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Topic: Vessel element

	Xylem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The presence of vessels in xylem has been considered to be one of the key innovations that led to the success of the angiosperms.
		However, the occurrence of vessel elements is not restricted to angiosperms, and they are absent in some archaic or "basal" lineages of the angiosperms: (e.g., Amborellaceae, Tetracentraceae, Trochodendraceae, and Winteraceae), and their secondary xylem is described by Arthur Cronquist as "primitively vesselless".
		Whether the absence of vessels in basal angiosperms is a primitive condition is contested, the alternative hypothesis being that vessel elements originated in a precursor to the angiosperms and were subsquently lost.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xylem (808 words)

	WPS 102, 202. Vessel Element Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Vessel elements vary in size and shape, and in the type of opening (perforations) at their ends.
		Earlywood wood vessel elements in ring porous woods such as oak, elm, and ash, tend to be barrel-shaped and as wide as they are long.
		Latewood vessel elements of ring porous woods and vessel elements in diffuse porous woods such as maple usually are tube-shaped.
	www2.ncsu.edu /unity/lockers/project/sdir/wps202/VEL/vel.html (382 words)

	Tracheid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tracheids are one of two types of tracheary elements, vessel elements being the other.
		The presence of tracheary elements is the defining characteristic of vascular plants to differentiate them from non-vascular plants.
		Because tracheids have a much higher surface to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they serve to hold water against gravity (by adhesion) when transpiration is not occurring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tracheid (256 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Element B(1800 bp) is located in the first intron; a second enhancer element, D (about 350bp), is located about 2 kb downstream of the 3' end of tin and activates gene expression in the dorsal portion of the mesoderm.
		The embryonic dorsal vessel in Drosophila possesses anteroposterior polarity and is subdivided into two chamber-like portions, the aorta in the anterior and the heart in the posterior.
		In the dorsal vessel of stage 15 or older embryos, a pair of adjacent speckles is observed in between the four tin cardioblasts of each hemisegment, with each speckle associated with one svp cardioblast.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/gene/tinman3.htm (5390 words)

	structural characteristics of vessel elements in stems of some mangroves
		The occurrence and types of perforation plates, end wall slopes, vessel frequency, length to width ratio and specialization index with respect to end wall characteristics of vessel elements in stems of 21 species of ten families of mangroves of Sundarbans (West Bengal) are described.
		The width of vessel elements is significantly low and the frequency of vessels per unit cross sectional area is considerably high in slope-plants than ridge-plants.
		According to Cheadle (1 943), a vessel element is termedprimitive when it has oblique end walls with perforation plates that has many closely spaced bars, and advanced when it has slightly oblique to transverse end walls with simple perforation plates and of shorter length.
	duduf2.free.fr /discussion/sauren_vessel.htm (2160 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tracheids and vessels elements are nonliving at maturity, and both may contain pits in their cell walls.
		Vessel elements are the most important in the process of moving water through the plant.
		Vessels cover the plant from the roots up to the center of the stem, out to the branches, into the petioles, and end near the leaves.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/cte/403/f9howell.html (1322 words)

	Filtervac International Inc. - Filter Vessels for industrial oil applications (cartridge, bag filers & separators) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For single element vessel's, the cover is provided with a unique pop-up spring loaded and pivot design which allows for easy and convenient filter cartridge removal/installation.
		Exterior finish of vessel is comprised of one coat of primer and one coat of bright blue enamel.
		Vessel material most dealt with is high quality carbon steel, 304 and 316 stainless steel and each bag filter includes stainless steel(SS-316) bag holders.
	www.filtervac.com /vessels.htm (379 words)

	Unit 4
		Diagram the various types of secondary wall patterns in tracheary elements, and discuss them in terms of their functional roles during plant organ development.
		Describe the development of xylem vessel members, especially the role of microtubules in secondary cell wall patterning, and the role of plant hormones in cell development.
		Vessel members evolved independently of modern tracheids from a type of primitive tracheid.
	trc.ucdavis.edu /plb/PLB105/html/Un4.html (2116 words)

	Techno-economic performance of marine capture fisheries
		In the developing countries, however, labour costs become now the most important element of operating costs (as it was the case in the developed countries, both in case of industrial trawl fisheries and in small-scale fisheries) because of the fact that a sharing system of remuneration rather than a fixed wage system is used.
		The vessel costs combined with depreciation and interest range between 24% and 48%, which is close to the situation found in Europe and indicates only a slightly lower level of capital investment.
		For industrial fishing vessels, fishing area restrictions and reserved areas depend on a combination of the tonnage of the vessels, the fishing method, which is used, on whether the boats preserve their catch in ice or freeze it and finally on the type of resources, which are being exploited i.e.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/Y2786E/y2786e02a.htm (9344 words)

