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Topic: Viceroyalty of Peru

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	Peru, country, South America. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Peru, which varies greatly in climate and topography, falls into three main geographical regions—a narrow strip of desert along the coast, a region of high mountains in the center, and a large area of forested mountains and lowlands in the east.
		Peru’s loyalty to Spain was due to the relatively large number of Spaniards who resided there, to the concentration of Spanish power at Lima, and to the efficiency of the government in the viceroyalty.
		Peru continued to be torn by civil strife until the emergence of Gen. Ramón Castilla, who was president from 1844 to 1850 and from 1855 to 1862.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pe/Peru.html (3057 words)

	Peru - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Nevertheless, the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572.
		Peru initiated a period of political and economic stability in the middle of the XIX century, under the General Ramon Castilla's caudillista hegemony.
		Politics of Peru takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Peru (8506 words)

	World InfoZone - Peru Facts
		Caral was built between 2627 BC and 2000 BC and is said to be the oldest city in the Americas and one of the oldest cities in the world.
		Pizarro defeated the Incas whose empire became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru with the capital in Lima.
		From 1840 to 1880 Peru collected over twenty million tons of guano for export: the fisheries of the Pacific are among the world's richest, particularly those fed by the cold currents along the coast of South America.
	www.worldinfozone.com /facts.php?country=Peru (562 words)

	PERU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		It soon became the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which until the mid-eighteenth century, extended from the Caribbean to La Plata (Argentina).
		The establishment of the viceroyalties of New Granada (1739) in the north and La Plata (1776) in the south greatly reduced the extent and power of the colonial administration centered in Lima.
		Peru it a diverse country, the civilians are a mixture of European, Incan and Slave descendents.
	www.rit.edu /~jap2890/peru.htm (204 words)

	Facts about Peru
		Peru declared its independence from Spain on July 28, 1821 thanks to an alliance between the Argentine army of José de San Martín, and the Neogranadine Army of Simón Bolívar.
		Once the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, gold and silver from the Andes enriched the conquerors, and Peru became the principal source of Spanish wealth and power in South America.
		The Government of Peru is now weighing its response to the CVR's recommendations that human rights violators be tried and that the government take measures to, in some fashion, indemnify parts of the population that suffered during those years, chiefly rural Peruvians of ethnically Indian descent.
	www.theperuguide.com /facts_about_peru/peru_history.html (4421 words)

	A short history of Peru
		Present-day Peru is settled by Quechua and Aymara between the fifth and eight century.
		Peru's independence movement is by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela.
		As most South-American states Peru is a weak and unstable state, ruled by a succesion of military dictators for most of the 19th century.
	www.electionworld.org /history/peru.htm (837 words)

	Peru
		Peru is one of the most fascinating countries in the world; it has a very rich history, an interesting variety of places to visit, and very nice and friendly people.
		Peru is also the land of the potato, corn, coca, and quinoa.
		After almost 300 years of slavery, cruelty, robbery, and genocide, Peru gained its independence from Spain in July 28th, 1821, and it was achieved in 1824 after the Peruvian army defeated the Spanish in Ayacucho.
	www.angelfire.com /pe2/perusite (340 words)

	The viceroyalty (virreynato)of Peru and El Rio de La Plata: The Americas
		The Viceroyalty of Peru: Created in 1542, Spanish Virreinato de Peru the second of the four viceroyalties that Spain created to govern its domains in the Americas.
		This revolt spread throughout Peru, and, although Tupac was captured and executed in 1781, the Indians continued to wage war against the Spaniards until 1783, causing the disruption of the viceroyalty's economic life.
		The viceroy of Peru and his generals were taken prisoner, and what was left of the territory that had been the Viceroyalty of Peru became part of the independent nations of Peru and Chile.
	www.realtreasures.com /vice.htm (1822 words)

	Peru historical information
		Evidence of settlement in Peru dates back thousands of years but, except for some scattered ruins, little is known of these early peoples.
		As a result, colonial Peru was a divided society, consisting of a small class that owned the land and controlled education, political, military, and religious power, and of a large, mostly indigenous class (about 90 percent of the total population) that remained landless, illiterate, and exploited.
		In 1873 Peru signed a secret defensive alliance with Bolivia, the purpose of which was to defend Bolivia's nitrate interests against Chile.
	www.peru-travel.net /peru_travel_center/history.htm (1537 words)

	Peru: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		For at least 300 years before the arrival of the first Europeans (Spaniards), most of the Peru (excluding the eastern lowlands) was the heart of the Inca empire that extended from present-day Ecuador to central Chile.
		Peru went to war with Spain (1864-1871); during the fighting Callao (Lima's main port) was damaged by heavy bombardment from the sea.
		A boundary dispute with Colombia was settled in 1932 by the withdrawal of Peru from a large area in the Amazon plain.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/aurelia/perhis.htm (603 words)

	Peru's History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Archaeologically, Peru is the richest country in South America.
		Peru is perhaps best known as the heart of the Inca Empire, but it was home to many diverse indigenous cultures long before the Incas arrived.
		The Viceroyalty of Peru, rich and powerful, had to fight against those colonists who where tired of abuse and explotation of indians.
	www.yourexpedition.com /inti_site/pages/peru_history.html (361 words)

	Conflict Summary
		The Spanish conquest of modern-day Peru begun in 1532 and was led by Francisco Pizarro.
		In 1544, the Viceroyalty of Peru was formally established, with its capital in Lima.
		Tupac Amaru was active until mid-1993 and thereafter the political organisation of the group became unclear, although the group engaged in violence in forms of bombings in 1994.
	www.pcr.uu.se /database/conflictSummary.php?bcID=146 (654 words)

