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Topic: Ventral tegmental area

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	CiteULike: Uniform inhibition of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area by aversive stimuli. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		CiteULike: Uniform inhibition of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area by aversive stimuli.
		Uniform inhibition of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area by aversive stimuli.
		We found that, in the ventral tegmental area of anesthetized rats, the population of presumed dopamine neurons that are excited by aversive stimuli is actually not dopaminergic.
	www.citeulike.org /user/klouie/article/591986 (287 words)

	Ventral tegmentum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
		It is considered to be part of the pleasure or reward system, one of the major sources of incentive and behavioural motivation.
		Activities which produce pleasure tend to activate the ventral tegmentum, and drugs (such as cocaine) directly target this area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ventral_tegmentum (175 words)

	Center Line Vol 11 No 1 Cover story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In intracranial self-stimulation, a stimulating electrode implanted in the ventral tegmental area located at the core of the dopaminergic reward pathway is capable of electrically activating ventral tegmental nerve cells to cause their projections, which extend to the nucleus accumbens, to release dopamine in the forebrain.
		Ventral tegmental stimulation remained rewarding—the animal continued performance of the bar pressing response, and extinction of the bar pressing response was observed when the experimenter ceased delivery of the ventral tegmental stimulation.
		The fact that the animal continued to be rewarded by pressing the bar for stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in spite of the lack of dopamine release is a remarkable discovery that forces a re-evaluation of the role of dopamine in the neural basis of brain reward.
	www.med.unc.edu /alcohol/cenline/11_2_1.htm (1264 words)

	The Brain Reward System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The central component is a neuronal pathway that interconnects structures in the middle part of the brain (i.e., hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area) to structures in the front part of the brain (i.e., frontal cortex, limbic system) (15,16).
		Ventral tegmental neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to regulate the activity of the cells in the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex.
		Also, both the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens appear to be important for opiate reward (7,15,16), while these same structures and their connections to other limbic areas, like the amygdala may play a role in the rewarding properties of barbiturates and alcohol (15,16,20).
	www.drugscience.org /OTA/OTA_2/OTA_2BR.HTM (563 words)

	Ventral tegmentum Summary
		Dopamine neurons in the VTA project to areas of the brain associated with emotion and motivation, the so-called limbic areas.
		The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum, Latin for covering) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
		The ventral tegmentum is considered to be part of the pleasure system, or reward circuit, one of the major sources of incentive and behavioural motivation.
	www.bookrags.com /Ventral_tegmentum (1365 words)

	Nicotinic Cholinergic Synaptic Mechanisms in the Ventral Tegmental Area Contribute to Nicotine Addiction -- Pidoplichko ...
		Nicotinic acetylcholine subunit mRNA expression in dopaminergic neurons of the rat substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
		6 to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
		Electrophysiological characterization of GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/11/1/60 (6049 words)

	Cocaine and the Changing Brain - John T. Williams, Ph.D.
		Cocaine caused a concentration-dependent presynaptic inhibition of the GABAb-mediated IPSP.
		The lighter shaded area indicates that the spread of 5-HT is dramatically increased following the blockade of the SERT with cocaine.
		Cameron, D.L.; Wessendorf, M.W.; and Williams, J.T. A subset of ventral tegmental area neurons is inhibited by dopamine,
	www.nida.nih.gov /MeetSum/ccb/williams.html (1119 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area enhances the effect of vasopressin on blood ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The proposed effect of stimulation of the ventral tegmental area on blood pressure regulation (see Van den Buuse, 1998) predicts that a 'pure' dopaminergic stimulation of this region would not alter resting mean arterial pressure, but would alter the cardiovascular responses to subsequent pressor stimuli, particularly exogenously administered vasopressin.
		Table 2 - Effect of ventral tegmental area micro-injection of saline of neurotensin on mean arterial pressure and heart rate responses to intravenous injection of angiotensin II or methoxamine.
		This effect was associated with a selective increase in dopamine turnover in the ventral tegmental area and prefrontal cortex (Deutch et al., 1987), leading the authors to conclude that 'neurotensin in the ventral tegmental area may be involved in environmentally elicited activation of certain mesotelencephalic dopamine neurons'.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v129/n1/full/0702982a.html (6292 words)

	Addiction Research Unit/University at Buffalo: Localization of the Reward-Relevant Opiate Receptors
		Rats implanted with guide cannulae in the ventral tegmental area were randomly assigned to either a morphine reward, yoked control, or Ringer’s control group.
		Second, morphine microinjected into the ventral tegmental area has been reported to increase locomotor activity (Joyce and Iversen, 1979; Pert et al., 1979), and this effect was observed in both the morphine reward and yoked control animals of the present study.
		Preliminary estimates suggest that the caudal limit of the reward-relevant receptor population corresponds to the boundary of the ventral tegmental dopamine-cell group.
	wings.buffalo.edu /aru/CPDD82.html (3158 words)

