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Estrogen regulates preproenkephalin-A mRNA levels in the rat ventromedial nucleus: temporal and cellular aspects. Numerous studies suggest that the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is a primary locus of control for reproductive behavior in the female rat. To characterize the temporal and cellular aspects of the effect of an acute exposure to estrogen on preproenkephalin-A mRNA levels in the ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, ovariectomized female rats were injected with 50 micrograms estradiol benzoate and used for quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry of preproenkephalin-A mRNA. Thus, acute estrogen treatment induces expression of preproenkephalin-A mRNA in populations of cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus in which preproenkephalin-A mRNA expression is undetectable by in situ hybridization in the absence of circulating estrogen. www.medscape.com /medline/abstract/7723624?prt=true   (313 words)

About Gender: The Brain. There are connections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus, to provide information about night and day, working in conjunction with pineal gland, generating circadian rhythms. Gorski and his colleagues found a group of cells, which they called the sexually dimorphic nucleus, that was much larger in male rats than in females. He adds that, in females, the region of note is the ventromedial nucleus, which is also involved in feeding behaviour. www.gender.org.uk /about/07neur/74_brain.htm   (3158 words)

ventromedial nucleus Estradiol target neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and lateral ventromedial nucleus of young adult, reproductively senescent, and monosodium glutamate-lesioned female golden hamsters. N-methyl-aspartic acid lesions of the arcuate nucleus in adult C57BL/6J mice: a new model for age-related lengthening of the estrous cycle. Differential effects of the aging process on the morphology of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of male and female rats. www.arclab.org /node_pages/2330.html   (232 words)

Ventromedial nucleus - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki Ventromedial nucleus - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki Ventromedial nucleus is 'VM', at center, in green. The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) has two parts: superior and anterior. psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus   (261 words)

Brain Mechanisms The neural connections of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus are consistent with what one would expect in a consociate modulator. The exact place where these inputs converge is not known; perhaps it is at the level of the ventromedial hypothalamus, or perhaps, as shown in the figure, it is at the level of the central gray. In cats, on the other hand, stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus may produce either defense or fleeing (submission), perhaps by stimulation of the dendrites of perifornical neurons that extend into the ventromedial nucleus (Millhouse 1969). www.culture-of-peace.info /bbs/article6-9.html   (824 words)

Endotext.com - Neuroendocrinology, Hypothalamus, And Pituitary, Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary ARC = arcuate nucleus, PVN = paraventricular nucleus. The arcuate nucleus is the main sensor of circulating levels of leptin, and by projecting to several different regions in the brain, provide the mechanism whereby leptin is capable of integrating a host of responses involved in energy homeostasis. Vagal afferent signals are then carried to the nucleus tractus solitarius in the brainstem, and after projecting to noradrenergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (A2), ascend in the ventral noradrenergic pathway and medial forebrain bundle to terminate in the preoptic region. www.endotext.org /neuroendo/neuroendo3b/neuroendo3b_6.htm   (7098 words)

Neuroanatomy_Exam_III The ventromedial nucleus is considered the “feeding center” of the hypothalamus. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus synthesizes oxytocin. The septal nucleus is medial to the nucleus accumbens in the septal area of the forebrain. www.mc.edu /~sbaldwin/Neuroanatomy_Exam_III.html   (1515 words)

Obesity-inducing amygdala lesions: examination of anterograde degeneration and retrograde transport -- King et al. 284 ... Degeneration in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, and nucleus that is activated by ejaculation in the male rat (18). ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/4/R965   (8317 words)

Neuronal Inputs from the Hypothalamus and Brain Stem to the Medial Preoptic Area of the Ram: Neurochemical Correlates ... in the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal raphe nucleus, PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; PVT, paraventricular Cells of the arcuate nucleus and ventromedial nucleus of the ovariectomized ewe that respond to oestrogen: a study using Fos immunohistochemistry. www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/68/4/1119   (6397 words)

Arcuate nucleus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The arcuate nucleus is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. These neurons, in the most ventromedial part of the nucleus, project strongly to the lateral hypothalamus and to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and are important in the regulation of appetite. POMC neurons that project to the medial preoptic nucleus are also involved in the regulation of sexual behavior in both males and females. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arcuate_nucleus   (621 words)

arcuate nucleus Age-related decrease in proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the male rat brain. Acute effect of oral and subcutaneous administration of monosodium glutamate on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in mice and rats. Role of the gonads in the histologic aging of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. www.arclab.org /node_pages/21.html   (1199 words)

