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Topic: Vernam cipher

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Gilbert Vernam

Simple XOR cipher

Stream cipher

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	Vernam cipher - meaning of word
		The problem at the moment is that stream cipher seems to be partially written to suggest that all stream ciphers are Vernam ciphers; an article specifically to address Vernam ciphers seems like an essential part of fixing this.
		A Vernam cipher is a stream cipher that XORs the plaintext with the output of a CPRNG.
		It is not, however, a Vernam cipher, because the output of the CPRNG depends on the plaintext.
	www.wordsonline.org /Vernam_cipher (1129 words)

	Gilbert Vernam - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Vernam proposed a teletype cipher in which a previously-prepared key, kept on paper tape, is combined character by character with the plaintext message to produce the cyphertext.
		The combining function Vernam specified in U.S. Patent number 1310719, issued July 22, 1919, is the XOR operation, applied to the individual impulses or bits used to encode the characters in the Baudot teletype code.
		In modern terminology, a Vernam cipher is a stream cipher in which the plaintext is XORed with a random or pseudorandom stream of data the same length to generate the ciphertext.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Vernam_cipher (430 words)

	Stream cipher - epnn.org
		In cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric cipher in which the plaintext digits are encrypted one at a time, and in which the transformation of successive digits varies during the encryption.
		If a block cipher were to be used in this type of application, the designer would need to choose either transmission efficiency or implementation complexity, since block ciphers cannot directly work on blocks shorter than their block size.
		Block ciphers must be used in ciphertext stealing or residual block termination mode to avoid padding, while stream ciphers eliminate this issue by naturally operating on the smallest unit that can be transmitted (usually bytes).
	www.epnn.org /index.php?title=Stream_cipher (1491 words)

	CD Baby: VERNAM CIPHER: Sweet Science
		Vernam Cipher has an affinity for American roots music in all its glorious variety -- rock 'n' roll, honky tonk, soul, string bands, etc. -- and his original songs combine irreverent lyrics with memorable tunes informed but never constrained by tradition.
		A particular obsession for Vernam is the intersection of technology and inspiration (divine or otherwise), and hence his nom de guerre.
		Vernam's original songs combine irreverent lyrics with memorable tunes that are informed but never constrained by traditional music.
	www.cdbaby.com /cd/vernam (516 words)

	Gilbert Vernam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gilbert Sandford Vernam (1890–7 February 1960) was a ATandT Bell Labs engineer who, in 1917, invented the stream cipher and later co-invented the one-time pad cipher.
		Vernam later worked for Postal Telegraph Co., and became an employee of Western Union when W.U. acquired Postal in 1943.
		RC4 is an example of a Vernam cipher that is widely used on the Internet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vernam_cipher (495 words)

	Gilbert Vernam - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Vernam proposed a teletype cipher in which a previously-prepared key, kept on paper tape, is combined character by character with the plaintext message to produce the cyphertext.
		The combining function Vernam specified in, issued July 22, 1919, is the XOR operation, applied to the individual impulses or bits used to encode the characters in the Baudot teletype code.
		In modern terminology, a Vernam cipher is a stream cipher in which the plaintext is XORed with a random or pseudorandom stream of data the same length to generate the ciphertext.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=578127 (431 words)

	TOPSECCRET Homepage
		The Vernam Cipher technique, in binary, essentially uses the XOR (eXclusive-OR) operation on two bits (one from the data to be sent, and one from the password data) to produce a third bit: the encrypted message, or cipher text.
		In order to decrypt the cipher text's first bit, we simply repeat the same process (a useful feature of the Vernam Cipher is that by encrypting data with the same password twice, we return it to its original form).
		Commonly, the password data used in a Vernam Cipher is not as long as the message being sent, and so, the password is repeated several times, until its length is sufficient to match the transmission length.
	www.cooper.edu /~walfis/TOPSECCRET/concepts.htm (1487 words)

	One-time pad Information
		Vernam's system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from a paper tape loop.
		Such ciphers are almost always easier to employ than one-time pads; the amount of key material which must be properly generated and securely distributed is far smaller, and public key cryptography makes the problem easier.
		The Fish ciphers used by the German military in WWII turned out to be insecure stream ciphers, not practical automated one-time pads as their designers had intended.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/One-time_pad (4977 words)

