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Topic: Vertebral arteries

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Medulla oblongata

Skull

	THE MERCK MANUAL OF GERIATRICS, Ch. 44, Cerebrovascular Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Some patients with a vertebral artery occlusion in the neck present with a sudden posterior circulation stroke; the ischemia is caused by blockage of the intracranial vertebral artery or the posterior cerebral artery or its branches.
		The distal portion of the vertebral artery in the neck is vulnerable to tearing or dissection during trauma, sudden movement, or manipulation of the neck.
		Anterior cerebral artery disease causes weakness and numbness of the contralateral lower extremity and weakness of the contralateral shoulder.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmg/sec6/ch44/ch44c.jsp (4073 words)

	Vertebral artery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries.
		In front of it are the internal jugular and vertebral veins, and it is crossed by the inferior thyroid artery; the left vertebral is crossed by the thoracic duct also.
		The second part runs upward through the foramina in the transverse processes of the upper six cervical vertebræ, and is surrounded by branches from the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and by a plexus of veins which unite to form the vertebral vein at the lower part of the neck.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vertebral_artery (725 words)

	Med-Lib - Medical Online Library - English Articles - Oxford Textbook of Surgery - Vertebrobasilar, subclavian, and ...
		Whether it is also possible to produce temporary obstruction or kinking of the vertebral arteries in patients with cervical spondylosis by rotation of the neck is uncertain; although obstruction of a vertebral artery by osteophytes has been demonstrated, this should not result in symptoms unless there is associated disease in the contralateral vertebral artery.
		In addition, stenosis or occlusion of the origin of the innominate artery may be associated with steal down the right vertebral artery and internal carotid artery (innominate steal), causing symptoms associated with either vertebrobasilar ischaemia or carotid distribution ischaemia, or a combination of both.
		Finally the subclavian artery may be divided proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery and anastomosed end-to-side to the common carotid artery (Fig.
	med-lib.ru /english/oxford/vertebrobas.shtml (1469 words)

	Cecil Textbook of Medicine : />
		The paired vertebral arteries usually arise from the subclavian arteries, but their origins may be more proximal on the aortic arch, or they may form a common branch of the thyrocervical trunk.
		The portion of the vertebral artery that loops behind the atlantoaxial joint is prone to mechanical deformation, and excessive rotation of the head may cause arterial narrowing and reduction of blood flow to the ipsilateral vertebral artery.
		The pyramids, the inferior olives and medial lemnisci, the medial longitudinal fasciculi, and the emerging fibers of the hypoglossal nerve derive blood from the vertebral arteries.
	www.merckmedicus.com /ppdocs/us/common/cecils/chapters/439_003.htm (2116 words)

	Article : Vertebral artery pseudoaneur-ysm- A rare complication of transoral needle aspiration of retropharyngeal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On compression of the ipsilateral carotid artery the bruit in the swelling persisted.
		The vertebral arteries are protected, coursing within the bony canal formed by the foramina transversoria of the cervical vertebrae.
		In case of aneurysms arising from the distal vertebral artery near the foramen magnum, surgical access is generally difficult and hence a transfemoral approach, which is distinctly safer, is the preferred mode of treatment.
	www.ijri.org /articles/archives/20011104/letter02.htm (985 words)

	Blood Supply
		The anterior spinal artery arises at the bifurcation of the vertebrals and descends to supply the spinal cord.
		The vertebral arteries fuse at the pontomedullary junction to form the basilar artery.
		The posterior inferior cerebellar artery arises from the caudal aspect of the basilar artery.
	pathology.mc.duke.edu /neuropath/nawr/blood-supply.html (370 words)

	Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
		In previous studies, various results have been reported regarding blood flow in the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries (VA) of healthy individuals and a debate about the amount of change in the blood flow that is related to age ensued [1-4].
		Although there were reports stating that vertebral [7] and carotid [18,19] artery blood flow was less in women than in men, there was no significant difference between the genders in total cerebral blood flow or in ICA and VA blood flow, according to our results.
		Basic indications of Doppler studies of the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries are as follows: vertebrobasilar insufficiency [24], arteriovenous malformation [25], intracranial hemorrhage [26], trauma and intracranial hypertension [27], arteriosclerotic lesions, and endarterectomy and post shunt Doppler evaluation [28].
	www.dirjournal.org /text.php3?id=45 (2674 words)

