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	FIFTH GENERATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Slipher was born on 26 Jul 1869 in Clinton Co, IN.
		Minna Slipher was born on 3 Aug 1878.
		Bertha Slipher was born on 2 Aug 1885.
	www.skyenet.net /~larrya/d1784.htm (85 words)

	V.M. Slipher
		V.M. Slipher was born on November 11, 1875 in Mulberry, Indiana.
		In 1912, Slipher demonstrated the existence of interstellar dust with his discovery that a nebula in the constellation Pleiades near the star Merope shone by reflected starlight alone.
		Slipher was also involved in planetary astronomy, starting a spectrographic investigation of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the infrared in 1903.
	www.lowell.edu /Research/library/paper/vm_slipher.html (375 words)

	Vesto Slipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This page is motivated by a feeling I have held for some years: that a very large share of the credit for the discovery of the expanding universe is due to Slipher, and yet he tends to take very much second place to Hubble in most accounts.
		The redshift:blueshift ratio has now risen to 21:4, but it is the interpretation that is startling, since Slipher notes that we are not at rest with respect to the other galaxies on average.
		Some commentators have taken the view that Slipher missed the main point of his data, which was the expanding universe, but this seems rather unfair given the neatness of the argument that Slipher uses here.
	www.roe.ac.uk /~jap/slipher (590 words)

	Slipher, Vesto Melvin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Slipher was born in Mulberry, Indiana, attended Indiana University, and in 1902 joined the Lowell Observatory in Arizona.
		Slipher measured the period of rotation for Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus.
		Slipher's measurements of the radial velocities of spiral nebulae 1912-25 suggested that they must be external to our Galaxy.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/biographies/mainbiographies/s/slipher/1.html (187 words)

	Slipher, Vesto Melvin (1875-1969)
		Educated at the University of Indiana, Slipher spent his entire career at the Lowell Observatory (1902-1952), serving as its director from 1916 on.
		His visible and infrared spectroscopic studies of planets led to the determination of rotation periods and the identification of molecules in planetary atmospheres.
		In 1912 Slipher obtained a set of spectrographs that indicated the Andromeda spiral was approaching the Sun with a velocity of 300 km/s.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/Slipher_Vesto.html (305 words)

	The Bruce Medalists: Vesto M. Slipher
		“V.M.” Slipher was born in Indiana and educated at Indiana University.
		Using exposure times as long as 80 hours, he was the first to measure the enormous radial velocities of spiral nebulae; these data were later used and extended by Edwin P. Hubble to begin modern observational cosmology.
		Slipher discovered and measured the rotations of the spirals.
	phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Slipher/Slipher.html (248 words)

	AllRefer.com - Vesto Melvin Slipher (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Vesto Melvin Slipher[slI´fur] Pronunciation Key, 1875–1969, American astronomer, b.
		This crucial discovery laid the foundation for Hubble's law and the theory of the expansion of the universe.
		His brother, Earl C. Slipher, 1883–1964, was a noted planetary astronomer who also worked at the Lowell Observatory.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Slipher.html (244 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Vesto Slipher
		Vesto Melvin Slipher (November 11, 1875 – November 8, 1969) was an American astronomer.
		His brother Earl C. Slipher was also an astronomer.
		Slipher was born in Mulberry, Indiana, and completed his education at Indiana University.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher (282 words)

	Slipher, Vesto Melvin - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		SLIPHER, VESTO MELVIN [Slipher, Vesto Melvin], 1875-1969, American astronomer, b.
		His brother, Earl C. Slipher, 1883-1964, was a noted planetary astronomer who also worked at the Lowell Observatory.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Slipher, Vesto Melvin" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-slipher.html (198 words)

	Astronomical Games: September 2002
		In the early years of the 20th century, the American astronomer Vesto Melvin Slipher (1875-1969) was measuring the radial motions of various spiral nebulae--that is, the part of their motions that brought them closer to us or further away (whatever their side-to-side motions might be).
		Slipher concluded, quite reasonably, that our galaxy must be drifting among the galaxies--away from the 13 galaxies and toward the two.
		However, as Slipher and others imaged more and more spectra, they found that almost all of the galaxies were receding, and in all parts of the sky.
	astro.isi.edu /games/race.html (4696 words)

	Slipher, Vesto Melvin
		Born on an Indiana farm, Slipher studied at Indiana University (B.A., 1901; M.A., 1903; Ph.D., 1909).
		Slipher's extensive investigations led to the determination of the rotational periods of several planets.
		His discovery of dark absorption bands in the spectra of Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune led to the identification of some of the chemical constituents of their atmospheres.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/slipher.htm (193 words)