	How Security is Implemented
		In a stream cipher a small chunk (usually a bit) of plaintext is exclusive-ored with the next available small chunk of the key.
		In cipher feedback the key encrypts the previous ciphertext block, and this new block is exclusive-ored to the plaintext to create the new ciphertext block.
		Feistel Ciphers are a special case of iterated block ciphers in which the plaintext is halved.
	www.mis2.udel.edu /~hector/telecomm/ciphers.html (1400 words)

	SSH - Support - Cryptography A-Z - Algorithms - Secret Key Cryptosystems
		The Vernam cipher (invented by G. Vernam in 1917) is a famous instance of an OTP.
		DES proved to be a very strong cipher and it took over a decade for any interesting cryptanalytical attacks against it to develop (not to underestimate the pioneering efforts that lead to this breakthrough).
		In the block cipher case the permutation is generated by the secret key and the key space might not cover all the possible permutations.
	www.ssh.fi /support/cryptography/algorithms/symmetric.html (3707 words)

	[No title]
		The file "somefile" was encrypted with a an exclusive or, vernam cipher, algorithm using the key of 0xFF, creating a 1's complement of the data in the plain text.
		The cipher text of "somefile" lacks even the appearance of random data which should be a characteristic of a high grade encryption algorithm.
		Decrypting with a vernam cipher with a key of 0x80 did not decode to anything recognizable, however using 0xFF as the key yields readable text to what appears to be a configuration file.
	www.honeynet.org /scans/scan16/som/som23.txt (595 words)

	The Dynamic Substitution Combiner
		Such appearances are deceptive, however, and a Vernam cipher is susceptible to several cryptanalytic attacks, including known-plaintext and probable words [37]; if some part of the plaintext is known (or even guessed), the cryptanalyst can directly obtain some of the confusion stream [24, 25].
		An alternate approach to the design of a secure stream cipher is to seek combining functions which can resist attack; such functions would act to hide the pseudo-random sequence from analysis [42, 43, 44].
		This internal state data must be initialized before ciphering, and is continuously re-ordered as a consequence of both incoming data streams; thus, the internal state is a function of initialization and all subsequent data and confusion values.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /ARTS/DYNSUB2.HTM (4264 words)

	Quantum Cryptography
		TWs cipher was rather impractical because it required the sender and receiver to agree beforehand on a key-a large stockpile of secret random digits, some of which were used up each time a secret message was transmitted.
		In such ciphers the key is used to control and customize the encryption and decryption processes in such a way that an adversary who has intercepted the cryptogram and knows the general method of encryption but not the key wfll not be able to infer anything useful about the original message.
		If it were used as a key for the Vernam cipher, for example, it might prove very insecure if the most important part of the message happened to coincide with a part of the key the eavesdropper knew.
	dhushara.tripod.com /book/quantcos/aq/qcrypt.htm (6621 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Electro-Mechanical Cipher Machines
		Vernam worked out that if a tape of random characters was passed in a loop through the machine at the same time then a message could be encrypted automatically and securely.
		Vernam discovered that managing a loop of tape of thousands of characters in length was difficult so he invented an alternative way of making a very long pseudorandom sequence.
		The Enigma cipher was originally a commercial venture and was offered to the world's businesses, embassies and military as a product for sale, it was not well received, however until the publication of Winston Churchill's memoirs of the First World War.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A583959 (2337 words)

	[No title]
		Vernam was an engineer working for AT&T. This was always a point of pride when I presented this material at AT&T. I used to devote considerable time to Vernam and his work, describing his career with the company as well as his technical contributions to the field.
		One example of a Vernam cipher is to rotate letters in precisely the same way as one does in a Caesar cipher, except the amount of rotation varies for each letter of the message.
		Vernam ciphers have application in military settings, where a large number of one-time-pads can be distributed ahead of time via a secure means and then used to exchange encrypted messages at a later time in a hostile environment.
	www.msen.com /fievel/mmill/book_html/doc004.html (4238 words)

	[No title]
		The file "somefile" was encrypted with a an exclusive or, vernam cipher, algorithm using the key of 0xFF, creating a 1's complement of the data in the plain text.
		The cipher text of "somefile" lacks even the appearance of random data which should be a characteristic of a high grade encryption algorithm.
		Decrypting with a vernam cipher with a key of 0x80 did not decode to anything recognizable, however using 0xFF as the key yields readable text to what appears to be a configuration file.
	project.honeynet.org /scans/scan16/som/som23.txt (595 words)