	Medical Massage and Hypertension
		The vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries.
		This plexus regulates the constriction and dilation of the vertebral arteries.
		The theory of Vertebral Artery Syndrome as an etiological factor in EH was first proposed by Professor Dembo of the Leningrad School of Medicine in 1973.
	www.ippt.com /CE/Medical_Massage_Hyp.htm (1499 words)

	Vertebral Artery Compression Resulting From Head Movement: A Possible Cause of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome -- ...
		The vertebral artery (arrow) within the transverse foramen of C1 is protected from compression.
		The left vertebral artery (arrow) is compressed by the adjacent nerve (asterisk) and muscle (Mu) against the bone at the lateral margin of C1.
		and (4) the vertebral artery lies exposed on the surface of C1 and not in a groove in the bone as in adults.
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/full/103/2/460 (3384 words)

	Clinically Unidentified Dissection of Vertebral Artery as a Cause of Cerebellar Infarction -- Iwase et al. 32 (6): 1422 ...
		Extracranial dissection of the vertebral arteries is increasingly
		A and B, In the right vertebral artery at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, a red spot was observed (white arrowheads).
		Charles N, Froment C, Rode G, Vighetto A, Turjman F, Trillet M, Aimard G. Vertigo and upside-down vision due to an infarct in the territory of the medial branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery caused by dissection of the vertebral artery.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/6/1422 (1640 words)

	Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
		The objective of this analysis of the literature is to study the evidence related to this proposal in terms of the suitability of Doppler velocimetry for this purpose.
		There is evidence that the provocational tests lack validity, and that Doppler velocimetry is valid in assessing the patency of vertebral arteries in the neutral position and during cervical rotation.
		The cephalad/distal (C0-C1) and caudal/proximal (C6-subclavian artery) loops of the VA were carefully exposed and instrumented with a pair of piezoelectric ultrasonongraphic crystals.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/20/25/10.html (2395 words)

	Sonography of the Vertebral Arteries: A Window to Disease of the Proximal Great Vessels -- Horrow and Stassi 177 (1): ...
		Arrows show direction of flow is antegrade in left vertebral artery and retrograde in right vertebral artery, which then supplies subclavian artery and collateral antegrade flow to right common carotid artery.
		Flow in right vertebral artery is antegrade but diminished (small arrow) compared with normal antegrade flow in left vertebral artery (large arrow).
		Evaluation of the vertebral arteries with duplex sonography.
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/177/1/53 (1888 words)

	Massage Therapy Massage Bodywork Massage Therapy Schools Massage Therapy Career (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The vertebral arteries also give off two important arterial branches that supply the entire spinal cord: The anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries.
		The pathway of the vertebral arteries through the cervical vertebrae is quite complex.
		Other mechanisms that may cause a decrease in blood flow through the vertebral arteries are cervical spondylosis, emotional stress and physical overload of the neck and upper back muscles.
	www.massagetherapy.com /articles/index.php/article_id/439 (2126 words)

	Neuroradiology Case of the Day -- Greiner and Takhtani 19 (1): 255 -- RadioGraphics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Both vertebral arteries are visualized (the right larger than the left) with apparent flow voids (arrowheads).
		The large vessels lateral to the vertebral artery (straight arrow) are jugular veins that could not be totally suppressed on the image due to the angle of acquisition.
		Carotid and vertebral artery dissections: three-dimensional TOF MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography.
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/19/1/255 (1444 words)

	IngentaConnect Anatomical study of the vertebral artery in Japanese adults (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The origins of the right and left vertebral arteries and their entrance points into the cervical transverse foramen were examined in dissections of 515 Japanese cadavers (303 males, 212 females) at Kurume University School of Medicine from 1990 to 2003.
		The left vertebral artery originated from the left subclavian artery in 484 of 514 arteries and the mean distance between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the left vertebral artery was 32.1 mm.
		The remaining 30 arteries (5.8%) originated from the aortic arch between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery and this frequency is similar to previously published data.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/asi/2006/00000081/00000002/art00004 (380 words)

	14. Vertebral arteriogram, AP projection
		The vertebral arteries ascend the neck through the foramina transversaria of C1-C6 cervical vertebrae, and enter the skull via the foramen magnum, where they give off the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries.
		When the two vertebral arteries reach the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata at its border with the pons they join in the midline to form the basillar artery.
		The basillar artery ascends in a groove on the anterior surface of the pons, giving off the paired anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (not visualized on this image — see Image #14 — AP projection of the same arteriogram) and superior cerebellar arteries before dividing into its two terminal branches, the posterior cerebral arteries.
	ect.downstate.edu /courseware/rad-atlas/Headneck/14Verteb.html (128 words)