	Heckman, David: Finite element analysis of pressure vessels, MBARI 1998
		Contact elements were tested to determine their usefulness in modeling the interaction between pressure vessel cylinder walls and end caps.
		If the finite element analysis solution has an error of five percent and takes an hour to run, that solution may be considered acceptable when compared to a solution with a one percent error that takes twenty hours to run depending on the particular use of the structure and factor of safety.
		For this pressure vessel, the model had a sharp corner, where in the actual pressure vessel there is a small radius which reduces the stress.
	www.mbari.org /education/internship/98interns/98internpapers/98heckman.html (3087 words)

	Set 14 Communication Channels Between Cells and Their Origin in Higher Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Young sieve element and companion cell, the latter narrow, with a narrow nucleus.
		Tracheary xylem elements with ring-like and helical secondary walls are close to the bottom of the slide.
		Vessel wall parts that do not become perforated also undergo a change; the primary wall not covered by secondary wall layers undergoes partial hydrolysis.
	images.botany.org /set-14 (1225 words)

	Morphometry of the human pulmonary vasculature -- Huang et al. 81 (5): 2123 -- Journal of Applied Physiology
		The diameters of the elements for arterial and venous
		We obtained the fractal dimension of the diameters of the elements 2.71 for the arterial tree and 2.64 for the venous tree.
		The fractal dimensions of element length are 2.97 and 2.86 for
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/81/5/2123 (5564 words)

	Botany Glossary "V"
		Vascular bundles are clusters of xylem and phloem conducting elements that conduct food, water, and minerals throughtout the plant.
		Vessels are vessel elements hooked together end to end in the plant stem, root, and leaf.
		Vessel elements are in the xylem and are dead when functioning.
	www.puc.edu /Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosv.htm (358 words)

	Introduction:
		Various species of plants have adapted different sized vessel elements and different stomatal densities to deal with the different environmental challenges they face in water transport.
		Images of the vessels were projected from a microscope onto a television screen.
		Because these are the vessels that transport the most water it is not surprising that their diameters are as large as they are.
	www.msu.edu /~luethkri/projects/ComparativeWoodAnatomy.htm (1705 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 88, 4, April, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Vessel density, vessel area, vessel element length, and multiseriate ray height generally had an initial increase or decrease to 1.5 cm radius and near plateau or slight decrease or increase outward.
		Vessel features of alpine shrubs may be an adaptation against frequent freeze-thaw cycles or the result of growth stress imposed by the severe alpine environment.
		Vessel element clustering did not differ significantly between endemic and progenitor taxa with the exception of S. silicicola and its arctic progenitor, S. alaxensis.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di015085.php (5075 words)

	On the Mechanism of Xylem Vessel Length Regulation -- Nijsse 134 (1): 32 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		The paint particles cannot move from one vessel to another, so all colored vessels are continuous with the cut surface.
		Fractions of vessels (P) that have more than N elements in case of a similar chance for every additional vessel element to be the terminal element.
		Vessel length is defined here as the number of fused elements.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/134/1/32 (1507 words)

	HARDWOODS...MICROSCOPE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Distinguishing feature of hardwoods (dicotyledonous angiosperms) is the vessel element, an open-ended cell.
		Vessel elements are arranged end to end to form very long "composite" structures called vessels, vessel lengths vary from 10 cm to 1 m to 10 meters long.
		The number of intervessel pits depends on vessel-vessel contacts, therefore, intervessel pits are rare in wood that have mostly solitary vessels.
	www.uwsp.edu /papersci/biasca/ps350/micro.htm (211 words)

	Filter Element targets water treatment operations Product News Network - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		MegaMagnum elements significantly reduce the installed cost of large and medium-scale reverse osmosis systems designed for brackish water treatment or municipal water reuse, and for nanofiltration systems where softening or organics removal is a desirable treatment for drinking water supplies.
		Floorspace required for MegaMagnum element pressure vessel racks is approximately 50% of that for 8-inch racks, allowing users to substantially reduce building size and civil costs associated with a project.
		Until now, element size has been limited by practical issues such as the ability to manufacture very large elements, the availability of ASME-rated pressure vessels, and the need to incorporate easy methods of handling.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PIL/is_2005_Nov_29/ai_n15881664 (362 words)

	integrative_physiology:cardiovascular_physiology:pressure_driven_single_vessel:model_detail [Model Wiki]
		An application of this model would be to calculate the volume-time and flow-time characteristics of a large vessel exposed to an oscillatory input flow (such as the human aorta).
		is equal to the outlet pressure of the vessel but for a vessel in tissue this may not neccessarily be the case.
		The output flow is given by rearranging the fluid analog to Ohm’s Law and then the rate of change of vessel volume as a function of time is calculated as the difference between the flowrate into the vessel and that going out.
	www.physiome.org /model/doku.php?id=integrative_physiology:cardiovascular_physiology:pressure_driven_single_vessel:model_detail (237 words)

