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Topic: Vestibular nerve

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		The primary vestibular fibers from the cristae of the semicircular canals are distributed mainly to parts of the superior and medial nuclei; those from the utricle macula terminate in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus; the saccule macula terminate in the dorsolateral part of inferior vestibular nucleus.
		From Cajal, fibers descend bilaterally in the MLF and terminate in the IIIrd, IVth and medial vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and in laminae VII and VIII of the spinal cord.
		Axons from the nodulus and flocculus descend to terminate in the fastigial nucleus.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.2-Anatomy-CranialNerves/CN08-vestib.html (2103 words)

	VESTIBULAR NERVE SECTION
		A vestibular nerve section describes the process of cutting the vestibular part of the cochleovestibular cranial nerve.
		The vestibular nerve may be sectioned (cut or severed) via the middle fossa, retrolabyrinthine and retrosigmoid approaches, with similar efficacy.
		Vestibular nerve pathology in cases of intractable vertigo: an electronmicroscopic study.
	www.dizziness-and-balance.com /treatment/vn_section.html (875 words)

	Vestibular Function & Anatomy
		The vestibular system is made of five sensory organs on each side of the head embedded in the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
		The nuclei are the superior vestibular nucleus, the lateral vestibular nucleus, the medial vestibular nucleus, and the descending vestibular nucleus.
		The functions of the vestibular system are to sense angular acceleration, linear acceleration and to coordinate head and eye movements as well as maintain the antigravity and lower body muscles in relation to the head.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Vestibular-2004-0414/Vestibular-2004-0414.htm (1731 words)

	Vestibulocochlear nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth of twelve cranial nerves and also known as the auditory nerve.
		It is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the hair cells) of the inner ear transmit information to the brain.
		How hearing information is coded on the nerve has long been a matter of scientific debate between two competing theories, place theory and rate theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve (200 words)

	CHAP VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the vestibular organs of birds and mammals, two types of hair cells are usually distinguished although they may in fact represent the extremes of a spectrum of morphological types.
		The maculae and cristae are innervated by bipolar neurons of the vestibular ganglion.
		The vestibular nerve bifurcates into short ascending and long descending branches which are distributed to the vestibular nuclei.
	www.neurophys.wisc.edu /~ychen/textbook/chap-7.html (1789 words)

	IX. Neurology. 5h. The Acoustic Nerve. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The cochlear nerve or root, the nerve of hearing, arises from bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea, situated near the inner edge of the osseous spiral lamina.
		In the upper part of the lateral lemniscus there is a collection of nerve cells, the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, around the cells of which some of the fibers arborize and from the cells of which axons originate to continue upward the tract of the lateral lemniscus.
		—The vestibular nerve or root, the nerve of equilibration, arises from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, ganglion of Scarpa, which is situated in the upper part of the outer end of the internal auditory meatus.
	www.bartleby.com /107/203.html (540 words)

	CRANIOTOMY
		The vestibular nerve enters the temporal bone at the internal auditory meatus which is the site of transition from the central to peripheral portions of the nerve and also the site of origin of vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma).
		CRANIOTOMY technique is used to expose the floor of the middle (temporal) fossa and the superior portion of the petrous temporal bone for drilling to expose the vestibular nerve in the internal auditory canal.
		Facial nerve monitoring gives the surgeon an indication of the effect on the facial nerve of manipulations of and around the vestibular nerve from which the tumor arises.
	uscneurosurgery.com /infonet/surgery/procedures/craniotomy.htm (1045 words)

	Acoustic Neuroma
		However, this eighth nerve has two parts, the acoustic (hearing) part as well as the vestibular (balance) part, and since this is a non-malignant tumor (neuroma) on this nerve, the term "acoustic neuroma" is commonly used.
		As the eighth nerve is stretched by the tumor, both hearing and balance may be affected.
		A functioning vestibular nerve at the time of necessary surgical severing may require some time for bodily adjustment to the quick loss of this part of the balance system, and so the patient may suffer imbalance for several months after surgery.
	www.vestibular.org /neuroma.html (436 words)

	acoustic neuroma glossary
		CRANIAL NERVE - any one of twelve nerves, which are numbered, originating in the brain or brainstem and conveying information to or from structures in the head, neck, shoulders, or internal organs; the facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth cranial nerve.
		The facial and vestibulocochlear nerves travel through canals in the temporal bone, and removal of portions of the temporal bone is necessary for acoustic neuroma surgery.
		There are actually two parts to this nerve, the superior and inferior vestibular nerves, and most acoustic neuromas (more properly called vestibular schwannomas) originate from the superior vestibular nerve.
	www.ohsu.edu /ent/ear/glossary.html (1508 words)

	Home \| aHealthyme.com
		An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor involving cells of the myelin sheath that surrounds the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve).
		The vestibulocochlear nerve extends from the inner ear to the brain and is made up of a vestibular branch, often called the vestibular nerve, and a cochlear branch, called the cochlear nerve.
		A unilateral tumor is a tumor arising from one nerve and a bilateral tumor arises from both vestibular nerves.
	www.ahealthyme.com /article/gale/100084985 (2800 words)

