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	Vibrissae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vibrissae (singular: vibrissa) are hairs that grow around the nostrils or other parts of the face in many mammals, usually specialized for tactile sensation.
		What makes vibrissae different from other hairs is that they are implanted in a special follicle sealed by a capsule of blood, called a blood sinus.
		Vibrissae offer an advantage to animals that do not always have sight to rely on to navigate, or to find food, or when the usefulness of non-tactile senses is limited.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vibrissae (341 words)

	APStracts 2:0308N, 1995.
		Vibrissae responses were evoked using a standard stimulus generated by an electro-mechanical stimulator and measured using post-stimulus time histogram analysis.
		Responses to deprived vibrissa stimulation were depressed at 20 days of deprivation (reduction to 35% of control) implying that the vibrissae dominance shift at 20 days was due to both an increase in spared vibrissa response and a decrease in deprived vibrissae response.
		On average, the deprived vibrissa response was depressed at 60 days (84% of control) though less than at 20 or 7 days, due to a recovery of responsiveness in the far half of the deprived barrel column.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1995/jn/November/308n.html (775 words)

	California Wild Fall 2002 - Whiskers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		All vibrissae are sunk in a follicle sealed by a capsule of blood, known as a blood sinus.
		Vibrissa researcher Guido Dehnhardt of the University of Bochüm in Germany has shown that seals can detect water waves just a millionth of a meter in size—the size of the wake left behind by a goldfish.
		Marshall predicts that the abilities of their vibrissae, which are more luxurious than in any other pinniped, will lie somewhere in-between the specialized clam-digging whiskers of walruses and the fish-tracking vibrissae of harbor seals.
	www.calacademy.org /calwild/2002fall/stories/whiskers.html (2606 words)

	SHUJP 1996- EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ARTICLE 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Vibrissae are used as somewhat of a second set of hands which carefully explore the surroundings.
		Rats with vibrissae clipped to the muzzle were compared with rats with vibrissae clipped to quarter length.
		Their vibrissae were then allowed to grow to full length before they were clipped to a quarter length and the rats tested again.
	pirate.shu.edu /~vigorimi/shujp/96era1.html (1736 words)

	Amputation of Vibrissae in Show Dogs
		The vibrissae of seals ars sonsitive to vibrations from 50 to 1000 Hz.
		The length of the vibrissae appears to be correlated with the ecology of the animals.
		The vibrissae in dogs are served by the largest of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves.
	www.bernese.org /vibrissa.htm (1155 words)

	Hair Cloning
		As a result of this influence, vibrissae derived DPs shrink in their sizes [due to the lost of fibroblasts], their volume become equal to the volume of DPs of local DPs from pelage HFs.
		Cultured vibrissae DP fibroblasts were transplanted according to Cohen technique into micro-incision of ear skin.
		Vibrissae HF derived DPs of postnatal rats were isolated and transplanted between epidermis and derma of 14 days old mouse embryos [at this stage HFs formation is just initiated].
	www.clonemyhair.com /clone/9vivo.shtml (1195 words)

	Hair Apparent
		The vibrissae are specialized thicker hairs that are greatly enlarged and very sensitive to touch.
		Vibrissae hairs are also found on the upper lips, the cheeks, above the eyes, and on the wrists of the forelegs.
		While most cats have a similar number of vibrissae hair, there is a wide range of variation in the the size, shape and distribution of the other three types of hairs among the different breeds of cats.
	www.showcatsonline.com /x/hair_apparent.htm (526 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A harbor seal uses its sensitive vibrissae to find food, especially in dark, deep waters or at night.
		Under water, a harbor seal thrusts its vibrissae to and fro in a sweeping movement by pushing its mobile upper lip in and out.
		The vibrissae are attached to a substantial nerve network.
	www.seaworld.org /infobooks/HarborSeal/hssenses.html (440 words)

	APStracts 10:0003J, 2003. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Thus retraction of the vibrissae was driven by a backward shift in the attachment point of the follicles to the mystacial pad.
		In a less frequent pattern of whisking, referred to as foveal whisking, the vibrissae are thrust forward and palpate objects with low amplitude movements that are in the higher frequency range of 15 to 25 Hz.
		Interestingly, a mechanical argument suggests that activation of the extrinsic muscles during foveal whisking is not expected to affect the angle of the vibrissae.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2003/jn/January/3j.html (408 words)

	Spatiotemporal Organization of Fast (>200 Hz) Electrical Oscillations in Rat Vibrissa/Barrel Cortex -- Jones and Barth ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As seen in the CO background template, each vibrissa has a well defined cortical representation, which historically has been designated as a "barrel." Collectively, the barrel field forms an inverted representation of the contralateral mystacial pad in which the topology of the vibrissae is preserved.
		Averaged responses (n = 100) are shown for simultaneous displacement of the C1 and C3 vibrissae, and for interstimulus intervals between C1 and C3 equivalent to a 180 and 360° phase shift a 300-Hz oscillation (1.6 and 3.3 ms, respectively).
		3 and 4), whereas pulse displacement of the vibrissae,
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/3/1599 (7212 words)

