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Topic: Vernacular Chinese

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	Classical Chinese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chinese characters are not alphabetic and do not reflect sound changes, and the actual pronunciation of Old Chinese can only be tentatively reconstructed and is unknown outside linguistic circles.
		Ironically, Classical Chinese was used to write the Hunmin Jeongeum in which the modern Korean alphabet (Hangul) was promulgated and the essay by Hu Shi in which he argued against using Classical Chinese and in favor of baihua.
		Most Chinese people with at least a middle school education are able to read basic wenyan, because the ability to read (but not write) wenyan is part of the Chinese middle school and high school curricula and is part of the college entrance examination.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Classical_Chinese (1694 words)

	Vernacular Chinese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vernacular Chinese (pinyin: báihuà; Wade-Giles: paihua) is a style or register of the written Chinese language essentially modeled after the spoken language and associated with Standard Mandarin.
		Since the early twentieth century, Vernacular Chinese has been the standard of writing for speakers of all varieties of spoken Chinese throughout China, succeeding Classical Chinese, the former written standard used in China since the time of Confucius.
		Jin Shengtan, who edited several novels in vernacular Chinese, is widely regarded as the pioneering champion of literature in the vernacular style.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vernacular_Chinese (605 words)

	Vernacular Chinese
		Vernacular Chinese or bai hua (白話, in pinyin: bai2 hua4, literal meaning: "white/plain language") is a style of written Chinese which is based on spoken Mandarin Chinese and is the opposite of wen yan (classical Chinese).
		In Ming and Qing dynasties, vernacular Chinese began to be used in novels.
		Jin Shengtan, who edited several novels in vernacular Chinese, is widely regarded as the champion of literature in the vernacular style.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Baihua.html (292 words)

	Chinese language - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Chinese language, spoken in the form of Standard Mandarin, is the official language of the People's Republic of China in mainland China and the Republic of China on Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore, and one of six official languages of the United Nations.
		The terms and concepts used by Chinese to think about language are different from those used in the West, partly because of the unifying effects of the Chinese characters used in writing, and partly because of differences in the political and social development of China in comparison with Europe.
		Old Chinese (上古漢語), sometimes known as 'Archaic Chinese', was the language common during the early and middle Zhou Dynasty (11th to 7th centuries B.C.), texts of which include inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the poetry of the Shijing, the history of the Shujing, and portions of the Yijing (I Ching).
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /chinese_language.htm (3778 words)

	Chinese language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chinese is often thought to be a single language, though in fact regional variation between different variants/dialects is comparable to that of the, for instance, the Romance language family; many variants of Chinese are different enough to be mutually incomprehensible.
		Old Chinese (T:上古漢語S:上古汉语P:Shànggǔ Hànyǔ), sometimes known as 'Archaic Chinese', was the language common during the early and middle Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC - 256 BC), texts of which include inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the poetry of the Shijing, the history of the Shujing, and portions of the Yijing (I Ching).
		Chinese morphology is strictly bound to a set number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction which are the morphemes, the smallest building blocks, of the language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_language (7013 words)

	Station Information - Vernacular Chinese
		Vernacular Chinese (白話, in pinyin: báihuà, literal meaning: "white/plain language") is a style of written Chinese which is based on spoken Mandarin Chinese and is the opposite of classical Chinese (wen yan).
		In the time of the Tang and Song dynasties, vernacular Chinese took shape in the form of bian wen (變文, biànwén, "altered language") and yu lu (語錄, yǔlù, "language record").
		In the Ming and Qing dynasties, vernacular Chinese began to be used in novels, but was not generally used in formal writing.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/v/ve/vernacular_chinese.html (281 words)

	Vernacular Chinese -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vernacular Chinese is a style of (Click link for more info and facts about written Chinese) written Chinese associated with (Click link for more info and facts about Standard Mandarin) Standard Mandarin.
		Classical Chinese became increasingly viewed as an archaic fossil that hindered education and literacy, and Vernacular Chinese became viewed as mainstream by most people.
		Along with the popularity of the vernacular language in books are the addition of (The marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases) punctuation (traditional Chinese literature was entirely unpunctuated) and writing numbers using (One of the symbols 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0) Arabic numerals.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/V/Ve/Vernacular_Chinese.htm (490 words)

