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Topic: Viceroy of Peru

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	1540-41. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		First viceroy of Peru, Blasco Núñez de Vela, proclaimed the New Laws, with provision for eventual abolition of the encomiendas.
		Antonio de Mendoza was named viceroy of Peru but died after a short period in office.
		Viceroy Francisco de Toledo organized the administration of the viceroyalty.
	www.bartleby.com /67/899.html (390 words)

	Peru (country) - MSN Encarta
		In 2006 the average life expectancy at birth in Peru was 72 years for women and 68 years for men; the infant mortality rate was 31 per 1,000 live births.
		Conditions were favorable to conquest, for the empire was debilitated by a just-concluded civil war between the heirs to the Inca throne, Atahualpa and Huascar, each of whom was seeking to control the empire.
		As a result, colonial Peru was a divided society, consisting of a small class that owned the land and controlled education, political, military, and religious power, and of a large, mostly indigenous class (about 90 percent of the total population) that remained landless, illiterate, and exploited.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570790_8/Peru_(country).html (1101 words)

	Facts about Peru
		Peru declared its independence from Spain on July 28, 1821 thanks to an alliance between the Argentine army of José de San Martín, and the Neogranadine Army of Simón Bolívar.
		Once the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, gold and silver from the Andes enriched the conquerors, and Peru became the principal source of Spanish wealth and power in South America.
		The Government of Peru is now weighing its response to the CVR's recommendations that human rights violators be tried and that the government take measures to, in some fashion, indemnify parts of the population that suffered during those years, chiefly rural Peruvians of ethnically Indian descent.
	www.theperuguide.com /facts_about_peru/peru_history.html (4421 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Viceroy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Viceroy and Rayrock Agree to Plan of Arrangement.
		Viceroy Reaches Agreement with Oro Belle and Acquires Balance of MASA Interest.
		Viceroy Resource Corporation: Further Details-Plan of Arrangement; New Company to Explore in South America.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Viceroy&StartAt=1 (615 words)

	Peru - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peru was the cradle of the Inca empire, and later the seat of the Viceroyalty of Peru which had jurisdiction over all of Spanish South America.
		Peru's territory, according to the Regionalization Law which was passed on 18 November 2002, is divided into 25 regions (regiones).
		Peru borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north; Brazil and Bolivia to the east; and Chile and Bolivia to the south.
	www.proxydrop.info /index.php?q=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9QZXJ1 (3507 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for viceroy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He came from one of the noblest families of Spain and had served Charles V and Philip II with distinction before being chosen as viceroy.
		His administration in Peru marked the end of the tumultuous period after the Spanish Conquest.
		In 1821 the military leaders, dissatisfied with Viceroy Pezuela and his conduct of the war against José de San Martín, deposed Pezuela and named José de la Serna in his place; he was confirmed in the office by Spain.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=viceroy (477 words)

	Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Toledo became the ninth viceroy of Peru in 1569.
		He was appointed viceroy by Philip II after serving as a steward in the royal court.
		(Sir Francis Drake was ravaging the coast of Peru in 1579.)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo (896 words)

	The Globalist \| Global History -- Peru's Silver Age
		On that basis, Peru and Mexico were the two most important centers of power at the beginning of the Spanish Empire.
		Because Peru was invariably the last to get the news from Madrid (it normally took at least five months to arrive), its viceroys were far more autonomous than those of Mexico.
		Peru before 1776, at best, could be described as a changing geographic entity, one which included modern day Bolivia.
	www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=2053 (876 words)

	Mahan, Howard J. Collection/ Latin American Library / Tulane University
		Acknowledges receipt of documents sent by the viceroy from the governor of Valdivia [Ossorio was governor of Chile and reconquered Chile crushing the revolution].
		He was viceroy of Peru from 1821 to 9 December 1824 when he was captured in the celebrated battle of Ayacucho.] 2 leaves 8.
		[Pezuela was general-in-chief of the army of operations against the revolting provinces of the Rio de la Plata, in 1810, and afterwards the viceroy of Peru from 1816-1821.] 1 leaf 4.
	www.tulane.edu /~latinlib/mahancoll.html (8462 words)

