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	Vestigial features - EvoWiki
		Vestigial features are an interesting special case of homology; these are features that are much-less developed than the homologous features of some other organisms.
		Vestigial features need not be functionless; however, functional ones generally have very reduced or limited functions.
		Vestigial features are sometimes important in the development of other features; they may be present because it may be difficult for natural selection to edit out the production of them without causing excessive disruption.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Vestigial_features (741 words)

	- A Critique of ''29 Evidences for Macroevolution'' - Part 2 -
		Vestigial structures are not a necessary result of all possible mechanisms of universal common descent.
		Since vestigial structures can arise in unconnected lineages as well as in lineages that are rooted in a common ancestor, they do not count as evidence for universal common ancestry.
		Vestigial genes are not a necessary result of all possible mechanisms of universal common descent, and since Dr. Theobald has chosen to argue for common ancestry without regard to any mechanism of descent, he cannot offer as evidence data that can be explained only by particular mechanisms of descent.
	www.trueorigin.org /theobald1c.asp (6772 words)

	CB360: Function of vestigial organs.
		Practically all "vestigial" organs in man have been shown to have definite uses and not to be vestigial at all.
		Vestigial organs are evidence for evolution because we expect evolutionary changes to be imperfect as creatures evolve to adopt new niches.
		Some vestigial organs can be determined to be useless if experiments show that organisms with them survive no better than organisms without them.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB360.html (220 words)

	SCIENTISTS SPEAK ABOUT VESTIGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		"The existence of functionless `vestigial organs' was presented by Darwin, and is often cited, by current biology textbooks, as part of the evidence for evolution.
		An analysis of the difficulties, in unambiguously identifying functionless structures, and an analysis of the nature of the argument leads to the conclusion that `vestigial organs' provide no evidence for evolutionary theory.
		The `vestigial organ' argument uses as a promise the assertion that the organ in question has no function.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/16vest02.htm (809 words)

	Citing Scadding (1981): Poor Creationist Scholarship on Vestigial Structures
		Vestigial organs and structures (also called vestigia, rudiments, or remnants) are reduced body parts or organs, often without visible function in the derived bearers, that were fully developed and functioning in earlier members of that phylogenetic lineage.
		"[vestigial organs] would still provide powerful evidence for the theory of evolution." I agree with this, but I suggest that this evidence is due to the homologies these organs illustrate and not to their vestigiality.
		Scadding (1981) to support their contention that vestigial organs are not evidence for evolution are using a paper published in a minor, eclectic journal that was refuted soon after it initially came out.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/quotes/scadding.html (2711 words)

	Vestigial Structures \| World of Anatomy and Physiology
		A vestigial structure may be completely without function, like fetal platypus teeth, or it may be changed and diminished in function.
		Vestigial structures may also be molecular, as in the case of vestigial genes that exist in most species.
		Vestigial genes inherited from shared ancestors have been preserved for many millions of years in species as far removed from each other today as humans, cows, and mice.
	www.bookrags.com /other/health/vestigial-structures-wap.html (658 words)

	List Of Vestigial Organs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Vestigial Organs - It used to be popular to point to vestigial organs as evidence for evolution.
		Vestigial Organs - He provides a list of eighty-six vestigial organs, as well as many others that he considers to be retrogressive." p.
		Darwinism Refuted.com - The list of vestigial organs that was made by the German Anatomist R. Wiedersheim in 1895 included approximately 100 organs, including the appendix and...
	www.pianothings.com /list-of-vestigial-organs.html (868 words)

	Creation Science Ministries - Vestigial Organs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Vestigial organs are often use by textbooks as support for evolutionary theory.
		Vestigial organs are said to be evidence of evolution because we have organs that we no longer need and they, subsequently, have become useless.
		Vestigial organs are not evidence for evolution, even if they were truly vestigial.
	evidenceofcreation.com /Vestigial-Organs.html (890 words)

	Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) \| LiveScience
		These vestigial organs, Darwin argued, are evidence of evolution and represent a function that was once necessary for survival, but over time that function became either diminished or nonexistent.
		Vestigial organs have demonstrated remarkably how species are related to one another, and has given solid ground for the idea of common descent to stand on.
		The term "vestigial organ" is often poorly defined, most commonly because someone has chosen a poor source to define the term.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/top10_vestigial_organs.html (423 words)

