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Topic: Vertebral bodies

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	III. Syndesmology. 5. Articulations of the Trunk. a. Articulations of the Vertebral Column. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy ...
		At the sides of the bodies the ligament consists of a few short fibers which pass from one vertebra to the next, separated from the concavities of the vertebral bodies by oval apertures for the passage of vessels.
		—The posterior longitudinal ligament is situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the body of the axis, where it is continuous with the membrana tectoria, to the sacrum.
		—The intervertebral fibrocartilages are interposed between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the axis to the sacrum, and form the chief bonds of connection between the vertebræ.
	www.bartleby.com /107/72.html (2118 words)

	[No title]
		A typical vertebra (by convention thoracic or upper lumbar) consists of a body (anterior) and a vertebral arch (posterior) surrounding the vertebral canal (houses spinal cord).
		The vertebral arch is composed of pedicles (projecting from the body) and laminae (uniting arch posteriorly).
		Thoracic vertebrae (12) ‑ bodies increase in size in rostral‑caudal sequence; body is heart shaped; have costal facets on bodies and transverse processes for attachments of heads and tubercles of ribs; spinous processes are long and inclined posteriorly and inferiorly; articular processes are in a coronal plane.
	musom.marshall.edu /anatomy/grosshom/z_vertebral_column.htm (873 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A typical vertebrae is composed of a body (or centrum) and a vertebral arch (neural arch) (Netter, 13).
		Vertebral bodies 1,10,11,12 have circular facets (whole facets) on the sides of the bodies; the rest of the vertebrae have demifacets on the sides of the bodies.
		The posterior longitudinal ligament is on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, within the vertebral canal and extends from the occipital bone to the sacrum.
	www.umanitoba.ca /academic/faculties/medicine/anatomy/bmr/VERTEBRA.htm (1863 words)

	Thyroid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		15-30 grams in adults- and butterfly-shaped: the wings correspond to the lobes and the body to the isthmus of the thyroid.
		Among (Cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water; aquatic larvae undergo metamorphosis into adult form) amphibians, for example, administering a thyroid-blocking agent such as propylthiouracil can prevent tadpoles from metamorphosing into frogs; conversely, administering thyroxine will trigger metamorphosis.
		In humans, children born with thyroid hormone deficiency will not grow well, and brain development can be severely impaired, in the condition referred to as (Severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting) cretinism.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/thyroid.htm (934 words)

	Segmentation and Registration of
		To register individual vertebral bodies in spinal MR and CT images, 1) image sub-volumes containing corresponding vertebral bodies are selected in the images and 2) the image sub-volumes are registered by the rigid transformation using the mutual information as the similarity measure.
		Although variations of vertebral bodies exist from individual to individual, the variations are in size and are relatively small.
		To segment a vertebral body in a new CT image, a model vertebral body is instantiated in the image interactively covering the area of interest.
	www.cs.wright.edu /people/faculty/agoshtas/wkni_spine.html (1022 words)

	Vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine
		It is attached to the second vertebral body (the axis), which acts as a post that the first vertebral ring rotates around.
		The vertebral bodies of the lower back are the largest of the spine because they bear the majority of the body’s weight.
		The vertebral arch is comprised of two pedicles, the short stout processes that extend from the sides of the vertebral body and two laminae, the broad flat plates that project from the pedicles and join in a triangle to form a hollow archway (the foramen).
	www.spine-health.com /topics/anat/a02.html (874 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Human vertebral bodies are comprised of a dense, hard outer shell and a relatively less dense inner mass.
		Sometimes the vertebral end plate must be sacrificed as occurs when a drill is used to drill across the disc space and deeper into the vertebrae than the thickness of the end plate.
		In the preferred embodiment, the abrading element is generally as wide as the insert to be implanted between the adjacent vertebral bodies adjacent the disc space.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/63891.991216&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9774 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040117018
		There exists a need for an improved interbody spinal implant surface configuration, wherein the opposed upper and lower vertebral body engaging surfaces of the implant are configured to be resistant to implant movement in all directions, and preferentially or in particularly in one direction.
		The present surface configuration may readily be machined by milling the implant surface from side to side, across the upper and lower vertebral body engaging surfaces, to form ratchetings generally disposed perpendicular to the long axis of the implant and generally formed facing to the insertion end of the implant.
		The surface configuration is located on at least a portion of one of the opposed vertebral body engaging surfaces of the spinal implant.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20020013624".PGNR.&OS=DN/20020013624&RS=DN/20020013624 (8160 words)

	eMedicine - Vertebral Fracture : Article by Amiram Shneiderman, MD, PhD
		The vertebral arch consists of a pair of pedicles and laminae and encloses the vertebral foramen.
		The vertebral bodies are stabilized anteriorly by the anterior longitudinal ligament and posteriorly by the posterior longitudinal ligament.
		Vertebral fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine that are somewhat mechanically unstable and have not been stabilized with instrumentation may develop progressive deformity despite the use of an orthotic brace.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2895.htm (8009 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is desirable to provide an apparatus for implantation into an adjacent pair of vertebral bodies that attaches to and thus fastens the vertebral bodies while they fuse together despite the forces on the apparatus from human body movement and muscle memory.
		The apparatus, when implanted, is attached to the adjacent pair of vertebral bodies and stabilizes the vertebral bodies while the vertebral bodies fuse together.
		adjacent pair of vertebral bodies upon rotation of the platform to attach the at least one helical spike to each of the vertebral bodies and thus fasten (pin) the vertebral bodies together.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=02/28323.020411&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5432 words)