	Vernacular Chinese - Chinese Language - Chinese
		Vernacular Chinese (白话白話; in pinyin: b¨¢ihu¨¤, literal meaning: "Plain Language") is a style of written Chinese which is based on Standard Mandarin.
		Vernacular Chinese stands in contrast with Classical Chinese (文言 w¨¦ny¨¢n), which is based on Old Chinese, the language used in texts such as MenciusThe Mencius, Analects of Confucius, and the Tao Te Ching.
		Although Vernacular Chinese is based on Mandarin, it has been the written standard for speakers of all varieties of Chinese spoken languagespoken Chinese since the early 20th centurytwentieth century.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Vernacular_Chinese (575 words)

	Bibliographic Control of Chinese Material in the United Kingdom
		In this instance, Chinese refers to the standard pronunciation of Mandarin or Putonghua, and the four tones of pronunciation of Chinese - high, high rising, falling and rising, falling - all of which are indicated with diacritical marks.
		Given the developments in automation and the subsequent attempts at using the vernacular Chinese language for creating catalogue records and providing records for readers, it is interesting to consider what the two libraries in the United Kingdom that have the most significant Chinese collections do in order to ensure bibliographic control of their collections.
		Automation for libraries with the Chinese collections is now at the stage of being able to input in the vernacular Chinese characters, and this extra facility has been the reason for a reconsideration of whether to use a romanisation scheme at all.
	www.white-clouds.com /iclc/cliej/cl6gilkes.htm (2354 words)

	Vernacular Chinese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vernacular Chinese (白話/白话, in pinyin: báihuà, literal meaning: "white/plain language") is a style of written Chinese which is based on spoken Mandarin Chinese, as opposed to classical Chinese (wényán).
		Although baihua is based on Mandarin, it has been the written standard for speakers of all Chinese languages since the early 20th century.
		In the time of the Tang and Song dynasties, vernacular Chinese took shape in the form of bianwen (變文, biànwén, "altered language") and yulu (語錄, yǔlù, "language record").
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/vernacular_chinese (339 words)

	General works (from Chinese literature) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Chinese exists in a number of varieties that are popularly called dialects but that are usually classified as separate languages by scholars.
		More people speak a variety of Chinese as a native language than any other language in the world, and Modern Standard Chinese is one of the...
		The British officer known as Chinese Gordon was famous for his romantic adventures in Asian countries and for his dramatic death at the siege of Khartoum.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-61268?tocId=61268 (935 words)

	Articles - Written Cantonese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The vernacular language movement took hold, and the written language was standardized as Vernacular Chinese.
		However, the Chinese spoken varieties used across China are not all the same, and because the Mandarin dialects comprised the largest proportion of the Chinese speaking population, Vernacular Chinese was based mostly on the grammar and vocabulary of Mandarin.
		In Chinese, distinction is made between single syllable characters, which may represent either a word, morpheme, or particle, and multi-syllabic words.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Written_Cantonese (1942 words)

	The Chinese Vernacular Story (Patrick Hanan) - review
		Hanan surveys the vernacular Chinese short story from its beginnings, through the great Ming and Manchu writers, and down to the end of the 18th century.
		The "original model [for the vernacular story] was the professional oral fiction of the Song and Yuan periods".
		No knowledge of Chinese is necessary to follow The Chinese Vernacular Story — and only a basic knowledge of Chinese history and culture — but it is an academic work and rather dry.
	dannyreviews.com /h/Chinese_Story.html (475 words)

	1996 AAS Abstracts: Japan Session 56 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Conversely, contact with vernacular Chinese texts triggers a reexamination of the Japanese language, while a new reading of a Chinese canonical work opens the door to a promotion of the value of human emotionality.
		A strong underlying theme in early seventeenth-century Japanese art is the employment of Chinese imagery and symbolism.
		When we examine original Chinese porcelain motifs, both made for the Chinese domestic market, and those tailored for the Japanese market, and conjoin them with Japanese 'Chinese-style' counterparts, we discover that the differences reveal a conscious aesthetic transformation.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1996abst/japan/j56.htm (1251 words)