Lecture 6 Similar evidence exists as that described above for the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus being the satiety centre. The ventromedial nucleus also responds to circulating levels of glucose and amino acids, but in the opposite way to the lateral nucleus. The lateral nucleus and ventromedial nucleus are regulated by similar parameters, and the regulation of these two centres is integrated so that food intake is balanced to meet requirements. www.bris.ac.uk /Depts/Physiology/Staff/LFD/text/Lecture6notes.html   (1259 words)

HYPOTHALAMUS The ventromedial nucleus (VMH) in addition to its output to the median eminence, with their other projections is thought to participate in the organization of reproductive behavior, as well as in metabolic regulatory functions. Hypothalmic (parvocellular) neurons originating in the preoptic, arcuate, ventromedial, periventricular, paraventricular nuclei transport a variety of releasing and inhibiting hormones to the portal vessels of the median eminence. This distribution of leptin receptors is consistent with a large body of literature implicating the ventrobasal hypothalamus in feeding, as shown by large lesions of the VMH that produced increased food intake and obesity. www.cmbn.rutgers.edu /faculty/Zaborszky/classes/hypothalamus.html   (6710 words)

Protein changes in neurons and glias in same centers of hypothalamus at food motivation The morphological changes occurred in the lateral and ventromedial centers of hypothalamus and their functional properties are characterized to possess a correlation; similarly lateral and ventromedial centers formed in the protein molecule by means of physico-chemical processes have also got close correlations in terms of their functionalities. Chromatin of the nucleus was observed to be coloured in light red, microglias were coloured dark blue, and neuropilles in reddish- yellowish colour in every preparation studied. The nuclei of neurons as well as some protein vacuoles in lateral and ventromedial nuclei were found to be localized in an eccentric way whereas no drastic changes were observed in the neurons and glial cells in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. www.med.ege.edu.tr /~norolbil/2004/NBD28704.htm   (3766 words)

Modifications of the electrical activity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area of ... Modifications of the electrical activity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area of 24-hour food-deprived rats -- Kost'ova et al. Modifications of the electrical activity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area of 24-hour food-deprived rats The amplitude of the electrical activity of the ventromedial hypothalamic www.jacn.org /cgi/content/abstract/8/1/3   (267 words)

Team projects on www for Biological Basis of Behavior - 2001 lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of a rat's hypothalamus,. Lesions to the supra-chiasmatic nucleus, which is the body's master clock, regulating each of the parts of daily bodily rhythms (eating, sleeping, thermal control, etc.), results in a serious upsetting to the patient's behavior, which becomes very erratic. If there is a lesion to the ventromedial hypothalamus due to brain damage of some sort the hypothalamus may not work properly and the victim may experience a condition known as hyperphagia. www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/die_s01.htm   (5106 words)

The Scientist : RNAi — a new targeted silencer? To pinpoint estrogen receptor alpha's role, Pfaff, Ogawa, and colleagues used RNAi to knock out the receptor's expression in female adult mice in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, a brain region involved in female reproductive behavior. Ogawa and her colleagues are currently investigating other behavioral effects of knocking out estrogen receptor alpha in the ventromedial nucleus, which also plays a role in food intake and body weight. Emilie Rissman at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, who did not participate in this study, called the findings "a good technical advance." It makes sense to move on to areas of the brain where the functions of receptors are less clear, she added. www.the-scientist.com /news/display/23730   (703 words)

Cardiovascular Responses Evoked by Leptin Acting on Neurons in the Ventromedial and Dorsomedial Hypothalamus -- Marsh ... nucleus in the pons, and the nucleus of the solitary tract in Descending pathways mediating cardiovascular response from dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. A direct projection from the ventromedial nucleus and retrochiasmatic area of the hypothalamus to the medulla and spinal cord of the rat. hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/42/4/488   (4067 words)

Endotext.com - Neuroendocrinology, Hypothalamus, And Pituitary, Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Neurons of this tract arise primarily from the magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus (129), the latter situated as a cluster of cells dorsal and lateral to the optic chiasm (Fig. Magnocellular neurons of the parventricular and supraoptic nucleus possess large perikarya and prominant dendrites that interdigitate with adjacent perikarya and dendrites, respectively, of other magnocellular neurons. These dendrites contain numerous hormone-laden neurosecretory granules that can be released by exocytosis (134) and may be important to coordinate the secretion of vasopressin or oxytocin from individual neurons in unison through somato-somatic and/or dendro-dendritic interactions or alter the sensitivity of these neurons in response to a biologic stimulus such as suckling. www.endotext.org /neuroendo/neuroendo3b/neuroendo3b_5.htm   (1453 words)

