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Topic: Ventral tegmentum

	IX. Neurology. 4b. The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		Bechterew is of the opinion that the fibers from the motor area of the cerebral cortex form synapses with cells whose axons pass to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and serve for the coördination of the muscles of mastication.
		The principal gray masses of the tegmentum are the red nucleus and the interpeduncular ganglion; of its fibers the chief longitudinal tracts are the superior peduncle, the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the lemniscus.
		Dorsally, it is partly separated from the gray substance of the quadrigeminal bodies by the fibers of the lemniscus; ventral to it are the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the formatio reticularis of the tegmentum.
	www.bartleby.com /107/188.html (3293 words)

	Ventral tegmentum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum, Latin for covering) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
		The ventral tegmentum is considered to be part of the pleasure system, or reward circuit, one of the major sources of incentive and behavioural motivation.
		ventral tegmentum, and psychostimulant drugs (such as cocaine) directly target this area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area (232 words)

	Addiction Research Unit/University at Buffalo: Involvement of the VTA DA System in Opioid and Psychomotor Stimulant ...
		The ventral tegmental dopamine system has terminals in several brain regions including the frontal cortex and amygdala, but most work regarding the effects of lesions on drug self-administration has focused on the terminal field located in the nucleus accumbens.
		Another approach to assessing the importance of the ventral tegmental dopamine system in reinforcement from systemic opioid injections is to lesion the cell bodies of this system (viz., directly at the ventral tegmentum) and simultaneously deplete all of the terminal projections of this system.
		If opioids are rewarding because of their action at the ventral tegmental dopamine-containing cell bodies and psychomotor stimulants are rewarding because of their action in the dopamine-terminal fields of the same system, then opioid activation at the ventral tegmentum should cause a significant change in the intravenous self-administration of psychomotor stimulants.
	wings.buffalo.edu /aru/CPDD86.html (2506 words)

	Emx2 directs the development of diencephalon in cooperation with Otx2 -- Suda et al. 128 (13): 2433 -- Development
		1, ventral thalamus; 2, dorsal thalamus; 3, anterior pretectum; and 4, posterior pretectum.
		The ventral and dorsal thalamus, tectum, hypothalamus, mammillary
		The ventral and dorsal thalamus, epithalamus and anterior pretectum
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/128/13/2433 (8053 words)

	Arcuate Plan of Chick Midbrain Development -- Sanders et al. 22 (24): 10742 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		The ventral midbrain and adjoining hindbrain have been dissected away from the forebrain and the other head tissues of stage 26 (E5) chick embryos and flattened on a glass slide with a coverslip.
		Arcs of the embryonic midbrain tegmentum have gross morphological correlates.
		1-4, Arcs 1-4; hb, hindbrain; is, isthmus; tc, midbrain tectum; tg, tegmentum.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/24/10742 (6595 words)

	Therapy Information Services - Neuroscience
		In the caudal pons, the trapezoid body is between the lemniscal fibers and the pontocerebellar fibers and indicates the crossing of the acoustic fibers from the cochlear nuclei, which ascend into the MB as the lateral lemniscus and terminate in the inf colliculus.
		Beneath the floor of the ventricle (in the tegmentum), are CN nuclei for XI, VII motor nucl, and the motor nucleus of V. The sensory nucleus of V ends in the pons, near the origin of the trigeminal n.
		The central tegmentum is dominated by the decussation of the SCP.
	www.therapyedu.com /neuro/chap12.htm (4974 words)

	Neonatal enzymic development in the interpeduncular nucleus and surrounding ventral tegmentum.
		In the midbrain, labeled fibers were observed in the interpeduncular nuclei, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, pericentral inferior colliculus, pretectal area, the raphe nuclei, and the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis.
		The dorsal tegmentum of the pontomesencephalic junction of the rat--immunohistochemistry (choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P) and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry in frontal and horizontal sections.
		In parkinsonian brains, the level of tritiated dihydrotetrabenazine binding was dramatically decreased in all regions of the ventral mesencephalon analyzed except in the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /pmid:9305 (2799 words)

	A dopamine-mu1 opioid link in the rat ventral tegmentum shared by palatable food (Fonzies) and non-psychostimulant ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A dopamine-mu1 opioid link in the rat ventral tegmentum shared by palatable food (Fonzies) and non-psychostimulant drugs of abuse.Feeding of Fonzies stimulated dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex and in the shell, but not in the core of the nucleus accumbens.
		The results indicate that mu1 opioid receptors in the ventral tegmentum play a major role in the stimulant effects of food and drugs of abuse on mesolimbic dopamine transmission.
		The role of mu1 opioid receptors in the stimulation of dopamine transmission in the rat nucleus accumbens by an unusual palatable food (Fonzies) and non-psychostimulant drugs of abuse was investigated by the use of naloxonazine, a pseudo-irreversible antagonist of mu1 opioid receptors.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/1587934.html (223 words)