	The viceroyalty (virreynato)of Peru and El Rio de La Plata: The Americas
		This revolt spread throughout Peru, and, although Tupac was captured and executed in 1781, the Indians continued to wage war against the Spaniards until 1783, causing the disruption of the viceroyalty's economic life.
		The viceroy of Peru and his generals were taken prisoner, and what was left of the territory that had been the Viceroyalty of Peru became part of the independent nations of Peru and Chile.
		PERU: The city was founded by conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, naming it Ciudad de los Reyes as the location was decided at Epiphany, the January 6.
	www.realtreasures.com /vice.htm (1822 words)

	History of Peru
		Evidence of settlement in Peru dates back thousands of years but, except for some scattered ruins, little is known of these early peoples.
		In 1873 Peru signed a secret defensive alliance with Bolivia, the purpose of which was to defend Bolivia's nitrate interests against Chile.
		Chile defeated its opponents, occupied Lima, and, under the Treaty of Ancón (1884), was awarded Peru's nitrate province of Tarapacá.
	www.peru-explorer.com /history.htm (1635 words)

	History of the Conquest of Peru - Chapter 8
		The Viceroy Arrives At Lima--Gonzalo Pizarro Marches from Cuzco--Death of the Inca Manco--Rash Conduct of the Viceroy--Seized and Deposed by the Audience--Gonzalo Proclaimed Governor of Peru
		No distrust, however, was raised in the breast of the viceroy, and, when informed of the preparations of Gonzalo Pizarro, he took no other step than to send a message to his camp, announcing the extraordinary powers with which he was himself invested, and requiring that chief to disband his forces.
		What the viceroy proposed to effect by this movement is not clear, unless it were to gain time; and yet the more time he had gained, thus far, the worse it had proved for him.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/southamerican/HistoryoftheConquestofPeru/chap32.html (4263 words)

	Peru, Summer 2006 SST unit -- Goshen College
		Peru was one of the countries in which the Catholic church conducted its famous inquisition in the 17th and 18th centuries and the sights in the museum range from an amazing ceiling of over 30,000 wooden pieces to wax figures bringing to life the ghoulish torture techniques used by the inquisition.
		Early in the 19th century Peru was a major exporter of guano which once was up to three meters deep on the island, scraped off the rocks and loaded on to ships for export.
		Arana travels to Peru five times each year and we were honored to have this opportunity to meet her and learn from her.
	www.goshen.edu /sst/peru06 (8741 words)

	History of the Conquest of Peru - Part II
		He was greatly displeased at the indignities offered to the viceroy; whose mangled remains he caused to be buried with the honors due to his rank in the cathedral of Quito.
		Neither was the viceroy's character of a kind that tended to mitigate the odium of his measures, and reconcile the people to their execution.
		The victory of Anaquito was received with general joy in the neighboring capital; all the cities of Peru looked on it as sealing the downfall of the detested ordinances, and the name of Gonzalo Pizarro was sounded from one end of the country to the other as that of its deliverer.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/southamerican/HistoryoftheConquestofPeru/chap34.html (3947 words)

	1938: Peru - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		It is certain that the propaganda pressures of the Fascist countries of Europe were intensified during the Conference, and German and Italian radio and press criticisms were launched against the United States.
		Italian influence is more powerful than German, in this west coast country, and the director of the Banco Italiano has been called 'the Viceroy of Peru.' The Italian propaganda bureau in Lima is the center for the spread of Fascism to Ecuador, Colombia and Chile.
		The budget for 1938 was the largest ever recorded, contemplating a balance of revenues and expenditures at 165,545,739 soles, or 8 per cent over the budget for the preceding year.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_461500675/1938_Peru.html (966 words)

	Luis de Velasco — FactMonster.com
		1534–1617, was viceroy of New Spain (1590–95, 1607–11) and of Peru (1595–1604).
		Appointed viceroy after distinguished service in Spain, Velasco continued the work of his father in aiding the indigenous peoples, encouraged weaving and other native industries, beautified Mexico City, strengthened fortifications at Veracruz, and extended the conquest to the north, pacifying the natives.
		As viceroy of Peru he again worked to improve native conditions, particularly in the mines; he also tried to ward off buccaneer attacks, encouraged education, and reformed postal service.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0850596.html (288 words)

