (Endean 1961).
		The fish is elliptical in shape with a large mouth and a lower jaw longer than the upper (Merrick and Schmida 1984) It has a characteristically stocky appearance with an armoured head containing 7 bony spines in the area of the cheeks and opercula (Thomson 1977).
	www.scu.edu.au /schools/ncm/staff_htm_files/bullrout.htm (2391 words)

	Poisonous Animals: Lion-fish, Turkey fish, Fire-fish (Scorpaenidae)
		This brightly colored fish is usually found in coral reefs, especially in shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region, hovering in caves or near crevices.
		The fish have elongated dorsal fin spines and enlarged pectoral fins, and each species has a particular pattern of zebralike stripes.
		The venom in the spines remains active for days, so even discarded spines should be treated with caution.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007974/2_1lio.htm (248 words)

	Fish poisonings and envenomations \| Poison Control Center - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		Species such as the scorpion fish, stonefish and lionfish, are found in the Pacific Ocean, Australia and the temperate waters of the tropics.
		The spikes on these fish will sting a human; the sting is considered severe and requires treatment and possibly hospitalization depending on the species.
		Ciguatera poisoning from fish is caused by a neurotoxin (ciguatoxin) present in the dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus toxicus.
	www.chop.edu /consumer/jsp/division/generic.jsp?id=75972 (2150 words)

	American Museum of Natural History
		Venomous fishes pose a serious threat to humans with more than 50,000 reported injuries due to envenomations per year, with symptoms ranging from blisters to intense pain, fever, or death.
		However, as fishes, not snakes, are now known to be the dominant venomous group among vertebrates, they represent a massive untapped resource of potentially medically beneficial compounds.
		This first-ever phylogeny of venomous fishes, resolved in part via a month-long run on the Museum's parallel computing cluster and corroborated by checking the results against specimens in the Museum's extensive fish collection, provides a predictive "roadmap," or framework, that can guide the efficient discovery and exploitation of untapped fish venoms for potential pharmaceuticals.
	www.amnh.org /science/papers/venomous_fish.php (611 words)

	Venomous Snakes - information, articles, videos, pictures and links
		Approximately 8000 venomous snakebites are reported per year in the USA and the total number of bites per year in the USA is estimated to 45000 bites (ibid).
		This webpage is dedicated to venomous snakes, their habitat, ecology, life-cycle, how to avoid bites, species descriptions and much more.
		Normally venom is harmless if ingested but if the venom is injected into some tissue it is toxic and the tissue around the site of injection and other parts of the body will suffer one way or another.
	www.venomoussnakes.net (954 words)

	Venomous Marine Animals
		Venomous fish are rarely aggressive and usually contact is made by accidentally stepping on or handling the fish.
		Venomous fish are often found in holes or crevices or lying well camouflaged on rocky bottoms.
		While many similarities exist between these fish and the venomous fish of the previous section, a separate section has been included because of the greater toxicity of their venom and the availability of an antivenin.
	www.wetdawg.com /pages/under_tips_display.php?t=260&c=42 (1169 words)

	Platypus - venom: clinical pathology and pharmacology
		The venom apparatus of the platypus is restricted to the male and externally consists of a pair of movable calcaneus spurs on each hind-limb.
		They found that the venom produced vasodilatation in the perfused rabbit ear and in cat mesentery, supporting the notion that the fall in blood pressure was peripheral in origin.
		The component or components of the venom which produce this effect are not known and further work is under way both to determine this and to elucidate their mechanism of action.
	www.kingsnake.com /toxinology/old/mammals/platypus.html (2035 words)

	Hazardous Mediterranean Fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		When the fish is disturbed, such as when accidentally treaded upon they become aggressive and defend themselves by stinging the unwary intruder with their needle sharp spines.
		This fish is known as the large-scaled scorpion fish because it has up to 45 large scales on the lateral line.
		This fish is nearly quadranglar in shape, in front it is pointed and posteriorly more round, here it tapers into a tail which is as long as the whole body.
	searcheurope.com /hazardous (2330 words)