	Hair Cloning
		Shafts of some of the vibrissae HFs weren’t able to penetrate healed skin surface and were identified as eminencies.
		Ectopic growth of mouse whiskers from implanted lengths of plucked vibrissa follicles.
		Initially, ORS cells were seeded into vibrissae derived collagen capsule on basal membrane.
	www.clonemyhair.com /clone/2vivo.shtml (443 words)

	Moore, Sur and Nelson: In Vivo Whole-Cell Recording of Sensory Responses in Neocortex
		In the rat somatosensory cortex, patches of densely packed neurons (called barrels) are laid out tangentially in the cortex in a series of rows that correspond anatomically to the rows of vibrissae on a rat's face (i.e., for each vibrissa on the rat's face, there is a corresponding barrel of cells in the cortex).
		Within a given barrel, the corresponding vibrissa is optimal for evoking action potentials and the receptive fields are small-usually only 1-3 vibrissa other than the corresponding vibrissa are able to evoke action potential responses.
		Sub-threshold receptive fields were usually bell-shaped: A single, "central" vibrissa evoked a large, often supra-threshold response, while the amplitude of input from the surrounding whiskers decreased with increased distance from the central whisker (i.e., vibrissae distant from the central vibrissa evoked smaller responses than closer vibrissae).
	www.cnl.salk.edu /~zador/JHabstracts2/node16.html (452 words)

	Running head: PHASE RELATIONSHIPS IN BARREL CORTEX
		Because of the functional and morphological correlation between the vibrissae and the barrels, the vibrissae-barrel neuraxis is an attractive model for studying structure, function, development and plasticity within the somatosensory system.
		Despite the fact that large segments of retinal receptor surfaces are stimulated, the visual system was explored as well because its functional properties seem to parallel those of the vibrissal system, and because its computational properties have been so thoroughly explored.
		G., Renehan, W. E., Jacquin, M. F., and Rhoades, R. Anatomical consequences of neonatal infraorbital nerve transection upon the trigeminal ganglion and vibrissa follicle nerves in the adult rat.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~anackley/thesis2.htm (12989 words)

	Vibrissae-Evoked Behavior and Conditioning before Functional Ontogeny of the Somatosensory Vibrissae Cortex -- Landers ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Melzer P, Welker E, Dorfl J, Van der Loos H (1994) Maturation of the neuronal metabolic response to vibrissae stimulation in the developing whisker-to-barrel pathway of the mouse.
		Symons LA, Tees RC (1990) An examination of the intramodal and intermodal behavioral consequences of long-term vibrissae removal in rats.
		Yamakato M, Yohro T (1979) Subdivision of mouse vibrissae on an embryological basis with descriptions of variations in the number and arrangement of sinus hairs and cortical barrels.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/12/5131 (5122 words)

	Rat whisker bibliography: Thomson
		Postlesioned animals exhibited some increase in excitability to the D1 vibrissa, and to vibrissae whose principal barrel territories were undamaged (delta, gamma, C1).
		These results suggest that an intact D2 barrel is essential for the generation of responses of D1 barrel cells by the D2 vibrissa, and further imply that surround receptive fields of layer IV barrel cells are largely generated intracortically by barrel-to-barrel relay.
		D1-dominant cells (N = 76) responded to the centre-receptive field (D1) vibrissa with a mean of 1.08 spikes per stimulus at modal latencies of 3-12 ms (inter-quartile range 4-5 ms) and to surrounding vibrissae with a mean of 0.26 spikes per stimulus at latencies of 3-41 ms (interquartile range 5-8 ms).
	www.science.ethomson.net /coding.html (4770 words)

	Classical conditioning of eyelid and mystacial vibrissae responses in conscious mice -- Troncoso et al. 11 (6): 724 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		of the mystacial vibrissae as CS, was relatively rapid and robust.
		Berg, R.W. and Kleinfeld, D. Vibrissa movement elicited by rhythmic electrical microstimulation to motor cortex in the aroused rat mimics exploratory whisking.
		Das, S., Weiss, C., and Disterhoft, J.F. Eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with stimulation of the mystacial vibrissae as a conditioned stimulus.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/11/6/724 (1862 words)

	Cat Whiskers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Whiskers may also be found on the cat's "elbows." The Sphynx (a nearly hairless breed) may have full length, short, or no whiskers at all.
		Whiskers (technically called vibrissae) can aid with navigation and sensation.
		Whiskers may detect very small shifts in air currents, enabling a cat to know it is near obstructions without actually seeing them.
	home.earthlink.net /~geminifarms/id40.html (705 words)

	Role of Development in Reorganization of the SI Forelimb-Stump Representation in Fetally, Neonatally, and Adult ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The hindlimb (HL), vibrissae (V), and lower jaw (LJ) representations are labeled in the CO sections to indicate the relative locations of somatotopic representations.
		In both animals, the number of vibrissae responsive sites is increased during GRB but diminished when the dysgranular zone is lesioned.
		inactivation of the SI vibrissae representation and electrolytic lesioning of the dysgranular
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/3/1842 (5340 words)

