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	Venus Express
		The Venus Express space probe reuse parts of the design from the Mars Express and Rosetta spacecrafts and is the first Mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) to Earth's "sister planet", because booth are very similar in size and bulk composition.
		Venus Express is scheduled for launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan during October 2005 with a Soyuz-Fregat rocket.
		Venus Express's science objectives are to study the atmosphere, the plasma environment, and the surface of Venus in great detail.
	www.extrasolar-planets.com /english/venus_express.php (236 words)

	Venus Express - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The launch window for Venus Express was open from 26 October to 23 November 2005, with the launch initially set for 04:43 UT on 26 October.
		August 7, 2005: Venus Express arrived at the airport of the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
		May 7, 2006: Venus Express entered its target orbit at apocentre at 13:31 UT One of the first results emerging from Venus Express is the discovery that a huge double atmospheric vortex exists at the south pole of the planet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Venus_Express (1501 words)

	Space Today Online - Solar System - Planet Venus - Venus Express spacecraft
		Venus is similar in diameter and mass to Earth, with a a similar composition, yet that planet has evolved differently, with a surface temperature hotter than a kitchen oven — in fact, hot enough to melt lead.
		Venus is enveloped by a thick atmosphere that is 95 percent carbon dioxide and a choking mixture of other noxious gases.
		European scientists and engineers designed Venus Express to be the first interplanetary probe to perform a global investigation of the Venusian atmosphere and the plasma environment.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Venus/VenusExpress.html (1102 words)

	Express to Venus: Europe Successfully Enters Orbit at Earth's Sister Planet - Planetary News \| The Planetary Society
		Dordain pointed out that Venus Express was launched atop a Russian Soyuz-Fregat launch vehicle from Kazakhstan, and the real-time Doppler tracking data that permitted the immediate news of the success of the orbit insertion maneuver came from a NASA Deep Space Network station in Madrid.
		At the Venus Express orbit insertion event held at the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, ESA shows off a few dozen of the artworks submitted to The Planetary Society's Venus Express Art Contest, and took time out from their program to honor grand prize winner Tatianna Cwick.
		Although Venus Express' science orbit is in fact designed both for close, detailed study and distant, global study, the large distances that Venus Express will attain during the period between orbit insertion and the arrival at the science orbit create some unique science opportunities that will not be repeated during the rest of the mission.
	planetary.org /news/2006/0411_Express_to_Venus_Europe_Successfully.html (1488 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Spacecraft sets sail to explore mysteries of Venus
		Ahead of Venus Express is a five-month, 250 million-mile flight through interplanetary space as it loops inward closer to the Sun before finally reaching Venus in April.
		Venus Express will initially be captured into a highly elliptical orbit that stretches from a low point of 155 miles to a high point of over 200,000 miles, and with an orbital period of approximately five-and-a-half Earth days.
		Aboard Venus Express, a science payload consisting of seven primary instruments from across Europe will begin their work to conduct comprehensive and unprecedented studies of the planet's atmosphere, which features surface air pressures over 90 times that of Earth's at sea level.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /venusexpress/051109launch.html (2421 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: New Venus Images Arrive from Orbiter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Venus Express captured its first images of its host planet the day on Wednesday, the day after it slipped into orbit following a five-month journey.
		Venus Express is in the process of tightening its orbit, which will eventually reach as close as 155 miles above the planet's surface.
		Venus Express is the first spacecraft to visit Venus since NASA's Magellan radar mapping mission of the 1990s.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20060410/venuspic_spa.html (431 words)

	Venus Express At Critical Juncture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Venus Express' 9-day preliminary elliptical orbit will range from 350,000 kilometers at its furthest point from the planet (apocentre) to less than 400 kilometers at its closest (pericentre).
		And Venus Express' final orbit is far from arbitrary, as ESA scientists would like to get a closer look at the double vortex at the North Pole.
		Relative to the Earth, the atmosphere on Venus is hostile to say the least, predominantly composed of carbon dioxide with clouds of sulphuric acid vapor, reaching temperatures of 500°C at the surface.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/20060310040318data_trunc_sys.shtml (1217 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Venus Express overview
		In terms of size and mass, Venus is Earth’s twin and yet it has evolved in a radically different manner, with a surface temperature hotter than a kitchen oven and a choking mixture of noxious gases for an atmosphere.
		Experts have designed Venus Express to be the first spaceprobe to perform a global investigation of the Venusian atmosphere and of the plasma environment, in an attempt to answer these questions.
		Venus Express is an ESA mission and a number of European companies will provide the on-board equipment.
	www.esa.int /science/venusexpress (778 words)