	Scorpionfish: Masters of Camouflage by Henry C. Schultz III - Reefkeeping.com
		Continuing the theme of the November issue on venomous fishes, I'll be discussing a portion of the family Scorpaenidae.
		Due to their sedentary lifestyle, it is possible that a Scorpionfish may choose a particular coral as a prime territory and the continued presence of the fish may cause injury or death to the coral.
		If the fish are healthy, they fare reasonably well in the home aquarium, but be aware that they are often harassed by other fish that view their tassled flesh as potential food.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2002-11/hcs3 (2672 words)

	VENOMOUS FISH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Unlike the injuries inflicted by many venomous animals, wounds produced by the stingray may be large and severely lacerated, requiring extensive debridement and surgical closure.
		The venom apparatus of these fish consist of two opercular spines, five to eight dorsal spines, and the tissues contained within the integumentary sheaths surrounding the spines.
		The venom of all species of sea snakes is extremely toxic, and is said tobe fifty times more powerful than that of the king cobra.
	www.sharkysdive.net /fishpoi.htm (1773 words)

	Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa
		The Reef Stonefish is the most venomous fish in the world.
		The venom causes intense pain and is believed to have killed many Pacific and Indian Ocean islanders.
		Jeff Johnson, Fish Collection Manager at the Queensland Museum stated, "I have seen stonefishes in gut contents of large sharks (tigers and white pointers).
	www.amonline.net.au /fishes/students/focus/sverruc.htm (479 words)

	Pediatric Advisor 2005.4: Marine Animal Bites
		Venomous fish--such as the stingray, stonefish, and scorpion fish--always cause pain and redness in the area that was stung.
		Fortunately, the venom of all these fish can be destroyed by heat.
		Also, neutralize the venom with a hot water soak (see venomous fish first aid for details).
	www.med.umich.edu /1libr/pa/pa_bitemari_hhg.htm (493 words)

	Hazardous Mediterranean Fish
		When the fish is disturbed, such as when accidentally treaded upon they become aggressive and defend themselves by stinging the unwary intruder with their needle sharp spines.
		This fish is known as the large-scaled scorpion fish because it has up to 45 large scales on the lateral line.
		This fish is nearly quadranglar in shape, in front it is pointed and posteriorly more round, here it tapers into a tail which is as long as the whole body.
	www.million1.com /hazardous (2330 words)

	Poisonous/Venomous Fish
		The extent of the venom can range from a very unpleasant sting as with most Anemones and the Lion fish to death within a few minutes or hours from an injection by the Stone fish.
		Venom is delivered by the Stone Fish and others by use of a modified dorsal fin which contains a poison gland at the base.
		The most poisonous being that from the puffer fish, when the fish is eaten without the removal of the poison glands.
	www.aqualink.com /marine/z-poison.html (420 words)

	U.S. Army Field Manual FM 3-05.70 - Dangerous Fish and Mollusks
		Fish and mollusks may be one of your major sources of food.
		Fish and mollusks will present a danger in one of three ways—by attacking and biting you, by injecting toxic venom into you through venomous spines or tentacles, and through eating fish or mollusks whose flesh is toxic.
		There are several species of venomous fish and invertebrates, all of which live in saltwater.
	www.rk19-bielefeld-mitte.de /survival/FM/f.htm (1378 words)

	California Academy of Sciences - Newsroom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		However, the frequency of staff interactions with venomous animals will be increased with the opening of the Academy’s newest exhibit and special precautions have been taken to ensure the safety of staff as well as visitors.
		During the drills, a snakebite and fish sting are simulated and emergency response procedures are carried out.
		They don’t necessarily use venom as a defense because it can take some time to replenish stores of venom." In fact, an estimated 25 percent of snake bites are ‘dry’, that is, they don’t envenomate.
	www.calacademy.org /geninfo/newsroom/releases/venoms/venoms_safety.html (491 words)