	Inca Empire - Peru, History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The city of Cuzco, situated in southern Peru, served as the Inca capital.
		The Inca, sometimes called peoples of the sun, were originally a warlike tribe living in a semiarid region of the southern sierra.
		In 1824, in the battles of Junín on August 6 and of Ayacucho on December 9, Bolívar's forces routed the Spanish.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/peru.htm (1199 words)

	Global Volunteers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For the next 25 years Peru was ruled by a succession of dictators.
		Throughout the 20th Century, Peru struggled with military and economic decline and disaster.
		Much of rural Peru lacks electricity, safe drinking water, adequate sanitary facilities, and accessible health care, as do most of the shantytowns to which former rural residents emigrated during the later decades of the 20th century.
	www.globalvolunteers.org /1main/peru/peruhistory.htm (1211 words)

	Guide to the Andean Collection : Finding Aid
		And a royal decree by the King to the Marquis of Guadalcázar, viceroy of Peru, regarding the celebration of the provincial chapter in Lima.
		Decree addressed to the viceroy of Peru on the duties and privileges of Nicolás de Salazar, alguacil mayor of the Royal Treausury in Lima.
		Copy of a decree addressed to the viceroy of Peru, issued on 15 December 1768, concerning the administration of tithes by the officials of the Royal Treasury.
	mssa.library.yale.edu /findaids/stream.php?xmlfile=mssa.ms.1775.xml (7466 words)

	Cannons - Spanish and Mexican Periods 1776-1846 - San Francisco Coastal Defenses - Presidio of San Francisco
		Cast in 1679 by Cubas Me Fecit in Lima, Peru, this 8 pound cannon was given the name San Francisco and bears the coat of arms of Don Baltasar de la Cueva Henriquez y Saaverdra, 24th Viceroy of Peru.
		The cannon San Domingo was cast in 1628, and bears the coat of arms of Don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, 17th Viceroy of Peru.
		The Birgen de Barbaneda, or Virgin of Barbaneda in English, was cast in 1693, in Lima, Peru and bears the coat of arms of Don Melchor Puertocarrero Laso de la Vega, 27th Viceroy of Peru.
	www.nps.gov /prsf/coast_defense/spanish/spanish_cannons/index.htm (542 words)

	Peru: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But the conquistadores, led by Francisco Pizarroâs brother Gonzalo, unhappy with the Spanish Kingâs new laws (aiming to impede feudalism, and thereby threatening their wealth and power) rebelled again in 1542, remaining independent from Spanish control to all intents and purposes until 1544, when Gonzalo Pizarro was defeated and executed.
		Peru and Bolivia joined forces against Chile, which exploited the saltpeter, with the support of British companies.
		Peru and Bolivia lost the war and with it the provinces of Arica, Tarapac and Antofagasta.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=120 (3475 words)

	Living in Peru » News » Foreign Ministry official arrested for selling historic Peruvian manuscripts - ...
		Peru customs (SUNAT) informed another 114 historic manuscripts from Peru's colonial era have been discovered before they left the country illegally.
		Some of them were authored by Manuel Amat y Juniet, Viceroy of Peru from 1761-1776, containing payroll listings and orders for soldiers who "defended" the Spanish Kingdom in the Americas.
		Actually, Peru is one of my areas of contemporary expertise as I have explained in numerous books.As...
	www.livinginperu.com /news/2388 (642 words)

	Peru Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The cornerstone of the Spanish colonial enterprise in South America, Peru was subjugated in the first two decades of the 16th century, and for almost three centuries thereafter, its mines and people nourished the entire economy of the Spanish empire.
		In 1609 Solorzano was appointed to the audiencia of Peru and was sent there to gather material on the government of the colonies, which he was to discuss in a lengthy report.
		When Toledo was made viceroy of Peru in 1569, Polo de Ondegardo assisted him in establishing the system under which the Indians were ruled for the next two centuries.
	www.clements.umich.edu /Webguides/NP/Peru.html (1135 words)