	Vesto Slipher - Enpsychlopedia
		the redshift of galaxies; these measurements and their significance were understood before 1917 by James Edward Keeler (Lick and Allegheny), Vesto Melvin Slipher (Lowell), and Professor William Wallace Campbell (Lick) at other observatories.
		Combining his own measurements of galaxy distances with Vesto Slipher's measurements of the redshifts associated with the galaxies, Hubble and Milton Humason discovered a rough proportionality of the objects' distances with their redshifts.
		Slipher crater on the Moon is named for Earl and Vesto Slipher, as is a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1766 Slipher, discovered September 7, 1962, by the Indiana Asteroid Program.
	enpsychlopedia.org /psypsych/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher (605 words)

	Vesto Melvin Slipher Biography \| scit_0612345_package.xml
		Slipher's most important research concerned the spectrographic study of spiral nebulae.
		Slipher measured spiral nebulae's velocities, noting that they were moving away from Earth.
		Slipher also served as director of the Lowell Observatory.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/vesto-melvin-slipher-scit-0612345 (104 words)

	Redshift
		The first astronomer to observe a space object's Doppler shift was American astronomer Vesto Melvin Slipher (1875–1969) in 1912.
		Slipher discovered that the spectrum of Andromeda was shifted toward the blue end, meaning that it was approaching Earth.
		Two years later, Slipher analyzed the spectra of fourteen other spiral nebula and found that only two were blueshifted, while twelve were redshifted.
	www.scienceclarified.com /Qu-Ro/Redshift.html (564 words)

	VESTO SLIPHER im Online Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vesto Melvin Slipher (* Mulberry, Indiana; † 8.
		Slipher studierte an der Indiana University (B.A 1901, M.A. 1903, Ph.D. Seine gesamte Karriere verbrachte er am Lowell-Observatorium in Flagstaff, Arizona, dessen Direktor er von 1916 bis 1952 war.
		Slipher wurde 1932 mit der Henry Draper Medal, 1933 mit der Gold Medal der Royal Astronomical Society und 1935 mit der Bruce Medal ausgezeichnet.
	www.skyrocking.de /visilex.php/vc/14/visilex_key/Vesto_Slipher (161 words)

	Vesto Melvin Slipher (1875-1969) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vesto Melvin Slipher (November 11, 1875 - August 11, 1969)
		He also discovered the nature of reflection nebulae (also 1912), and investigated planetary atmospheres; e.g., he discovered methane in Neptune's atmosphere, and participated in the search for "Planet X," which resulted in the discovery of Pluto by Clyde W. Tombaugh.
		Vesto M. Slipher passed away on August 11, 1969 in Flagstaff, Arizona.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/slipher.html (134 words)

	The New American - Divine Design - December 18, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first signs that something was amiss with the 19th century understanding of the natural world came in the field of cosmology, where, in 1913, Vesto Melvin Slipher, an astronomer, stumbled onto something extraordinary.
		Slipher noticed that about a dozen galaxies seemed to be moving away from the earth at great speed.
		Slipher never connected, intellectually, his results with the predictions of Einstein’s equations.
	www.thenewamerican.com /tna/2000/12-18-2000/vo16no26_divine.htm (2969 words)

	Vesto Melvin Slipher - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		Vesto Melvin Slipher (11 de noviembre de 1875 – 8 de noviembre de 1969) fue un astrónomo estadounidense.
		Su hermano, Earl C. Slipher también fue astrónomo.
		Slipher nació en Mulberry, Indiana, y estudió en la Universidad de Indiana.
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher (177 words)

	Algebra in Astronomy!!
		Vesto Melvin Slipher studies of planets led to the determination of rotation periods and the finding of molecules in different planet’s atmospheres.
		He also was in charge of the team that was looking to find the ninth planet.
		Slipher won the Bruce Medal for his findings and he could not have done it without the help of algebra.
	www.angelfire.com /moon/samb/Famous.html (290 words)

	Einstein's Mistakes - Physics Today November 2005
		However, the physical meaning of those coordinates is not transparent, and the realization that de Sitter's alternate cosmology was not static—that matter particles in his model would accelerate away from each other—was considered to be a drawback of the theory.
		I don't know if Einstein had heard of Slipher's redshifts by 1917, but in any case he knew very well about at least one other thing that could produce a redshift of spectral lines: a gravitational field.
		It should be acknowledged here that Arthur Eddington, who had learned about general relativity during World War I from de Sitter, did in 1923 interpret Slipher's redshifts as due to the expansion of the universe in the de Sitter model.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-58/iss-11/p31.html (3038 words)