	Scorpionfishes (Scorpaenidae): lionfish, stonefish, Rhinopias, devilfish, leaffish - characteristics, ecology and ...
		Venomous spines on their back and fins with a groove and venom sack.
		Scorpion fishes produce a floating, gelatinous mass in which the eggs are embedded.
		Their near perfect camouflage and the venomous spines make them a hazard for swimmers, snorkelers and divers in shallow water.
	www.starfish.ch /reef/scorpionfish.html (1259 words)

	stingrays chimaeras scorpion fishes catfishes sting ray barb
		Most venomous fish deliver the toxins through the use of a spine.
		Venomous spines are found in a wide variety of fish including stingrays, chimaeras, scorpion fishes, catfishes, toadfishes, rabbit fishes, and stargazers.
		Venomous spines can have poison glands along the grove of the spine, as with stingrays, or at the base of the spine as in some catfish.
	www.sharktoothgifts.com /stingray.htm (654 words)

	Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Venomous spines are found in a wide variety of fish including stingrays, chimaeras, scorpionfishes, catfishes, toadfishes, rabbit fishes, and stargazers.
		It is also believed that these fish can use this sense to detect the electric fields they induce when swimming through the earth's magnetic field, as a sort of compass.
		Since the fishes are able to generate the fields they detect, this is a form of active electro-orientation.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Education/Adapt/Adapt.htm (724 words)

	PetPlace.com - Article: Choosing a Scorpionfish
		They are among the hardiest of marine fish and once acclimated to your tank are quite easy to care for and generally long-lived.
		All lionfish can be extremely venomous, delivering a painful, though rarely deadly, poison through their dorsal spines when they are frightened or disturbed.
		These fish are among the most beautiful of fish and although they are found in just about all tropical seas, the most species are found in the Indo-Pacific.
	www.petplace.com /articles/artPrinterFriendly.asp?conID=19282 (747 words)

	Venomous Fish Far Outnumber Snakes, Other Vertebrates, Study Says (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Venomous snakes send shivers down many people's spines, but venomous fish are far more common, scientists say.
		Until the new study, scientists had estimated the number of venomous fish species largely from medical records of fish-human encounters, not on biological or evolutionary species surveys.
		The scientists used their revamped evolutionary tree to predict which species would be venomous and put more than a hundred species to the test by looking for venom-delivery mechanisms.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2006/09/060901-fish-venom.html (416 words)

	Boston.com / News / Science / NOAA divers to explore for venomous fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The fish population has grown over the past four years around reefs and is the first Pacific marine fish known to populate Atlantic waters.
		It is an aquarium fish known for bright coloration and apparently was introduced in Atlantic waters by releases from aquariums, according to NOAA statement.
		She said that people can suffer painful stings from the fish and that other fish species can be paralyzed when stung by lionfish.
	www.boston.com /news/science/articles/2004/07/16/noaa_divers_to_explore_for_venomous_fish?mode=PF (295 words)

	NOAA News Online (Story 2227)
		Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles complex) are venomous coral reef fishes from the Indian and western Pacific oceans that have invaded East Coast waters.
		Lionfish are members of the Scorpion fish family that are well known for their venomous spine.
		They are voracious predators that feed not only on small shrimps but also on large fish, perhaps including the young of important commercial fish species such as snapper and grouper, many of which use the region’s “live bottom” reefs as nursery grounds.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /stories2004/s2227.htm (669 words)

	Leaf fish, profile view, Taenianotus triacanthus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		This type of venomous fish be seen in a wide variety of colors, including pink, yellow, white (or off-white), and fl, to name a few I have seen.
		As with other scorpionfish, leaf fish do not cruise the reef as do other fish-- they move suddenly, and only long enough to find a different perch from which to observe potential victims.
		Leaf fish are also known as "paper fish".
	www.divegallery.com /Leaf_fish_profile.htm (129 words)

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