The Hypothalamus and Hypertension -- De Wardener 81 (4): 1599 -- Physiological Reviews is the median preoptic nucleus that arches upward and posteriorly median preoptic nucleus, the SFO and the paraventricular nucleus the median eminence, and the arcuate nucleus (612). physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/81/4/1599   (10133 words)

[No title] An area called the PVH (paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus) probably uses its connections to the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system to execute the brain's responses to leptin. The researchers suggest that the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus serves as a gatekeeper controlling the flow of information to the PVH, like an assistant outside the chief executive's office. It then sends its output--possibly orders to change certain hormone levels--to the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus gatekeeper, which forwards the message to the PVH for the order to be executed through contacts at the pituitary gland. focus.hms.harvard.edu /1998/Feb20_1998/neurology.html   (1092 words)

[No title] In mice and rats, MTII or -MSH causes significant and long-lasting reductions in food intake when injected in the third ventricle (11, 32) or into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (9, 12, 21, 34). Moreover, in the rat, intracerebroventricular injections of MTII induced c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the central nucleus of the amygdala (32), and MC4-R mRNA was detected in the ventromedial, lateral, dorsomedial, and paraventricular nuclei (26). (24) detected MC3-R mRNA in the arcuate nucleus and in the ventromedial nucleus, and MC4-R gene expression was found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. www.lycos.com /info/hamsters--foods.html?page=2   (596 words)

ORGANIZATION OF ASCENDING HYPOTHALAMI The nucleus was free of labeled cells both ventrolaterally and dorsomedially.   In the present study, while efferents from the ventromedial nucleus were indeed found to project to relatively ventral parts of the lateral septum, medial preoptic fibers were found to terminate ventral to AH axons in the lateral septum.   Medial hypothalamic fibers that coursed in the ventromedial portion of the MFB ("b" compartment) or region medial to it, were found to distribute terminal networks in a corresponding region, the medial portion of the HDB. www.cmbn.rutgers.edu /faculty/Zaborszky/docs/jcn91.htm   (10662 words)

[No title] The ventromedial region of the hypothalamus is responsible for triggering satiety, and thus cessation of eating and drinking behavior, and the lateral region of the hypothalamus is involved with the initiation of eating and drinking. The lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for the initiation of eating and drinking (Kalat 2004, Isaacson 1982). When the paraventricular nucleus is damaged, the animal overeats but the reason is different from that of an animal that overeats because they have a lesion to the ventromedial nucleus. www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/hyle_s05.htm   (9260 words)

SparkNotes: Motivation: Hunger The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is involved in recognizing satiety or fullness. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is also involved in hunger regulation. When the paraventricular nucleus of a rat is damaged, the rat will eat a very large quantity of food at each meal. www.sparknotes.com /psychology/psych101/motivation/section2.rhtml   (710 words)

Updated Review-10 One reason for the ambiguity of stimulation results may be the close proximity in the hypothalamus of cell bodies and axons involved in offense and defense motivational systems at several levels. With this in mind, it is possible that stimulation lateral to the ventromedial nucleus may produces defensive attack and flight by local inhibition, thus mimicking the effects of lesions of the ventromedial nucleus which produce hyperdefensiveness. It would also be consistent with the finding that disinhibition of the ventromedial hypothalamus by local injection of bicuculline produces coordinated defensive flight in rats (Di Scala et al., 1984). www.culture-of-peace.info /update/page10.html   (517 words)

Additional Information   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11) The descending octavolateralis nucleus was labeled bilaterally and the anterior octaval nucleus was labeled primarily on the ipsilateral side. Large Purkinje-like neurons of the contralateral medial octavolateralis nucleus of the medulla were labeled with HRP injections to the nucleus lateralis. In addition, labeled cells in the contralateral descendens nucleus of V in the caudal medulla and in the ipsilateral ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus were found. www.marshall.edu /etd/descript.asp?ref=361   (323 words)

Influence of Estradiol on NADPH Diaphorase/Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and Colocalization with Progesterone ... Microphotographs of 20-µm coronal sections throughout the vertical subdivision of the diagonal bands of Broca (A), the medial POA (B), the paraventricular nucleus (C), the dorsolateral and central ventromedial nucleus (D), the periventricular hypothalamic area (D), the caudal arcuate nucleus (E) and the ventral premamillary area (F) of a ewe treated with P neurons of the POA, arcuate nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus [52] and neuronal subpopulations from the arcuate nucleus and www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/67/3/829   (4505 words)

Ventromedial nucleus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia anterior hypothalamus: anterior hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, preoptic area, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, tuber cinereum, pituitary gland (anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary) posterior/lateral hypothalamus: posterior nucleus, mammillary body, lateral nucleus en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus   (159 words)

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