	Evolution
		Vestigial organs are often homologous to organs that are useful in other species.
		Thus vestigial structures can be viewed as evidence for evolution: organisms having vestigial structures probably share a common ancestry with organisms in with organisms in which the homologous structure is functional.
		The similarities between living species-- in ancestry, in homologous and vestigial structures, in embryological development, and in biochemical compounds-- all could be explained as extremely remarkable coincidences.
	bioweb.cs.earlham.edu /text/evolution/HTML/live.html (760 words)

	In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood - 18. Vestigial Organs
		Some structures in humans were once thought to have no function but to have been derived from functioning organs in claimed evolutionary ancestors.
		As medical knowledge has increased, at least some function has been discovered for all alleged vestigial organs.
		Indeed, the absence of true vestigial organs implies evolution never happened.
	www.creationscience.com /onlinebook/LifeSciences22.html (228 words)

	A22
		If vestigial organs do exist, they cannot be used to support evolution toward increasing complexity because the individual is thereby simplified by having fewer functional organs.
		Evolutionists are quick to mention that whales have vestigial hind legs—but the fact is that only one species of whale has those bones, and they have a special function.
		The vestigial argument of functionless organs is merely an argument from ignorance.
	evolution-facts.org /Appendix/a22.htm (5316 words)

	Evidence for Evolution (Page 12)
		Slugs and giant ocean squids, for example, do not bear much superficial resemblance to each other, but the similarity of their embryological forms provides convincing evidence that they are both mollusks.
		The human vermiform appendix is apparently vestigial; it represents the degenerate terminal part of the cecum, the blind pouch or sac in which the large intestine begins.
		It is difficult to understand vestigial structures such as these as anything other than evolutionary relicts, holdovers from the evolutionary past.
	www.txtwriter.com /Backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html (554 words)

	Missing Universe Museum - Vestigial Organs
		A vestigial organ or appendage is supposedly something that exists in a living organism without any function, but served some useful purpose in the past in some ancestral form.
		Any of these "vestigial" organs would still be in existence in a multitude of species and individuals and there would be no doubt that Evolution is fact.
		However, in the late 1800's there were an estimated 100 vestigial parts in the human body.
	missinguniversemuseum.com /Exhibit6.htm (345 words)

	There are no such things as a Vestigial Organ creation or evolution tonsils Appendix wisdom teeth whales legs goose ...
		The structures that were once claimed to be vestigial legs, are now known to actually be necessary for reproduction.
		I do not believe they are vestigial as is claimed in the abstract, by custom in our evolutionary environment, but generally can be considered an abnormality of the spine, since they can be associated, as stated, with malformations in 29 percent of the cases reported.
		Five percent association with congenital malformations would cast doubt on it's true vestigial status in my opinion, but close to 30% suggests that when it does appear solo, it is also a pathologic malformation.
	www.angelfire.com /mi/dinosaurs/vestigial.html (1894 words)

	Evolution vs. Creation (Round 15) [Free Republic]
		If this were the case, the vestigial legs of whales or the vestigial pelvises of snakes would make no sense evolutionarily, and would count as a falsification.
		In fact, no organism can have a vestigial structure that was not previously functional in one of its ancestors.
		It is satisfying to note that we share these vestigial genes with other primates, and that the mutations that made these genes nonfunctional are also shared with several other primates (see proofs 19-21 for more about shared nonfunctional characters).
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3a8ef634710e.htm (6912 words)

	Vestigial Organs - Creation vs Evolution, Science, Bible, Mike Riddle
		This article will review which organs people are most likely to consider vestigial and what their known functions are, so that you can show others there is no such thing as a vestigial organ.
		Vestigial organs are body structures considered to have been better developed and functional in the past but to have now lost most or all of their function and some or most of their structure.
		Vestigial organs were considered passé because of ignorance, but now we have discovered important biological functions and necessity for every one of them.
	www.train2equip.com /paperVestigial.asp (2460 words)

	Vestigial Organs
		Vestigial organs (organs inherited from ancient ancestors, but no longer serving a purpose) prove evolution is true.
		"It is apparent that the discussion of vestigial organs in many biology textbooks owes more to Wiedersheim than to Darwin….
		He provides a list of eighty-six vestigial organs, as well as many others that he considers to be retrogressive."
	www.darwinisdead.com /vestigial_organs.htm (312 words)

	Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) \| LiveScience
		In Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859) and his next publication, The Descent of Man (1871), he referred to several "vestiges" in human anatomy that were left over from the course of evolution.
		In the never-ending search for scientific truth, hypotheses are proposed, evidence is found, and theories are formulated to describe and explain what is being observed in the world around us.
		The following are ten observations of vestigial organs whose presence have helped to flesh out the structure of the family tree that includes every living creature on our planet.
	www.livescience.com /animals/top10_vestigial_organs.html (423 words)

	Do You Suffer From Anthony Burgess's 'Vestigial Fear Of Hell'? J. Gaslin (Forum) (9-00)
		To overcome the "vestigial fear of hell," as Clockwork Orange author Anthony Burgess so aptly described it, would be quite an accomplishment.
		As for a panic disorder or depression, after reading your comment I think there is a type of panic and depression sometimes when I think that this is indeed all there is and maybe I'm spending too much of my life inquiring and not enough just living it to the fullest.
		Date: Friday, September 15, 2000 10:24 AM First of all, although I have decided that theism is false (or is it "theisms are false?"), I cannot agree with the statement that "atheism is the answer".
	www.positiveatheism.org /mail/eml9450.htm (6580 words)

	SkepticReport * Those Naughty Vestigial Bits and Other Bad Engineering
		A small footnote: back in the good old days, when everyone was a literal-creationist, and religion was science (known as the Dark Ages, with good cause), such babies were identified as the spawn of Satan, and killed instantly, along with their mothers, who were, naturally, witches.
		When they stop to think why the hair on the backs of their necks should stand up, at that or any terrifying situation, the only explanation that makes sense is that it's a vestigial reaction inherited from our mammal ancestors.
		All other mammals have five digits per limb, or the vestigial remains thereof, or we can trace the gradual shrinkage and loss of digits through the fossil record (as with horses).
	www.skepticreport.com /creationism/vestigial.htm (3373 words)

	Harun Yahya - Articles - Yet Another Blow to the Myth of Vestigial Organs
		A list of vestigial organs that was made by the German Anatomist R. Wiedersheim in 1895 included approximately 100 structures, including the appendix and the coccyx.
		It was found that the coccyx at the lower end of the vertebral column supports the bones around the pelvis and is the convergence point of some small muscles and for this reason, it would not be possible to sit comfortably without a coccyx.
		All of these were once considered to be "vestigial organs." Finally, the semi-lunar fold in the eye, which was referred to as a vestigial organ by Darwin, has been found in fact to be in charge of cleansing and lubricating the eye.
	www.harunyahya.com /70horse_sci30.php (1313 words)

	Human Body Vestigial Structures Female Organs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Answer Key for 1403 Test 4 - Vestigial structures are those which have lost their function over evolutionary time.
		Creation Explanation 7e - Vestigial organs are structures now supposedly useless or unnecessary which were...
		The statement that vestigial structures are functionless is a convenient,...
	www.pianothings.com /human-body-vestigial-structures-female-organs.html (863 words)

	Mammalian Vestigial-like 2, a Cofactor of TEF-1 and MEF2 Transcription Factors That Promotes Skeletal Muscle ...
		A human protein related to Vestigial was identified from an expressed sequence tag (EST) isolated from a fetal heart cDNA
		Isolation of Vestigial-like-1, -2, and -3-- Drosophila Vestigial was recently shown to physically interact with human TEF-1, thereby suggesting the presence of vestigial
		Vgl-2 Protein Translocates from the Cytoplasm to the Nucleus upon Muscle Differentiation-- In Drosophila, Vestigial is a nuclear protein (34).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/50/48889 (7714 words)

	Genetic requirements of vestigial in the regulation of Drosophila wing development -- Baena-López and ...
		Genetic requirements of vestigial in the regulation of Drosophila wing development -- Baena-López and García-Bellido 130 (1): 197 -- Development
		Genetic requirements of vestigial in the regulation of Drosophila wing development
		seems to be an essential but insufficient co-factor of vestigial.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/130/1/197 (284 words)

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