	Rediscovering Biology - Unit 10 Neurobiology: Expert Interview Transcripts
		Yeah, the reward pathway is actually a pretty extensive pathway, but the heart and soul of the reward pathway is a group of cells in the mid-brain called the ventral tegmental area.
		So the ventral tegmental area is, again, a group of dopamine cells that project to areas like the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the nucleus accumbens.
		So people could take brain slices and record from neurons in areas that they never could before.In the '90's, what's happened is that with these brain slices, you can now put the slices under a high-power microscope and actually look at the cells in the living state.
	www.learner.org /channel/courses/biology/units/neuro/experts/williams.html (3060 words)

	Ethanol Inhibition of Glycine-Activated Responses in Neurons of Ventral Tegmental Area of Neonatal Rats -- Ye et al. 86 ...
		Ethanol Inhibition of Glycine-Activated Responses in Neurons of Ventral Tegmental Area of Neonatal Rats.
		45% (312 of 694) of neonatal VTA neurons.
		to glycine in 45% (312/694) of neonatal VTA neurons.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/86/5/2426 (5755 words)

	Necessary Role for Ventral Tegmental Area Adenylate Cyclase and Protein Kinase A in Induction of Behavioral ...
		Kalivas PW (1993) Neurotransmitter regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
		Perugini M and Vezina P (1994) Amphetamine administered to the ventral tegmental area sensitizes rats to the locomotor effects of nucleus accumbens amphetamine.
		Stewart J and Vezina P (1989) Microinjections of SCH-23390 into the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars reticulata attenuate the development of sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of systemic amphetamine.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/289/1/38 (7018 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Actions of orphanin FQ/nociceptin on rat ventral tegmental area neurons in vitro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is the origin of the brain dopamine-rewarding pathway that has been implicated in the reinforcing properties of abused drugs including opiates (Wise, 1996).
		OFQ/N-induced reductions in VTA dopamine and GABAergic neuronal activities could disinhibit the GABAergic projection neurons in the nucleus accumbens, which may be responsible for the increased GABA content and further suppression of dopamine neuronal activity in the VTA.
		STEFFENSEN S.C., SVINGOS A.L., PICKEL V.M. and HENRIKSEN S.J. (1998) Electrophysiological characterization of GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v136/n7/full/0704806a.html (3557 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		Evolution has therefore developed certain areas in our brain whose role is to provide a pleasurable sensation as a “reward” for carrying out these vital functions.
		These areas are interconnected with one another to form what is known as the “reward circuit”.
		The VTA receives information from several other regions that tell it how well various fundamental needs, and more specifically human needs, are being satisfied.
	www.thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/d/d_03/d_03_cr/d_03_cr_que/d_03_cr_que.html (284 words)

	Serotonin Reduces the Hyperpolarization-Activated Current (Ih) in Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons: Involvement ...
		Dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have
		Blockade of h-current with ZD7288 increases the inhibitory response to dopamine.
		Ethanol excitation of dopaminergic ventral tegmental area neurons is blocked by quinidine.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/5/3201 (6977 words)

	The Brain on Drugs—Key Finding May Pave Way for Universal Treatment of Drug Addiction
		RAIN ON All addictive drugs, including alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, morphine, and nicotine, affect neurons in the same area of the brain, which suggests that it may be possible to someday contrive a universal approach to treating addiction, according to researchers at Stanford University.
		He explained that in the ventral tegmental area, glutamate normally activates neurons to release dopamine.
		Although addictive drugs and stress triggered the same changes in the ventral tegmental area, other studies have shown that they do so through different means.
	www.neuropsychiatryreviews.com /mar03/mar03_brainondrugs.html (567 words)

	Efferent projections of the retrorubral nucleus to the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in cats as shown by ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The aim of the present study was to determine whether the retrorubral nucleus projects to the dopaminergic nuclei in the ventral midbrain of the cat.
		Labeled fibers with varicosities were found ipsilate- rally in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the substantia nigra pars lateralis, the ventral tegmental area and, contralaterally, in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental area and the retrorubral nucleus.
		The present results are discussed in view of the possible role of the A8 dopaminer- gic cell group in the coordination of A9 nigrostriatal and A10 mesolimbic systems, as well as in the progressive pathology seen in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.
	www.nici.kun.nl /Publications/1996/9491.html (275 words)

	Mark S. Brodie, Ph.D.
		The ventral tegmental area is a dopaminergic brain area which is important for the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, including alcohol.
		Acute ethanol excites dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area from C57 and DBA mice, and dopaminergic ventral tegmental area neurons from DBA mice were significant ly more sensitive to ethanol excitation than dopaminergic ventral tegmental area neurons from C57 mice (Brodie and Appel, 2000).
		The sensitization to ethanol activation of ventral tegmental area neurons following chronic intermittent ethanol treatment may be an important change in reward area neurons, and may contribute to the development of alcoholism.
	www.uic.edu /depts/mcpb/pages/brodie/brodie.htm (1178 words)