	ESA's Venus Express to reach final destination
		Venus Express’s unique instruments for planetary investigation are tailored to taking advantage of clues from previous missions and investigating the planet’s oddities with unprecedented precision.
		Venus Express will take advantage, for the first time ever, of the so-called ‘infrared windows’, which are narrow atmospheric bands in the infrared part of the spectrum.
		Venus Express will also investigate the processes that determine the chemistry of the noxious Venusian atmosphere, which can be as hot as 500°C at the surface and is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, with clouds of sulphuric acid drops.
	www.physlink.com /News/060409VenusExpress.cfm (1852 words)

	Venus Express spacecraft ready for launch - space - 28 September 2005 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Called Venus Express, it is scheduled to lift off aboard a Soyuz rocket from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, on 26 October.
		This thinning was discovered during a flyby of Venus with the Galileo spacecraft in 1990.
		Venus Express is scheduled to operate for about 500 Earth days - the equivalent of two rotations of Venus - but it has enough fuel to last 1000 days.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn8066 (734 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Science \| Venus Express starts 26m-mile journey to discover why Earth's twin turned bad
		Venus Express will reach its target in April and begin surveying the planet with its range of detectors.
		Although Venus is Earth's nearest planetary neighbour, previous space probes have revealed it to be a hellish world.
		Venus is so hot that only certain compounds would remain solid at the poles.
	www.guardian.co.uk /science/story/0,3605,1638945,00.html (968 words)

	Random Developments » Venus Express
		ESA’s Venus Express was launched yesterday morning (Australia time) from Kazakhstan, and will reach Venus in 162 days, on 21 April 2006.
		The former Soviet Union was the pioneer in the exploration of Venus, with 16 Venera probes launched between 1961 and 1983.
		Venus Express is expected to help us understand the workings of the Venusian climate and, hopefully, of the origins of its greenhouse effect, without which it would have an enviroment not very dissimilar from ours.
	www.netwhatever.com /randomdev/2005/11/10/venus-express (432 words)

	Venus Express
		Venus Express will be orbiting at half the distance to the Sun as compared to Mars.
		In comparison to Mars Express, the radiators on the surface of Venus Express have been increased in area and efficiency since the heating of the spacecraft is four times greater.
		Venus Express mission was proposed in March 2001 after ESA asked for proposals suggesting how to reuse the design of the Mars Express spacecraft.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /spacecraft/venusexpress.html (943 words)

	ESA Portal - Venus Express en route to probe the planet's hidden mysteries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A virtual twin sister of the Mars Express spacecraft which has been orbiting the Red Planet since December 2003, Venus Express is the second planet-bound probe to be launched by the European Space Agency.
		The Venus Express mission is planned to last at least two Venusian days (486 Earth days) and may be extended, depending on the spacecraft's operational state of health.
		Whereas Mars Express sought to retain heat to enable its electronics to function properly, Venus Express will in contrast be aiming for maximum heat dissipation in order to stay cool.
	www.esrin.esa.it /export/esaCP/SEM56Q638FE_index_0.html (1263 words)

	SPACE.com -- Second from the Sun: European Probe Enters Venus Orbit
		During the orbital insertion engine burn, Venus Express’ trajectory took it behind its target planet, meaning that for 10 minutes there were no radio signals available to ground teams.
		While Venus is about the same age and size as Earth, it is 30 percent closer to the Sun.
		Instruments built for Mars Express and for Europe's Rosetta comet-chaser satellite were reused on Venus Express as well.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/060411_venusexp_arrival.html (1167 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Probe makes encounter with Venus
		Venus Express will orbit our nearest planetary neighbour for about 500 Earth days to study its atmosphere, which has undergone runaway greenhouse warming.
		Venus Express will slip into a tight, elliptical orbit which will bring it to within 400km (250 miles) of the north pole.
		Venus Express lifted off on a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 9 November 2005.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4895792.stm (736 words)

	Venus Express VIRTIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Venus Express is an orbiter for studies of the atmosphere, the plasma environment, and the surface of Venus.
		It is also consistent with surface studies in the IR, because the scattering in the Venus clouds blurs the thermal flux coming from the surface over a scale range comparable to the cloud height (30km).
		The DLR OS team is responsible for the adaptation of the VIRTIS Rosetta SW to the new mission profile at Venus, the support of adaptation and integration of the Main Electronics, the all over instrument integration and the operational tests.
	www.dlr.de /os/forschung/projekte/venus (684 words)