	Plant Tissues and Cell Types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A stack of vessel elements forming a vessel in wood.
		The vessel consists of several stacked vessel elements.
		To the right of the vessel are green staining phloem cells and red staining fibers, all of which form part of a vascular bundle seen here in longitudinal section.
	www.lima.ohio-state.edu /academics/biology/archive/celltype.html (377 words)

	Ultrasonic nebulizers make micron particles
		Liquids enter a vessel through a side port supplied with the unit and sit on top of a vibrating element.
		On the front panel is a LCD dispalay that the user can change the rate at which particles are being generated form 0 to 100% of the full output capability, in 5% increments.
		Built into the device is a variable 0 - 2 cfm air flow for moving particles out of the vessel where particles are being made, for special processes, like coating small parts.
	www.sonozap.com /nebulizer.htm (1100 words)

	Biomechanical Model of the Xylem Vessels in Vascular Plants -- KARAM 95 (7): 1179 -- Annals of Botany
		the dimension (diameter) of the vessel and the maturity and
		The vessel element is analysed as a closed-end cylinder, of
		Primary xylem elements and element associations of angiosperms.
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/95/7/1179 (3260 words)

	Parker Hannifin: Filtration/Products and Services
		Micro-glass technology and our unique element configuration combine to deliver high efficiencies with 30 percent greater flow per unit of size through a matrix with 95 percent void volume.
		Perfectly complementing these coalescing elements is Parker's wide range of "counter-flow" and "deep bowl" housings specifically designed for oil removal applications.
		This cross section of a high-flow ASME vessel element includes a built-in pleated cellulose prefilter for longer element life.
	www.parker.com /filtration/products/ffd.htm (419 words)

	Transcription switches for protoxylem and metaxylem vessel formation -- Kubo et al. 19 (16): 1855 -- Genes and ...
		xylem vessel elements were actively forming (6 d after induction).
		VND7 induced xylem vessel elements with annular and spiral thickenings
		was calculated as the proportion of xylem vessel elements to
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/19/16/1855 (3396 words)

	Comparative Wood Anatomy of Epacrids (Styphelioideae, Ericaceae s.l.) -- LENS et al. 91 (7): 835 -- Annals of Botany
		of vessel elements is commonly between 250 and 600 µm.
		Scatter plot of mean vessel element length and latitude for the epacrids studied with linear curve fit.
		Scatter plot of mean vessel density and mean vessel diameter for the tropical (fl symbols) and temperate (white symbols) epacrids studied with exponential curve fit.
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/91/7/835 (5766 words)

	The tracheid-vessel element transition in angiosperms involves multiple independent features: cladistic consequences -- ...
		for vessel origin are not met, and thus incipient vessels are
		At the very least, vessel presence or absence should
		be regarded as intermediate between tracheids and vessel elements.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/abstract/89/2/185 (393 words)

	Art and Oracle: A Scholarly Resource of African and Rituals of Divination \| Explore & Learn \| The Metropolitan ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		he vessel element of this agere Ifa crowns the head of an allegorical leader.
		Equestrian motifs were used in architectural sculpture, masquerade headdresses, and Ifa divination cups to commemorate the legendary hunter-warriors credited with establishing sixteen kingdoms there during the eighteenth century.
		In divination vessels, such images promise clients potential prosperity and the ability to prevail over their enemies and personal challenges.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/oracle/figures16.html (201 words)

	Longitudinal position matrix of the pig coronary vasculature and its hemodynamic implications -- Kassab et al. 273 (6): ...
		A local dimensionless curvilinear coordinate x is shown along the vessel elements with x = 0 at inlet and x = 1 at outlet.
		Relationship between mean blood pressure at outlet of a blood vessel element and order number of blood vessel for arteriolar branches of CM model and CM + LPM model of a left ventricular (LV) 5th-order arteriole.
		Relationship between mean blood flow per vessel element at inlet of element and order number for arterial branches of CM model and CM + LPM model of an LV 5th-order arteriole.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/273/6/H2832 (4529 words)

	Variation in xylem structure from tropics to tundra: Evidence from vestured pits -- Jansen et al. 101 (23): 8833 -- ...
		are consistently present in pits of all vessel elements and
		(A) Vessel pits in Fraxinus americana L. (Oleaceae) showing weakly developed vestures (arrows) near the outer pit aperture of a narrow vessel element.
		to cavitation of the previously water-filled vessel (34).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/23/8833 (3649 words)

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