	Ligaments and Joints of the Vertebral Column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It extends from the pelvic surface of the sacrum to the anterior tubercle of C1 (atlas) and the occipital bone of the skull, anterior to the foramen magnum.
		It is attached to the intervertebral discs and the posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from the axis (C2) to the sacrum.
		Movements of the joints between the skull and C1 and between C1 and C2 vertebrae are augmented by the flexibility of the neck owing to movements of the joints of the vertebral column in the middle and inferior cervical regions.
	www.geocities.com /medinotes/vertclmn.htm (1491 words)

	TRAUMA.ORG: Spinal Trauma: Lateral Cervical Spine X-ray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Note that malalignment of the posterior vertebral bodies is more significant than that anteriorly, which may be due to rotation.
		Compression fractures may present as anterior wedging of the vertebral body or teardrop fractures of the antero-inferior portion of the body (compression in flexion).
		The presence of a compression type injury as shown, with malalignment of the anterior or posterior cortices or anterior compression of greater than 40% of normal body height indicates a burst fracture, with retropulsion of fragments of the vertebral body into the spinal canal.
	www.trauma.org /spine/lateral-cspine.html (472 words)

	:: NOVA Pain&Rehab Center :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is attached to the second vertebral body, which acts as a post that the first vertebral ring rotates around.
		The vertebral bodies are stacked on top of each other with a disc in between each one.
		The vertebral bodies are then attached to a bony arch through which all the nerve roots run.
	www.novapainandrehab.com /health_news/news01.asp (1644 words)

	Embalming the Vertebral Body Donor
		Vertebral bodies may be harvested following an organ recovery or an autopsy where an incision already exists, and the spine is partially or completely exposed.
		Vertebral bodies may be harvested from an anterior incision where no organ recovery or autopsy has been performed.
		Many tissue banks are reconstructing vertebral body donors with prosthetic devices intended to recreate the support previously provided by the tissues that have been removed, thus making the spine and back area rigid.
	www.biomed.lib.umn.edu /hw/vertebral.html (1597 words)

	Caos96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The tracker is responsible for monitoring the motion of the vertebral segment that may occur from breathing or induced by the surgical procedure.
		Rigid bodies consisted of seven IREDs mounted in a flat case and contained a pair of holes to fit a variety of schanz pins of shaft diameter 5 mm.
		Motion in the pig was similar, except that once the vertebral body was destabilised, the magnitude of the motion in the destabilised body increased by a factor of two when it was prodded.
	www.traxtal.com /rd/papers/vertebral/vbss.html (1290 words)

	NASS - Anatomical Functions
		The five lumbar vertebral bodies are the weight-bearing portion of the spine and are the largest in diameter compared to the thoracic and cervical vertebral bodies.
		The vertebral body is composed of hard cortical bone on the outside, and less dense cancellous bone on the inside.
		The front wall of the spinal canal is created by the back of the vertebral bodies; the sides are formed by the pedicles at each level; and the lamina form the posterior wall.
	www.spine.org /fsp/anatomy-functions.cfm (2330 words)

	Scientific Evidence Against Chiropractic
		If one now considers the vertebral column as a structural unit, one sees the column of vertebral bodies anteriorly, joined by the intervertebral discs as bricks are joined by mortar, with the bony arches behind.
		The whole column is bound together with various ligaments of great strength, on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and on the bony arches, their processes, and their joints.
		According to chiropractic theory, a major cause of illness is the structural disturbance of that part of the vertebral column which is accessible to manipulation, and this disturbance provokes an alteration of nervous flow in the body in different ways.
	www.chirobase.org /05RB/CPSQ/04.html (2890 words)

	Increase in Vertebral Body Height after Vertebroplasty -- Hiwatashi et al. 24 (2): 185 -- American Journal of ...
		The vertical height of the vertebral body was measured on the
		The vertebral body height of L2 increases 7 mm anteriorly and 9 mm centrally, whereas the posterior vertebral body height of L2 remains unchanged.
		We measured the vertebral body height on the preoperative MR images and compared it with the height on postoperative CT scans.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/24/2/185 (2085 words)