	Peru - INDEPENDENCE IMPOSED FROM WITHOUT
		For one thing, Peru was a conservative, royalist stronghold where the potentially restless creole elites maintained a relatively privileged, if dependent, position in the old colonial system.
		Not until both movements converged in Peru during the latter phases of the revolt, specifically the 4,500-man expeditionary force led by General José de San Martín that landed in Pisco in September 1820, was Spanish control of Peru seriously threatened.
		It was symptomatic of the conservative nature of the viceroyalty that the internal forces now declaring for independence were led by a leading creole aristocrat, the fourth marquis of Torre Tagle, whose monarchist sympathies for any future political order coincided with those of the Argentine liberator.
	countrystudies.us /peru/11.htm (1590 words)

	Peru - The Colonial Church
		The upshot was not only a sharp decline in vital crown revenues from Peru during the century, which further contributed to the decline of Spain itself, but an increasing loss of royal control over local creole oligarchies throughout the viceroyalty.
		For Peru, perhaps the most far-reaching change was the creation of a new viceroyalty in the Río de la Plata (River Plate) region in 1776 that radically altered the geopolitical and economic balance in South America.
		Upper Peru was detached administratively from the old Viceroyalty of Peru, so that profits from Potosí no longer flowed to Lima and Lower Peru, but to Buenos Aires.
	countrystudies.us /peru/9.htm (1444 words)

	peru
		1985 In Peru the military was involved in the massacre of 72 peasants in Accomarca, a village in the Ayacucho region, where the Shining Path was founded.
		Peru was granted the exclusive use of a pier in the Chilean port of Arica.
		The heads of Peru’s 14 military divisions were all from the military-school class of Montesinos.
	timelines.ws /countries/PERU.HTML (11867 words)

	LegendMUD: Viceroyal Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The city of Lima, often called the City of Flowers, was the very heart of the Viceroyalty of Peru, Spain's richest holding in the Americas.
		During the viceroyalty the Spaniards had to cope with those among them who sided with the native Quechua and Incas, whose living conditions were terrible.
		They took refuge in their reminiscences and superstitions, but the magic was gone from Peru, despite all the efforts of the Spaniards to keep the mystique alive.
	www.legendmud.org /Reference/areas/peru.html (397 words)

	Argentina History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		That is why the Viceroyalty of Peru developed slowly, always under the shadows of the Inca Empire.
		It was the interest aroused by the development of the port of Buenos Aires for countries such as Portugal (which expanded its colonizing campaigns up to Plata River), England and France, (which carried out expeditions in Patagonia and Malvinas) that made Spain aware of the importance and autonomy of this region.
		While, in the beginning, the population was distributed among different points of the interior, but, thanks to the prosperity of the littoral stockbreeders and the merits of the port of Buenos Aires, from which leather, tallow and wool were exported, economic activity was increasingly centered in Buenos Aires.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/argentina/argentina_history_viceroyalty.html (308 words)

	South America, 1600–1800 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The seventeenth century sees the growth of local autonomy and the rise of criollo identities (people of European descent born in the Americas) throughout the Spanish Americas, even as the indigenous population continues its calamitous decline.
		Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Perú, grows to become the most important city in the Americas after Mexico, and silver-rich Potosí, the source of Perú's wealth, is the fifth most populous city in the world by 1620.
		The new viceroyalty also encompasses the Caribbean coastline of South America formerly under the jurisdiction of New Spain, as a means to combat foreign depredations on Spanish trade.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/09/sa/ht09sa.htm (1558 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Peru
		Inhabited since at least the 9th millennium B.C., it was the center of an Incan empire established after the 12th century A.D. The Spanish under Pizarro conquered the empire in 1533 and set up in 1542 the viceroyalty of Peru, which at one time included Panama and all of Spanish South America.
		Peru's Native American heritage is one of the richest in South America, preserved throughout Peruvian culture and society.
		Shamans are common and respected in Peru, with many poor families who cannot afford modern medicine relying on them for their health care.
	fusionanomaly.net /peru.html (460 words)

	[No title]
		Peru has been occupied by humans since at least the 9th millennium B.C. It was later the center of several developed cultures, including the Chavín, Chimú, and the Nazca.
		The Viceroyalty of Peru, rich and powerful, had to fight against those colonists who where tired of abuse and exploration of Indians.
		, and to the efficiency of the government in the viceroyalty.
	web.pdx.edu /~annoh/peru/history_page.html (481 words)

	History of Peru
		Check for current Weather conditions for top destinations in Peru
		Lima Peru Apart Hotel, discount vacation rentals, furnished apartment for rent
		Freedom from Spanish rule, however, was imported to Peru by outsiders.
	www.peru-explorer.com /history.htm (1635 words)

	Economics : University of Vermont
		She received a bachelor’s degree in economics and a J.D. degree in law in 1992 from the
		Her doctoral dissertation, “Markets and Hierarchies in Late Colonial Spanish America: The Royal Tobacco Monopoly in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1752-1813,” was selected in 2002 as one of three finalists for the Economic History Association’s Gerschenkron Prize for best dissertation in economic history on any area outside of North America.
		Her current research agenda focuses on the role of natural resources and institutions in Latin American economic development.
	www.uvm.edu /~econ/?Page=vizcarra.html (266 words)

	Peru
		20 Nov 1542 Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru (Peru, R
		In 1836 Andrés de Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia, launched a project to confederate
		Peru and Bolivia under his "Protectorship." In Peru he began by having an Assembly proclaim
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Peru.htm (3976 words)

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