	About Ted Kurkowski - Schmidt Cassegrain telescope advice
		It turned out to be an excellent scope and the farm lad made many drawings of the planets, some of which he sent to the astronomers at Lowell Observatory.
		They were so impressed with his work that they offered him a job, and eventually Dr. Clyde Tombaugh, encouraged by Vesto Melvin Slipher (the Director of the Lowell Observatory from 1917 to 1953), became the astronomer who discovered Pluto (in 1930), the only U.S. astronomer to discover a planet.
		The Lowell Observatory is also well known for the fact that in the 1920s Vesto Melvin Slipher was the first to note the red shift in the spectra of distant galaxies, which became the basis for the expanding universe theory.
	www.sctscopes.net /SCT_Basics/Who_am_I/who_am_i.html (1019 words)

	La Expansión del Universo
		Basándose en una técnica ya desarrollada anteriormente por el astrónomo estadounidense Vesto Melvin Slipher (1875-1969), Hubble atacó entonces la secular creencia de que el universo era estático, idea a la que Einstein se aferró tenazmente a pesar de que sus ecuaciones de la Relatividad General indicaran todo lo contrario.
		En 1909, el polémico astrónomo Percival Lowell (1855-1916) –más conocido por su extravagante interpretación de aparentes líneas que surcan la superficie de Marte como canales de agua construidos por una supuesta civilización marciana– instruyó a Slipher para que hiciese observaciones del espectro de las nebulosas espirales.
		Slipher constató el hecho de que la mayoría de nebulosas presentaban desplazamientos al rojo en sus espectros.
	astronomia.net /cosmologia/expansin.htm (1377 words)

	Issue 17 SpaceTides e-zine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vesto Melvin Slipher (1875 — 1969) was an American astronomer whose systematic observations of the remarkable radial velocities of spiral galaxies provided the first evidence in support of the theory which suggests that the universe is expanding.
		Slipher became director of the Observatory in 1926.
		Slipher’s astronomical investigations also led to the determination of several planets’ rotational periods.
	www.assabfn.co.za /spacetides/issues/issue_17.htm (2254 words)

	pluto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is now known these discrepancies were an artifact of the slightly incorrect value then assumed for the mass of Neptune.
		In the matter of Pluto the discretion of naming the new object belonged to Lowell Observatory and its director, Vesto Melvin Slipher, who, in the words of Tombaugh, was "urged to suggest a name for the new planet before someone else did".
		Professor Herbert Hall Turner cabled his colleagues in America with this suggestion, and after favourable consideration which was almost unanimous, the name Pluto was officially adopted and an announcement made by Slipher on May 1, 1930.
	www.theamazingsky.com /pluto.htm (1220 words)

	Discovery And Naming Of Pluto, Nine Planets Solar System, Moons And Trojan Asteroids Of Neptune, New Discoveries In ...
		It is currently known these discrepancies were an relic of the slightly incorrect value then assumed for the mass of Neptune.
		In the affair of Pluto the discretion of naming the new object belonged to Lowell Observatory and its director, Vesto Melvin Slipher, who, in the words of Tombaugh, was "urged to suggest a name for the new planet ahead of someone else did".
		Professor Herbert Hall Turner cabled his colleagues in America with this idea, and after favorable concern which was almost undisputed, the name Pluto was formally adopted and a declaration made by Slipher on May 1, 1930.
	www.spacestationinfo.com /pluto-discovery.htm (465 words)

	A Brief History of the Big Bang
		Newton believed that the universe should be reckoned to be symmetrical on average with respect to the distribution of matter within it.
		In America in 1913, Vesto Melvin Slipher discovered that the 'nebulae' he was studying were receeding, or apparently moving away, at up to millions of miles per hour.
		He found this by being a pioneer in the methods of using Doppler shifts in spectral lines to find velocities.
	ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu /212_fall2003.web.dir/brian_miller/hub.htm (627 words)

	HISTORY OF PHYSICS: EINSTEIN AND THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT
		However, the physical meaning of those coordinates is not transparent, and the realization that de Sitter's alternate cosmology was not static -- that matter particles in his model would accelerate away from each other -- was considered to be a drawback of the theory.
		The author (Weinberg) does not know if Einstein had heard of Slipher's redshifts by 1917, but in any case he knew very well about at least one other thing that could produce a redshift of spectral lines: a gravitational field.
		Nevertheless, the expansion of the Universe was not generally accepted until Hubble announced in 1929 -- and actually showed in 1931 -- that the redshifts of distant galaxies increase in proportion to their distance, as would be expected for a uniform expansion.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw051230-2.htm (1709 words)

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