	Peruvian Embassy
		The viceroy is also remembered for his passionate liaison with Micaela Villegas ("La Perricholi"), a mestizo woman from Huanuco whose life inspired painters, writers and musicians – including Offenbach, who named one of his operas after this celebrated Peruvian beauty.
		Confronted by mounting independence movements throughout the continent, the thirty-eighth viceroy Fernando de Abascal y Sousa (1806-1816) ensured that Peru remained the bastion of Spanish rule in the Americas.
		In 1824 Spam's last viceroy in Peru, La Serna, surrendered to General Antonio Jose de Sucre after being defeated in the battle of Ayacucho.
	www.peruembassy-uk.com /Embassy2006/Files_html/SiteIngles/History/HistoryUnderSpanish_4.html (282 words)

	Antonio de Mendoza Summary
		Antonio de Mendoza, 2nd conde de Tendilla (Spanish: Don Antonio de Mendoza, segundo conde de Tendilla) (1495, Granada—July 21, 1552, Lima), was the first viceroy of New Spain, serving from April 17, 1535 to November 25, 1550, and the third viceroy of Peru (1550-1552).
		As viceroy, Mendoza commissioned the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540-42, the expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo to explore the western coastline of Alta California in 1542-43, and the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippines in 1542-43.
		On March 25, 1544 Viceroy Mendoza promulgated the New Laws, inspired by the great reformer Frey Bartolomé de las Casas and intended to ease the plight of Indians under the system of forced labor.
	www.bookrags.com /Antonio_de_Mendoza (1192 words)

	www.phiota.org ::: Don Bernardo O'Higgins
		His father was Spain's governor for Chile and viceroy for Peru.
		In 1790, O'Higgins went to Peru to study, staying until he was 16, when his father sent him to Europe.
		Peru offered him asylum, and O'Higgins went there to spend the rest of his life as an exile, away from his heart--the country he had worked so hard to free.
	www.phiota.org /ohiggins.php (298 words)

	Guitar
		The first stringed musical instruments arrived in Peru in 1532, along with hornpipes and trumpets, bugles and kettledrums brought by the laymen in matters of music who accompanied Captain General Francisco Pizarro, or those who came of their own free will in search of gold and silver.
		Pedro Antonio Fernandez de Castro y Andrade, Count of Lemos, XVII Viceroy of Peru, arrived in Lima in 1667, accompanied by Lucas Ruiz de Ribayaz, a theologian and guitarist who was just starting his important career as a musician.
		The Viceroy played the guitar proficiently and was one of the most enthusiastic disciples of Ruiz de Ribayaz, who returned to Madrid and in 1677 published "Musical Light and North...".
	www.javierechecopar.com /Guitar.html (4623 words)

	Mercator's World: War of the Maps
		Peru and Ecuador agreed to a peace accord in 1998, officially ending a series of border conflicts between the two
		Peru is responsible for guaranteeing the security of Tiwinza.
		Peru y Ecuador: Antecedentes de un Largo Historia (Peru and Ecuador: Chronology to a Long Conflict).
	www.ericjlyman.com /mercators2.html (3194 words)

	Ecuador history Ecuador, A complete history of Ecuador
		The Quito Audiencia, which was both a court of justice and an advisory body to the viceroy, consisted of a president and several judges (oidores).
		The territory under the jurisdiction of Quito considerably exceeded that of present-day Ecuador, extending southward to the port of Paita in the north of present-day Peru, northward to the port of Buenaventura and the city of Cali in the south of present-day Colombia, and well out into the Amazon River Basin in the east.
		Although the prior sequence of events--the breakdown of talks aimed at resolving the boundary issues in 1938, followed by repeated border skirmishes--had given ample warning of a possible outbreak of large-scale hostilities, Ecuador was unprepared to meet the July 5 Peruvian invasion.
	ecuaworld.com /history_of_ecuador.htm (1020 words)

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