	Progressive and Transient Expression of Tissue Plasminogen Activator During Fetal Development -- Levin et al. 20 (6): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		the pia mater, the basilar and superficial cerebral arteries, and
		The arteries are identified as vessels of the pia mater.
		Drawing for ED13 indicates that tPA is in the endothelia of the dorsal aortas, vertebral and basilar arteries, the entire length of the internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, and main pulmonary artery.
	atvb.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/6/1668 (4050 words)

	vertebral artery dissection, disease
		An arterial dissection is basically a tearing of an inner layer of the wall of an artery.
		Blood flows underneath this flap in the artery and because of this, the true lumen of the artery becomes smaller and sometimes is even closed off entirely.
		Dissections occur most commonly in the carotid arteries, the big arteries that run on each side of the neck in the front, but they can also occur in the vertebral arteries which run in the back of the neck.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/neuro/archive/549.html (634 words)

	eMedicine - Dissection, Vertebral Artery : Article by Eddy Lang, MDCM, CCFP (EM), CSPQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Duplex sonography of the vertebral arteries demonstrates abnormal flow in 95% of patients with VAD.
		Transcranial Doppler may be used to monitor the intracranial vertebral artery both for patency and for the abnormal flow associated with embolic phenomena.
		Schievink WI: Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic832.htm (3321 words)

	SIDS and the Spine - StopSIDS.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The vertebral arteries run through the atlas vertebra on both sides and supply the blood to the brain stem.
		The vertebral arteries, which ascend through the foramina transversaria of C6 through C1 bilaterally, supply blood to the brain stem and other critical brain centers.
		We believe when the atlas is misaligned, this can cause abnormal blood flow through the vertebral arteries, which can cause disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain stem, causing it to malfunction.
	www.stopsids.org /sidsspine.html (1688 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cerebral arterial circle of Willis is made up of the posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, anterior cerebral arteries and anterior communicating arteries.
		The posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord (posterior funiculus-white matter, and posterior gray horn) are supplied by the posterior arteries, while the other 2/3 of the spinal cord are supplied by the anterior spinal artery.
		Anterior cerbral artery and anterior communicating artery (small arteries are basal or central penetrating branches or anteromedial branches Basal ganglia are supplied by lenticulostriate branches of the middle cerebral artery.
	www.muhealth.org /~md2004/draft3/1-30vascular.doc (871 words)

	h&n ascending cervical artery pathology
		The thyrocervical trunk and vertebral arteries are branches from the first portion of the subclavian artery.
		The suprascapular, transverse cervical, and inferior thyroid arteries are the main branches from the thyrocervical trunk while the ascending cervical artery most often branches from the inferior thyroid artery.
		The vertebral and ascending cervical arteries supply the cervical spinal cord with blood, with the vertebral being the primary source of arterial blood.
	www.upstate.edu /cdb/grossanat/hnpathaca.shtml (411 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The large middle cerebral arteries supply the lateral surfaces of the hemispheres, the under surface of the temporal lobe, and the under surface of the frontal lobe.
		The vertebral arteries enter the skull from the cervical vertebral column to supply the posterior part of the brain.
		Superior cerebellar, pontine and anterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch from the basilar artery.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~brc/WebWizard/Resources/FilesForDownloading/AAVV.htm (1244 words)

	Improved Brain Function Part 2
		In answering criticism that blockage of the cerebral arteries could not induce "brain hibernation" Dr. Terrett did in fact agree that the cerebral arteries may not be the mechanism of the reduced cerebral blood flow due to cervical subluxation and that there may be, and most likely were other mechanisms involved.
		The brainstem is not without importance (blood supply from the vertebral arteries), and without it, the cortex is isolated anyway.
		Sato and Budgell's paper further indicates that the vertebral arteries may not be the mechanism of cerebral function compromise which appears to occur due to vertebral Subluxations.
	www.denverschiropractic.com /brainfunc2.html (2125 words)

	Bilateral Type 1 Proatlantal Arteries with Absence of Vertebral Arteries -- Woodcock et al. 22 (2): 418 -- American ...
		artery at the level of C2 (Fig 2).
		as opposed to the hypoglossal artery's relatively vertical course,
		Congenital anastomosis between the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery in the neck: case report.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/2/418 (1286 words)

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