	LynneJune03
		When the auditory and vestibular nerve cells first form, they do not have the nerve fibers that ultimately will connect the inner ear cells to the brain.
		This suggested that the embryonic inner ear secreted a growth factor that caused the extension of auditory and vestibular nerve fibers during the inner ear's developmental phase.
		For example, by examining the inner ears of mice that lacked the gene for a particular growth factor, we discovered that this factor was important to the survival of auditory and vestibular nerve fibers during mid-embryogeneis.
	www.oberlin.edu /nsci/whatsnew/LynneJune03.htm (821 words)

	eMedicine - Schwannoma, Cranial Nerve : Article by Mahesh Jayaraman, MD
		From the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain, fibers of the trochlear nerve (ie, CN IV) cross the midline dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct and exit the midbrain dorsally.
		Once in the IAC, the facial nerve courses in the superior-anterior quadrant of the canal, while the vestibular division of the vestibular nerve courses in the posterior superior and inferior quadrants, and the cochlear division courses in the inferior-posterior quadrant.
		The facial nerve enters the labyrinth (labyrinthine segment), courses anteriorly in the temporal bone to the geniculate ganglion, turns posteriorly to pass beneath the lateral semicircular canal (tympanic segment) and then inferiorly to course through the mastoid (vertical segment), and exits the temporal bone via the stylomastoid foramen.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic7.htm (4023 words)

	Acoustic Neuroma Surgery: A Microscopic View
		The amount of time for the patient to adapt to the use of the remaining vestibular nerve varies, and that length of time is somewhat determined by how severely the nerve is impaired prior to surgery.
		The translabyrinthine approach is one of the safest approaches for removing an acoustic neuroma, and is the approach preferred in tumors in which hearing preservation is not an issue, and the location and size of the tumor warrant its use.
		Additionally, the facial nerve goes through the mastoid bone, and it is important that the surgeon have feed-back as the facial nerve is approached.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/cfbd/ansurgbw.html (766 words)

	Ear, Nose & Throat Journal: Demyelination of vestibular nerve axons in unilateral Meniere's disease
		Retrosigmoid vestibular neurectomy was performed on all patients, and a 2- to 3-mm segment of the vestibular nerve was removed from the cerebellopontine angle.
		A characteristic feature of all nerves was the irregular appearance of the myelin (e.g., blebs and whorls) associated with medium- and large-diameter axons (figures 1, A, and 1, B).
		On electron microscopy, distinct abnormalities were observed in the myelination of axons with the vestibular nerves; the most common abnormalities were cleavage, splitting, and fragmentation of the myelin lamellae (figures 2, A, and 2, B).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0BUM/is_11_81/ai_95102733 (1316 words)

	The influence of voluntary tonic EMG level on the vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The early component of the VEMP depends on the integrity of vestibular afferents as the response is abolished after vestibular nerve section but preserved in subjects with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss [2].
		Single-unit recordings from the afferent inferior vestibular nerve in the squirrel monkey, cat, and guinea pig demonstrate responsiveness to acoustic stimuli at frequencies and levels within the range of human hearing [4-6].
		Conventional vestibular assessment (caloric and rotational testing) is limited to the evaluation of the horizontal semicircular canal, which is one of the five vestibular end organs (three semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule).
	www.vard.org /jour/04/41/3b/akin.html (3591 words)

	[No title]
		The vestibular nuclei send fibers forward in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) which coordinates ocular movements, projects fibers to the spinal cord as the vestibulospinal tract and descending MLF, projects fibers to the cerebellum, and sends fibers to various structures in the brainstem including the emetic center.
		Clinically, idiopathic vestibular disease presents as an acute onset of vestibular signs with severe imbalance, due to its sudden onset and the severe nystagmus which is associated with the onset of the disorder.
		Since CSF cytology is important in assessing central vestibular disease and advanced imaging techniques are needed, central vestibular disease crosses "the referral line", the point in assessing disease which may require the interaction or interpretation of a neurologist.
	neuro.vetmed.ufl.edu /neuro/vestibular/vestib.htm (2683 words)

	American Hearing Research Foundation (AHRF) Destructive Treatments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Surgical procedures (vestibular nerve section and labyrinthectomy) are also available, but these days they are falling from favor.
		Although from the name of the procedure one would expect that the entire vestibular nerve would be cut, in reality this is not always possible.
		The facial nerve (#7 on the diagram above) runs adjacent to the vestibular nerve, and it can be damaged by procedures that intend to damage the vestibular nerve.
	www.american-hearing.org /name/destructive_treatment_vertigo.html (2331 words)

	Clinical Center for Auditory, Vestibular, & Facial Nerve Disorders
		The Clinical Center for Auditory, Vestibular, and Facial Nerve Disorders at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas is dedicated to serving the vast number of individuals who suffer from these related diseases.
		While many individuals affected by vestibular problems are age 65 or older, dizziness can reduce quality of life and interfere with work and social interactions, regardless of age.
		With the general decrease in balance that accompanies the aging process, it is essential that dizziness or balance disturbances are not attributed to the normal consequences of aging until the patient undergoes a thorough evaluation.
	www.utsouthwestern.edu /utsw/cda/dept28171/files/78541.html (1229 words)