	Tactile Experience Induces c-fos Expression in Rat Barrel Cortex -- Filipkowski et al. 7 (2): 116 -- Learning & ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Figure 1: Design of experiment 1, in which rats that were pretrained to sit on the top of a copper cylinder had their vibrissae manually brushed on one side of the snout for 20 min.
		Figure 4: Vibrissae brushing caused significant increase in c-Fos expression in the layers of the PMBSF (experiment 1).
		Unilateral stimulation or removal of rat vibrissae: Analysis of nerve growth factor and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the brain.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/7/2/116 (3378 words)

	Goal-directed whisking increases phase-locking between vibrissa movement and electrical activity in primary sensory ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Goal-directed whisking increases phase-locking between vibrissa movement and electrical activity in primary sensory cortex in rat -- Ganguly and Kleinfeld 101 (33): 12348 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		are encountered during active motion of the vibrissae.
		The latter signal is used to advance the tactile stimulus by 3 cm and thus enable contact of one or more vibrissae with an array of piezoelectric wafers.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/33/12348 (4665 words)

	European Hair Research Society - Abstract
		Here, we explored the use of a mouse vibrissae model for dissecting these mechanisms by studying the effects of CsA on hair shaft elongation, follicle cell proliferation, and mRNA expression of selected growth factors in organ-culture.
		Mouse vibrissae follicles in early anagen VI were cultured in William’s E medium with CsA (or vehicle control) for 10 days.
		These studies show that organ culture of mouse vibrissae follicles offers an attractive model for dissecting the hair growth-modulating effects of CsA and demonstrate that, contrary to a previous study (Lab Invest 62:104), CsA dose stimulate hair growth of normal mouse vibrissae follicles in vitro, possibly in part by enhancing HGF and VEGF expression.
	ehrs.org /conferenceabstracts/2000marburg/researchabstracts/p30-fan.htm (329 words)

	Impaired Experience-dependent Plasticity in Barrel Cortex of Mice Lacking the Alpha and Delta Isoforms of CREB -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Note that spared vibrissa responses increase as a result of deprivation for all genotypes, but that surround receptive field vibrissa are at higher levels in mutants compared with controls in the absence of deprivation.
		Responses are shown for stimulation of the D1 vibrissa (fl bars) and nearest surround vibrissae (hatched bars).
		The spared vibrissae responses are at a comparable level to the principal vibrissae response (not shown) at ~1.2 spikes per stimulus following deprivation.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/9/3/249 (5725 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - In the News - Seal Navigation
		Furthermore, when the seals wore a stocking mask that covered their vibrissae, they were never able to locate the sub.
		These experiments strongly suggest that the seals use their vibrissae to track moving underwater objects.
		This movement causes activity in nerve fibers attached to the vibrissae.
	faculty.washington.edu /~chudler/seals.html (482 words)

	Images of Nature
		Throughout the course of the animals life, its hair is continually shed and renewed in synchronous cycles which causes periodic shedding.
		Vibrissae contain a mass of erectile tissue with a rich sensory nerve supply.
		They are similar to human eyelashes that can cause the eye to shut on reflex.
	ion.eas.asu.edu /liv28_doghair/liv28_thumb.htm (100 words)

	abstact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Spatial organization of facial vibrissae and cortical barrels in the guinea pig and golden hamster.
		The arrangements of vibrissae in guinea pigs and golden hamsters were previously reported to be different from those in mice and rats.
		Whereas the mystacial pads in mice and rats include four straddlers and five rows of vibrissae, guinea pigs were described to possess
	www.weizmann.ac.il /neurobiology/labs/ahissar/abstract/abstTemp.htm (267 words)

	Whisker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Look up whisker in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
		For a hair, significant for sensing the surroundings, on the face of a mammal, see vibrissae.
		For a hair on a person's face, often called a whisker, see facial hair or beard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Whiskers (161 words)

	Transplantation of Olfactory Mucosa Minimizes Axonal Branching and Promotes the Recovery of Vibrissae Motor Performance ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The tip of the rat's nose and the inner angles of both eyes were defined as reference points.
		The parallel course of both curves indicates the synchronous movements of the two vibrissae.
		C, Synchronous movement of two large vibrissae with a frequency of 5 Hz, a protraction of ~50°, and an amplitude of ~40° in a representative animal 2 months after FFA.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/16/7121 (6908 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Kesterson, Kay
		Elevating cortical serotonin (5-HT) in rats with clorgyline, a monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) inhibitor, from postnatal day (P-) 0 to P-6 delays the organization of thalamocortical afferent fibers into a vibrissae-related pattern in the somatosensory cortex (S-I).
		Despite continued elevation of cortical 5-HT, the thalamocortical fibers form a characteristic vibrissae pattern of barrels in layer IV of S-I by P-8.
		The growth-associated protein, GAP-43, is transiently expressed in developing S-I cortex of rats in a vibrissae related pattern until P-7.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?mco1130268171 (300 words)

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