	Session 17: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, just as Japanese rulers and advisors of the seventh and eighth centuries were self-consciously adapting Chinese social and government institutions in order to consolidate their own power, early Japanese poets of Chinese as well saw their work as part of a cultural project of imperial consolidation.
		In the early eighteenth century the introduction of Chinese vernacular fiction played a critical role in extending the conception of literature to genres that previously had been considered marginal within the Japanese tradition.
		The use of the Chinese vernacular genre allowed Issai to reframe the Japanese tale in such a manner as to defamiliarize it and thus allow greater resolution in his analysis.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1998abst/inter/i17.htm (1304 words)

	Chinese herbs: Somethings to remember (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A transliterated Chinese vernacular herb name, ie, a name in pinyin or Wade-Giles transliteration, often refers to several different herbs, not simply one species or substance.
		There is a tendency in Chinese medicine not todispense or prescribe single herbs, which are considered too powerful, concentrated, or ineffective by themselves.
		Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has a long and intricate history of mixing herbs and customizing the prescription to the patient, so most prescriptions and all patent formulas have several to many (5 to 20) herbs.
	www.valleyskeptic.com /chinesehrbs.html (1265 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beyond the Screen: Chinese Furniture of the 16th and 17th Centuries
		Chinese Domestic Furniture in Photographs and Measured Drawings
		Chinese Furniture: Hardwood Examples of the Ming and Early Ch'ing Dynasty
	www.cambiumbooks.com /books/chinese_furniture/1878529471 (320 words)

	Chinese - Ten Vernacular Tales From Ancient China, Chinese, Literature, Printed Matter
		This collection of classical Chinese stories was written during the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties.
		Written in the vernacular of their time, they paint a picture of historical China.
		Also included is an index of vocabulary words and a section on the development of Chinese short stories in the vernacular.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Products/31520.htm (377 words)

	CHINA BOOKS: Architecture: Ancient & Old (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)*
		On the one hand, the book presents the notable successes of the ancient Chinese; on the other, it reflects the rapid progress and brilliant achievements in bridge construction in the later half, especially in the last decade, of the 20th century.
		Chinese architectural art has a history of several thousand years and is one of three main styles of world art (the others being the European and Islamic styles).
		Chinese classical gardening, which has a long history, is witness to a long Chinese civilisation, and a gem in the world’s cultural heritage.
	www.chinabooks.com.au /generalcatalogue/archiold.htm (1720 words)

	adv99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is a class of adverbs in Mandarin Chinese which convey an absolute notion of time and a strong sense of assertiveness; examples of such adverbs are: conglai, shizhong, xianglai, yixiang, quanran, and so forth.
		One piece of evidence for such a change is that these adverbs can be used interchangeably with genben and yizhi, which are not temporal adverbs per se but which do indicate a strong sense of assertiveness.
		The corpus for this study is a 500,000-character collection of Chinese oral histories as presented in Beijing Ren (Chinese Profiles).
	www.bol.ucla.edu /~ht37/adv99.html (346 words)

	Classical and Vernacular Chinese Furniture in the Living Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beyond the Screen: Chinese Furniture of the 16th and 17th
		Interestingly this book discusses Kai Yin Lo's own collection - but this is no vanity publishing, this is a work of some scholarship and the contributors, all of whom approach the topic from a different angle are well respected in the field.
		If Chinese furniture is of interest to you, I highly recommend it.
	www.jemsfurniture.com /BookStore/isbn1878529471.html (179 words)

	CHINA BOOKS: Literary Studies: Criticism & Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)*
		The tale of 108 bandit heroes evolved from a long oral tradition; in its novelized form, it played a pivotal role in the rise of Chinese vernacular fiction, which flourished during the late Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) periods.
		Ge examines the stylistic and linguistic features of the novel against those of other works of early Chinese vernacular literature (stories, in particular), revealing an accretion of features typical of different historical periods and a prolonged and cumulative process of textualisation.
		Liangyan Ge is assistant professor of Chinese at the University of Notre Dame.
	www.chinabooks.com.au /Specials/litstud.htm (527 words)

	Chinese Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This site, Chinese Resources, provides a variety of resources for the teaching, learning, and study of Chinese language and culture.
		This section provides both original texts--in either classical or vernacular Chinese--and compiled teaching-texts for instructional purposes.
		This section provides useful links to various of the other Chinese websites which are of both general and specific nature.
	schiller.dartmouth.edu /chinese (170 words)

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