	Gray's Anatomy : IX. Neurology - usmle forum
		The ventral surface of each peduncle is crossed from the medial to the lateral side by the superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries; its lateral surface is in relation to the gyrus hippocampi of the cerebral hemisphere and is crossed from behind forward by the trochlear nerve.
		The dorsal part is named the tegmentum; the ventral, the base or crusta; the two bases are separated from each other, but the tegmenta are joined in the median plane by a forward prolongation of the raphé of the pons.
		Scattered throughout the central gray stratum are numerous nerve cells of various sizes, interlaced, by a net-work of fine fibers.
	www.usmleweb.com /reference/gray/asub188 (3474 words)

	[No title]
		Spanning the medial and lateral lengths of the brainstem and midbrain is a complex reticulum of richly interconnected cells with long ascending and descending axons, collectively referred to as the reticular activating system, which is concerned with generalized and selective arousal and activation of the neuroaxis.
		The pontine tegmentum and the more dorsal portion of the midbrain tegmentum is also considered part of the reticular formation through which course ascending sensory fibers and descending motor fibers.
		For example, the midbrain ventral tegmentum (A10 DA cell group) provides dopamine to the amygdala, limbic striatum, and the ventral caudate and putamen and is believed to be related to emotion, mood and reward (referred to as the mesocorticolimbic/mesolimbic DA system).
	brainmind.com /Midbrain.html (4253 words)

	ARU/Buffalo: Anatomically Distinct Opiate Receptor Fields Mediate Reward and ...
		Dependence was not seen after long-term morphine infusions into the ventral tegmentum but was seen after similar infusions into the periventricular gray region.
		Nondependent rats learned to press a lever for morphine injections into the ventral tegmental area but not into the periventricular gray region; rats were made physically dependent on morphine by long-term infusions into the periventricular gray but not by infusions restricted to the ventral tegmental area.
		Abbreviations: VTA-30, ventral tegmental area with angled cannulas (n=19); VTA, ventral tegmental area with unangled cannulas (n=12); PVG-R, rostral aspect of the periventricular gray substance (n=14); D3V, dorsal aspect of the third ventricle (n=13); and PVG-C, caudal aspect of the periventricular gray substance (n=20).
	wings.buffalo.edu /aru/SCI84.html (1658 words)

	Colloque Lille - 1998
		We have investigated whether this facilitatory effect is associated with an increase in the excitatory response of oxytocin neurones to stimulation of the mesencephalic ventral tegmentum, a region previously implicated in the milk-ejection reflex (Wakerley et al, 1994, In Physiology of Reproduction, eds E. Knobil and J. Neill, Raven Press.).
		Urethane-anaesthetised rats were prepared for recording from supraoptic oxytocin neurones during milk ejection, and implanted with a stimulating electrode in the ventral tegmentum (co-ordinates: 5.5mm behind bregma, 1.5 mm lateral, 8.0 mm deep).
		Following application of the pups, the response of oxytocin neurones to repetitive single shock stimulation of the ventral tegmentum (1 ms pulses, 0.2-0.5 mA, 0.3 Hz) was examined by PSTH before and after administration of i.c.v.
	www.tours.inra.fr /societeneuroendocrino/colloques/Lille/Communications/Richardson.htm (346 words)

	Role of Pax3/7 in the tectum regionalization -- Matsunaga et al. 128 (20): 4069 -- Development
		we misexpressed Pax3 and Pax7 in the diencephalon and ventral
		Note that the distance from the ventral midline to the oculomotor nerve root is the same on the control and the experimental side, but the distance from the ventral midline to the ventral limit of the Pax3-expressing domain is narrower on the experimental side than on the experimental side (K,L).
		Lim1 and Pax6 expression in the ventral mesencephalon.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/128/20/4069 (6323 words)

	University of Fribourg - Units of Biochemistry
		The tegmentum is the dorsal portion of the pons; also the major portion of the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain, lying between the substantia nigra and the tectum.
		The tegmentum is continuous with the reticular formation of the pons, and consists of longitudinal and transverse fibers, together with a considerable amount of gray substance.
		Although a component of the brainstem, the substantia nigra (SN) is considered along with the basal ganglia because it has reciprocal connections with and is functionally related to the basal ganglia.
	www.unifr.ch /biochem/dreyer/dreyer.php?page=03305 (461 words)

	[No title]
		As such, the ventral respiratory group is largely contained within the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) located at, or caudal to, the level of the obex (Onai et al., 1987; Portillo and Nunez-Abades, 1992).
		The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate the projections from the ventral respiratory group, as centered within the CVLM (Merrill, 1970; Hilaire and Monteau, 1976; Long and Duffin, 1984; Saether et al., 1987), to the phrenic motor neurons of the rat.
		In general these decussations were diffuse, with some fibers ascending and thereupon crossing through the ventral tegmentum of the rostral medulla, and other fibers crossing through the caudal medulla.
	www.msstate.edu /org/mas/julyjournal/hardy.html (4074 words)

	Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic Neurons
		The cellular subgroups are intermingled within the ventral mesencephalon while some limbic projections have their origin in the substantia nigra and vice versa such that selective inactivation of each system is not only difficult, but has caused confusion in interpreting pharmacological manipulations.
		The ventral mesencephalon, which encompasses the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is an anterior part of the reticular formation.
		DA neurons in the ventral striatum have been implicated in psychostimulant self-administration; both acquisition and retention are suppressed after lesion of these neurons.
	www.acnp.org /G4/GN401000025/CH025.html (5488 words)

	The Central Nervous System
		The tegmentum includes the substantia nigra, which sends dopaminergic cells into the striatum to regulate motor function.
		Also deriving from the ventral tegmentum are dopamine containing cells that play a role in reward behavior.
		The ventral half of the rostral hindbrain forms the pons.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC4420/anatomy.htm (1022 words)

	Fate of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Controlled by the Engrailed Genes -- Simon et al. 21 (9): 3126 -- Journal of ...
		neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum, whereas
		The dopaminergic neurons of the SN and VT are reduced to a small cluster of cells in the ventral midbrain, demonstrating an engrailed gene dose-dependent effect on the development of these neurons.
		Voorn P, Kalsbeek A, Jorritsma-Byham B, Groenewegen HJ (1988) The pre- and postnatal development of the dopaminergic cell groups in the ventral mesencephalon and the dopaminergic innervation of the striatum of the rat.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/9/3126 (7375 words)

	Pleasure Systems in the Brain - BrainMeta.com Forum
		The origin of the ventral tegmental dopamine system (i.e., ventral tegmentum) appears to provide an important neurochemical interface where exogenous opiates (e.g., heroin, morphine) and endogenous opioid peptides (e.g., endorphins, enkephalins) can activate a brain mechanism involved in appetitive motivation and reward.
		The ventral tegmental dopamine system is an important neural substrate for reward, and it has a central role in regulating appetitive motivation: several distinct rewarding events activate this reward system, and activation of this system elicits appetitive motivation.
		The ventral tegmental dopamine system, along with its various neural inputs and outputs, can be aptly designated a "pleasure system in the brain" with an important role regulating many normal and pathological behaviors.
	brainmeta.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=11872 (3462 words)

	Decreased Amphetamine-Induced Locomotion and Improved Latent Inhibition in Mice Mutant for the M5 Muscarinic Receptor ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		M5 muscarinic receptors are coexpressed with D2 dopamine receptors in the ventral tegmentum and striatum, and are important for reward in rodents.
		In wild-type mice, the highest expression of M5 mRNA was found in ventral tegmentum, striatum, hindbrain, and thalamus (Figure 2a).
		Pedunculopontine tegmental stimulation evokes striatal dopamine efflux by activation of acetylcholine and glutamate receptors in the midbrain and pons of the rat.
	www.nature.com /npp/journal/v29/n12/full/1300502a.html (9544 words)

	Midbrain tegmentum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the word has only remained true to the parts of the brain that have remained relatively unchanged after development is complete ie.
		Likewise, the neural canal in the spinal cord that did not change formed the central canal.
		the red nucleus) are considered part of the tegmentum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tegmentum (356 words)

	Neuroscience-Net-Pharmacology Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		H]YM 09151-2 binding also were detected in the nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum (primarily the substantia nigra pars compacta), in the ventral pallidum and in the external segment of the globus pallidus (Figure 4 and Table 2).
		H]SCH 23390 binding were detected in the nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum (primarily in the substantia nigra pars reticulata).
		H]SCH 23390 binding were found in the ventral pallidum, the amygdala, the internal segment of the globus pallidus, the medial prefrontal cortex and the claustrum.
	www.neuroscience.com /mjk0696/htm/main.html (7584 words)

	Diary10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The ventral tegmentum is part of the pathway that is used to create aggressive behavior.
		Information from the anterior hypothalamus, lateral septum, and medial amygdala converge on the ventral tegmentum, which can then translate it all into offensive (as opposed to defensive) behavior.
		Another way that the ventral tegmentum participates in fun activity is as the launching site of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways.
	www.macalester.edu /psychology/whathap/diaries/diariess96/Karin/Diary10.html (221 words)

	[No title]
		The mesolimbic and mesocortical systems arise from the ventral tegmentum, which lies in close proximity to the substantia nigra.
		receptors are expressed predominantly within the ventral striatum, and in particular the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, with low levels of detection within the dorsal striatum.
		In general GABA acts to reduce the firing of the dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmentum area A10 and in the adjacent substantia nigra.
	www.cellscience.com /CCA.htm (9601 words)

	Behavioral Neuroscience Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We are using the holeboard spatial discrimination task as a model for associative processes related to learning, memory, motivation, and attention (Figure 1).
		This task is dependent on the hippocampus, the ventral tegmentum, and the nucleus accumbens, all structures of the limbic system.
		The ventral tegmentum contains dopaminergic neurons that send projections to other structures in the limbic system, including the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the nucleus accumbens.
	home.coqui.net /spenadeo/bnb.html (190 words)

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