	[No title]
		In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as a Caesar's cipher or the shift cipher, is one of the simplest and most widely-known encryption techniques.
		It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions further down the alphabet.
		In modern terminology, a Vernam cipher is a cipher in which the plaintext is XORed with a random or pseudo-random stream of data the same length to generate the ciphertext.
	faculty.fortlewis.edu /gordon_a/ts2t390/lects/cryptology2.html (4895 words)

	SoftDesignz :: Encryption \| Stream Ciphers
		Current interest in stream ciphers is most commonly attributed to the appealing theoretical properties of the one-time pad, but there have been, as of yet, no attempts to standardize on any particular stream cipher proposal as has been the case with block ciphers.
		Such a cipher is said to offer perfect secrecy and the analysis of the one-time pad is seen as one of the cornerstones of modern cryptography.
		Stream ciphers were developed as an approximation to the action of the one-time pad, and while contemporary stream ciphers are unable to provide the satisfying theoretical security of the one-time pad, they are at least practical.
	www.softdesignz.com /streamciphers.asp (1048 words)

	One Time Pads - CryptoDox
		Vernam's system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from paper tape.
		In its original form, Vernam's system was not theoretically unbreakable — this came only later when Joseph Mauborgne recognized that the key tape needs to be completely random.
		Because of this, the term "Vernam cipher" is also sometimes used to describe any scheme where the plaintext is combined with the key symbol by symbol; that is, an additive stream cipher, even if it is not theoretically unbreakable.
	www.cryptodox.com /One_Time_Pads (497 words)

	Constructing a stream cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The principle of the stream cipher is 400 years old.
		It is contained in the Vigénère cipher of 1586, and, more recently, in the Vernam Cipher, used commercially in the twenties in the United States.
		A stream cipher uses a pseudo-random stream, known as the key stream, which is added term by term to a plain message.
	www.chantilley.com /html/paper3_constructingastreamcipher.htm (340 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For the first and third cipher chi value was close to chi value of random English text so that you know that these two ciphers are either simple substitution or transposition.
		Furthermore, frequency distribution of letters would indicate that the first cipher is substitution cipher, while third cipher must be transposition cipher since frequency distribution is identical to that of an English text.
		Second cipher was not a mono-alphabetic cipher, so we know that it must be Vigenere.
	www.cse.fau.edu /~saeed/cen4540/SolHW5.doc (408 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		High quality ciphers that have undergone rigorous public review are widely available and their security is not considered a major worry at present.
		Stream ciphers can be secure in practice, but they cannot be absolutely secure in the same provable sense as the one-time pad.
		The similarity between stream ciphers and one-time pads often leads the cryptographically unwary to invent insecure stream ciphers under the mistaken impression that they have developed a practical version of the one-time pad.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=one-time_pad (5013 words)

	Unbreakable Encryption Using One Time Pads
		The Vernam algorithm is astounding in its simplicity - for the encryption of a file A you merely need the onetime pad which in its turn is a file.
		This onetime pad has some important characteristics: it may be known only to sender and recipient of the message, it should have been generated using a PRNG (pseudo-random number generator), and no sequences in the pad may be used twice for encryption.
		The one real weak point in the Vernam algorithm is the exchange of onetime pads between the two parties involved.
	www.aspheute.com /english/20010924.asp (1283 words)

	The only unbreakable cryptosystem known - the Vernam cipher
		If a cipher is computationally secure this means the probability of cracking the encryption key using current computational technology and algorithms within a reasonable time is supposedly extremely small, yet not impossible.
		To break this cipher N must be factored, and at the time these systems were devised the best publicly available factoring algorithms would take millions of years to factor a 200 digit number.
		However understanding the operation of the Vernam cipher is not demanding.
	www.pro-technix.com /information/crypto/pages/vernam_base.html (1744 words)

	Vernam Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		As introduction to stream ciphers, and to demonstrate that a perfect cipher does exist, we describe the Vernam Cipher, also known as the one-time-pad.
		Vernam proposed a bit-wise exclusive or of the message stream with a truely random zero-one stream which was shared by sender and receipient.
		The intuition is that any message can be transformed into any cipher (of the same length) by a pad, and all transformations are equally likely.
	www.cs.miami.edu /~burt/learning/Csc609.051/notes/02.html (786 words)

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