	Peripheral Vestibular System
		The vestibular apparatus in each inner ear consists of a network of tubes (the semicircular canals) and sacs (the vestibule).
		In response to the vestibular nerve impulses, the brain sends commands to move your eyes.
		Hearing loss produced by abnormalities of the cochlea or the auditory nerve or of the nerve pathways that lead beyond the cochlea to the brain.
	www.vestibular.org /vestsystem.html (682 words)

	Vestibular Neuronitis -- Topic Overview
		Vestibular neuronitis is an inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which is located in your inner ear.
		When this nerve is inflamed, it causes vertigo—a feeling that you or your surroundings are moving.
		Vestibular neuronitis often follows a cold or upper respiratory illness, suggesting that it may be caused by a virus.
	www.webmd.com /hw/ear_disorders/aa75306.asp (161 words)

	ear disease -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The labyrinth of the inner ear contains the nerve endings of the vestibular nerve—the nerve of equilibrium—and the auditory nerve, which are branches of the vestibulocochlear, or eighth cranial, nerve.
		The vestibular nerve ends supply the semicircular canals and the otolithic membranes in the vestibule.
		Nerve deafness results from a loss of function of the sensory apparatus of the inner ear or its connecting nerve...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9109530 (689 words)

	Regional and functional differences in the distribution of vestibulosympathetic reflexes -- Kerman and Yates 275 (3): ...
		Traces A2 and B2 illustrate responses to vestibular nerve stimulation; because stimulation in each sweep was locked to cardiovascular cycle, considerable entrainment of baseline nerve activity to spontaneous BP fluctuations was superimposed on vestibulosympathetic responses.
		For elimination of this activity that was presumably related to activation of baroreceptor afferents, it was necessary to record sympathetic nerve activity that was synchronized with BP oscillations in absence of vestibular nerve stimulation (traces A3 and B3).
		Comparison of relative amplitude of responses to vestibular nerve stimulation in sympathetic nerves presumed to be mainly composed of vasoconstrictor efferents.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/3/R824 (7677 words)

	Online Lesson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Long descending vestibular fibers leave the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle's floor (called the area vestibularis) and form columns of neuronal cells which extend along the medulla to the sensory decussation.
		The Lateral vestibular nuclei are the origins of the vestibulospinal tracts, which have input to the lower motor neurons in spinal segments.
		Axons of the Lateral Vestibular Nucleus convey vestibular impulses to the lower motor neurons of the spinal cord.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~wml2/csd405_lamb/class/afferent/vestibular/lesson3-4-1.html (411 words)

	Acoustic Neuroma - Origin
		The 8th nerve is actually 2 separate nerves - the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve.
		The facial or 7th nerve which is responsible for facial movement, along with important blood vessels, also passes with the 8th nerve in the canal (figures).
		The 7th nerve is gradually stretched into a ribbon like structure over the enlarging tumor (figure; cross section of the 7th nerve is shown in the right half of the figure).
	www.med.umn.edu /otol/library/aneuroma/origin.htm (662 words)

	AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR PATHWAYS
		The purpose of the vestibular system is to keep tabs on the position and motion of your head in space.
		However, if one vestibular nerve is cut, the brain will gradually get used to only listening to one side - this can actually be a treatment for intractable vertigo.
		The pathway is as follows: the vestibular nerve enters the brainstem and synapses in the vestibular nucleus.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/audvest.html (2465 words)

	Postlesional Vestibular Reorganization Improves the Gain But Impairs the Spatial Tuning of the Maculo-Ocular Reflex in ...
		Abducens nerve responses were recorded in control and in chronic RA frog during horizontal linear oscillations of different intensities along direction of maximal responses of recorded abducens nerve.
		The contralesional abducens nerve responses evoked by horizontal
		Newman A and Honrubia V. Regeneration of the eighth cranial nerve in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/6/3736 (8578 words)

	eMedicine - Vestibular Neuronitis : Article by Keith Marill, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Pathophysiology: Its etiology remains unknown, yet vestibular neuronitis appears to be a sudden disruption of afferent neuronal input from 1 of the 2 vestibular apparatuses.
		Viral infection of the vestibular nerve and/or labyrinth is believed to be the most common cause of vestibular neuronitis.
		Baloh RW, Lopez I, Ishiyana A: Vestibular neuritis: Clinical-pathologic correlation.
	www.emedicine.com /EMERG/topic637.htm (2395 words)

	Postlesional Vestibular Reorganization in Frogs: Evidence for a Basic Reaction Pattern After Nerve Injury -- Goto et ...
		Nerve injury induces a reorganization of subcortical and cortical sensory or motor maps in mammals.
		A quantitative autoradiographic study of the vestibular nuclei complex in the rat.
		Goto F, Straka H, and Dieringer N. Expansion of afferent vestibular signals after the section of one of the vestibular nerve branches.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/85/6/2643 (2053 words)

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