	SPACE.com -- A Cloudy Target: Europe's Venus Express Probe to Explore Shrouded Planet
		Despite a delayed start, Europe’s first Venus probe is preparing to launch spaceward on a mission to study the planet’s soupy atmosphere and, hopefully, answer many of the nagging questions raised by past expeditions to the cloudy world.
		The probe’s Venus Express Magnetometer and Venus Monitoring Camera — the high-resolution imager — were built specifically for their mission, ESA officials said.
		Temperatures around Venus are four times higher than those experienced by Mars Express, prompting engineers to rearrange their orbiter’s 23 layers of insulation and swath them in gold — as to the fl used on the Mars probe — to reflect sunlight, and enlarged the spacecraft’s radiators to handle the additional heat, ESA officials said.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/051026_techwed_venusexp.html (1426 words)

	Venus Express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Venus Express will be ESA's first mission to Earth's nearest planetary neighbour, Venus.
		What made the mission especially attractive was that many of the spare instruments developed for ESA's Mars Express and Rosetta missions could be used to achieve Venus Express's science objectives, which were to study the atmosphere in great detail.
		Venus Express was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 8.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/venus-express.htm (232 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Venus Express \| Mission Status Center
		Venus Express and the attached Fregat then coast for more than an hour before the upper stage re-ignites to provide the boost to escape Earth's gravity and begin the cruise to Venus.
		European scientists are reasonably confident their Venus Express spacecraft will launch to Earth's nearest neighbor before the tight window of opportunity when the planets are aligned slams shut in a few weeks.
		Venus Express will fly in a highly elliptical orbit looping from 155 miles at its closest point to 41,000 miles at the most distant.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /venusexpress/status.html (1831 words)

	Technology Review \| Verkehr \| Unbemannte Raumfahrt \| Express zur Venus
		Venus Express has arrived at Venus after a 50 minute burn of the main engine and entered orbit around the planet.
		At the end of the last Cebreros pass in the reporting period (DOY 075 13:00) Venus Express was 83 million km from the Earth, 105.4 million km from the Sun, and 10.1 million km from Venus.
		At the end of the last New Norcia pass in the reporting period (DOY 048, 05:00) Venus Express was 46.6 million km from the Earth, 112.2 million km from the Sun, and 16.45 million km from Venus.
	www.heise.de /tr/artikel/65924 (2668 words)

	Venus Express probe enters into orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Venus Express, shown in an artist's depiction, is to orbit the planet for 1½ years.
		The Venus Express probe is well equipped to carry on its mission, said Don McCoy, a Canadian aerospace engineer who is managing the project.
		Venus Express resembles the Mars Express spacecraft that is orbiting the Red Planet.
	www.cbc.ca /story/science/national/2006/04/11/venus-express060411.html (1292 words)

	Venus Express comes into Cosmic Vision
		Venus Express will reuse the Mars Express spacecraft design and needs to be ready for launch in 2005.
		Nevertheless, against the odds, Venus Express appeared among the missions proposed in the restructured programme presented to the Science Programme Committee in May 2002.
		The Council Chairman, Alain Bensoussan of France, strongly urged a re-evaluation of the viability of the Venus Express.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/venus-02c.html (712 words)

	Lost Cities
		Venus has historically been called a "twin" of Earth -- because it is almost the same size (95%) and mass (81%) as our own planet.
		It was only after the Space Age dawned, however, and the first unmanned NASA probe, Mariner 2, flew by Venus in 1962, that it was confirmed that the planet is anything but a terrestrial "twin" or "sister planet"...
		The Venus Express test for this hypothesis will be the discovery, not just of a few currently active volcanic plumes (and, at "tetrahedral latitudes"), but surface and underground evidence of currently high, INTERNAL Venusian temperature...
	www.enterprisemission.com /VenusExpress.htm (1767 words)

	Venus Express Achieves Orbit \| Science Buzz
		Venus Express: Artist’s view of ESA's Venus Express probe in orbit around Venus.
		The Venus Express was launched on November 9, 2005 and once it has reached its goal orbit will begin exploring the Venusian atmosphere.
		The ESA also operates the Mars Express (Mars), SMART-1 (the Moon), and is NASA’s partner on the Cassini-Huygens orbiter (Saturn).
	ltc.smm.org /buzz/blog/venus_express_achieves_orbit (309 words)

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