	Vertebral body prosthesis and spine stabilizing method - Patent 4553273
		Where the portions of the spine that are removed comprise vertebral bodies, the bone fusion sometimes is unable to withstand the heavy load of the body and therefore restricts the movement of the patient.
		Among the objects of the present invention are to provide a method and apparatus for stabilizing the spine wherein vertebral bodies have been removed; which method and apparatus effectively supports the weight of the spine; and which method and apparatus permits the patient to move readily shortly after the removal of the vertebral bodies.
		It can thus be seen that there has been provided a method and apparatus which effectively stabilizes the spine where vertical bodies have been removed; which can be applied promptly after the removal of vertebral bodies and which will effectively permit the patient to move promptly after the operation.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4553273.html (1027 words)

	Laser Health Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Deoxygenated blood pools in the veins of the body, causing fluid to accumulate in the interstitial space between cells.
		Epicondylitis: inflammation of the musculotendenous junction at the epicondyle osseous structure of the elbow.
		It is a network of tubes that transports lymph throughout the body carrying with it lymphocytes (white blood cells) to help fight infection and repair damaged tissue.
	www.laserhealthsolutions.com /encyclopedia.php (1505 words)

	[No title]
		The vertebral column is composed of a series of 31 separate bones known as vertebrae.
		Its superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull and are oriented in a roughly parasagittal plane.
		Normally body weight is transmitted through the disc by loading the nucleus pulposus, which is then compressed and transfers its loading to the annulus fibrous.
	www.emory.edu /ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/back.html (2141 words)

	Surface Anatomy, Vertebral Column and Musculature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ring-shaped structures consist of a stocky anterior body and a posterior vertebral arch.
		Vertebral foramina are triangular; bodies are wider from side to side than from anterior to posterior; spinous processes are bifid and short
		A broad, fibrous band running along the anterior surface of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs; extends from the occipital bone of the skull to the anterior surface of the sacrum; stabilizes vertebral bodies anteriorly and reinforces the anterior wall of intervertebral discs; prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /Lecture/Main/back-surf.htm (1261 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Veterinary Spinal Surgery
		Stability between the vertebral bodies is maintained by the articular facets, intervertebral disks, ligaments and tendon attachments of the surrounding musculature.
		Malalignment of the vertebral bodies indicating trauma or congenital malformation.
		In the cervical area the ventral approach and slotting of the vertebral bodies adjacent to the lesion is used almost exclusively for disk prolapse.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00214.htm (1811 words)

	GRAFTECH Cervical Spacer - Surgical Technique
		Having the surfaces of the bone graft parallel to the vertebral bodies eliminates anterior, posterior and lateral forces on the graft that may cause it to move in the post-op period.
		Recess the graft posterior (1-3mm) to the anterior cortex of the vertebral bodies.
		Obtain distraction of the adjacent vertebral bodies and shape the lens-shaped disc space into a parallel slot using a curette or burr.
	www.osteotech.com /prodspacerst1.htm (421 words)

	Vertebroplasty
		Vertebroplasty is a technique where a bone cement is injected into the vertebral bodies of the back.
		Usually each vertebral body is injected on both the right and left sides through the pedicles, just off the midline of the back.
		Other vertebral bodies are still prone to fractures, even if pain in the treated vertebral body has been alleviated.
	www.ohsu.edu /neurosurgery/conditions/vertebroplasty.shtml (544 words)

	ipedia.com: Vertebra Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are those bones which compose the spine in vertebrates.
		In the spine, intervertebral discs separate adjacent vertebral bodies.
		Behind the vertebral body, a vertebral foramen (hole) is formed by two pedicles and two laminae.
	www.ipedia.com /vertebra.html (296 words)

	Anatomy
		Together with the pedicles on the side and the vertebral body and discs in the front they form a canal in the middle of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord and other structures pass.
		The pedicles, facet joints, laminae and the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs form the borders of the radicular canal.
		The anterior longitudinal ligament is a long band that covers the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.
	www.thebackpage.net /anatomy.htm (1095 words)

	Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: MINIMALLY INVASIVE SPINE TECHNIQUES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Only the dorsal wall of the vertebral body and the spinal canal had been proven to be intact, A distinct decrease in pain and disability was found in the patients during the time of follow up.
		The vertebral bodies were stabilized using bipedicular injections of between 2-8mL of cement and then recompressed and post treatment strength and stiffness was measured.
		Conclusions: The use of Cortoss for augmentation of vertebral compression fractures appears to be safe and effective and represents a promising biocompatible alternative to PMMA thanks to its radiopacity and ease of use.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3767/is_200401/ai_n9372666 (1344 words)

	Radiology In Ped Emerg Med, Vol 2, Case 20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This thickness is usually half the width of a vertebral body and should not exceed the width of a vertebral body.
		Note the malalignment of the posterior borders of the vertebral bodies.
		This is distinguished from a hangman's fracture by the Swischuk line drawn between the anterior margin of the vertebral arches of C1 and C3.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pemxray/v2c20.html (812 words)

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