	Ethanol Excitation of Dopaminergic Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons Is Blocked by Quinidine -- Appel et al. 306 (2): 437 ...
		The dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area
		Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
		to the ethanol-induced excitation of DA VTA neurons.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/306/2/437 (6674 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Of greatest concern is whether there will be simultaneous increased cortical representation in three different areas of A1 upon presentation of the chord stimulus, or whether the lateral-inhibitory effects induced by the increased cortical representation in one of the three areas in question will interfere with the representation of another.
		For instance, the auditory cortex of a rat receives widespread projections from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, which are activated by new stimuli or unpredicted rewards, and reinforce cortical reorganization (Foote 1987).
		Platinum bipolar-stimulated electrodes are stereotaxically implanted within the right ventral tegmental area (4.5 mm posterior, 0.7 mm lateral and 8.5 mm ventral to Bregma) in female rats anesthetized with barbituate (300 g), using techniques approved under Stanford University's Animal Subject protocol.
	www.stanford.edu /~kingkung/papers/VTA_chord_stimulus.doc (2560 words)

	BIOLOGY OF REWARD MECHANISMS - DR
		Inhibition of brain reward is measured as a increase in electrical brain-stimulation reward threshold in the ventral tegmental area (dopaminergic nucleus A10).
		In the drug-addicted or drug-preferring animal, TH levels are increased in the VTA, and decreased in the NAcc (due to either decreased phosphorylation as for morphine and cocaine, or decreased enzyme levels as in Lewis versus Fischer rats).
		In addition, NF levels are decreased in the VTA in the drug-addicted and drug-preferring state.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/video/gardner/read.html (1856 words)

	Sarah Appel, PhD
		The research interests of my laboratory are to understand the electrophysiological properties and pharmacology of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus.
		We have shown that acutely dissociated DA VTA neurons, stripped of all input from surrounding neurons, are robustly excited by behaviorally relevant concentrations of ethanol, strong evidence that ethanol directly excites these neurons.
		Bunney, E.B., Appel, S.B. and Brodie, M.S. Electrophysiological effects of cocaethylene, cocaine and ethanol on dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area.
	www.uic.edu /depts/mcpb/pages/appel/appel.htm (743 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 2: Biobehavioral Influences (1994)
		With respect to the ventral tegmental area, the major projections to this structure arise from the gyrus proreus (prefrontal cortex) and perifornical hypothalamus.
		The key role of the ventral tegmental area in predatory attack is supported by the studies of Bandler and Flynn (1972), Proshansky et al.
		Of particular interest is the fact that fibers traced from attack sites in the perifornical region were also observed to terminate in the locus coeruleus and motor nucleus of the trigeminal complex as well as the tegmental fields of the pons (Figure 3).
	www.nap.edu /books/0309046491/html/67.html (601 words)

	Ventral Tegmental Area Afferents to the Prefrontal Cortex Maintain Membrane Potential 'Up' States in Pyramidal Neurons ...
		Mercuri N, Stratta F, Calabresi P, Bernardi G (1992) A voltage-clamp analysis of NMDA-induced responses on dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra zona compacta and ventral tegmental area.
		Steffensen SC, Svingos AL, Pickel VM, Henriksen SJ (1998) Electro-physiological characterization of GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
		Suaud-Chagny MF, Chergui K, Chouvet G, Gonon F (1992) Relationship between dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens and the discharge activity of dopaminergic neurons during local in vivo application of amino acids in the ventral tegmental area.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/10/12/1168 (5337 words)

	Electrophysiological Characterization of GABAergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area -- Steffensen et al. 18 (19): ...
		Electrophysiological Characterization of GABAergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area -- Steffensen et al.
		Electrophysiological Characterization of GABAergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area
		Excitation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic and Nondopaminergic Neurons by Orexins/Hypocretins
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/18/19/8003 (981 words)

	Methamphetamine Drug Rehab Drug Rehabilitation Drug Addiction Treatment Centers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		There are indications that it is spreading to other areas of the country, including both rural and urban sections of the South and Midwest.
		By comparison, stimulants were the primary drugs of abuse in a smaller percent of treatment admissions in most Eastern and Midwestern metropolitan areas, such as Minneapolis-St. Paul and St. Louis, where they accounted for approximately 3 percent of total admissions, or Baltimore, where no stimulant-related treatment admissions were reported in the first half of 2000.
		In addition to other regions, dopamine is manufactured in nerve cells within the ventral tegmental area and is released in the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex.
	www.drug-rehabs.com /methamphetamines-rehab.htm (897 words)

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