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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Born in Nieder Rehbach, Austria-Hungary, Berger attended the Gymnasia at Leutschau and the universities at Budapest and Vienna.
		When Berger arrived in Washington to claim his seat, Congress formed a special committee to determine whether a convicted felon and war opponent should be seated as a member of Congress; on November 10, 1919 they concluded that he should not, and declared the seat vacant.
		Berger defeated Stafford in 1922 and was reelected in 1924 and 1926.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Victor_Berger (592 words)

	Wisconsin Court System - Articles on Wisconsin legal history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Berger, himself born in Austria, published a series of editorials criticizing the recently enacted military draft and arguing that the war was simply a fight between capitalists.
		The jury largely ignored Berger's arguments in defense of his right to free speech and concluded his conduct was "traitorous." In 1921 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction -- not on the basis of Berger's free speech rights, but on a technicality.
		It concluded Berger was "one of the most dangerous men in the United States" and was "the head of an organized conspiracy to prevent this Government from winning the war." In the final vote 311 congressmen voted against Berger.
	www.courts.state.wi.us /about/organization/history/article38.htm (0 words)

	Victor Berger
		In 1910 Berger became the first socialist in the United States to be elected to Congress.
		Berger was a strong opponent of America's involvement in the First World War.
		Victor Berger died on 16th July, 1929, from injuries sustained in a streetcar accident in Milwaukee.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAberger.htm (318 words)

	Red Biography: Victor L. Berger
		A reformist and rather right-wing social democrat, Berger felt that Marxism should be revised in the manner in which Eduard Bernstein was doing in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
		Berger was again elected to Congress and served from 1923 to 1929.
		Berger was a founder of the Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA), a farm/labor alliance, and was one of the largest Socialist supporters of the 1924 Presidential campaign of Senator Robert M. La Follette (R-WI).
	reds.linefeed.org /bios/berger.html (521 words)

	Victor Louis Berger Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Victor Berger was born in Nieder-Rehbach, Austria-Hungary, on Feb. 28, 1860.
		Berger attended the universities in Vienna and Budapest.
		Berger was known as the head of the "right wing" of the Socialist party because of his advocacy of immediate, partial reforms while working for a socialist society.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/victor-louis-berger (609 words)

	BERGER, Victor Luitpold (1860-1929) Guide to Research Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Also included is an unpublished biography of Victor Berger by daughter Doris; legal documentation of Victor Berger’s 1918-1919 trial under the Espionage Act, and of subsequent hearings in the House of Representatives on the question of seating him; and campaign materials, 1894-1928, some in German and Polish.
		Meta Berger’s papers contain correspondence, 1907-1914; the manuscript of an unpublished autobiography; speeches and writings; notebooks written during her husband’s trial, and during a 1935 trip to Russia; a diary of her travels to a disarmament conference in Geneva, 1932; and some Krak (Krack) and Schlichting family papers.
		The papers document Victor Berger of Wisconsin and four Socialist co-defendants who were convicted of conspiracy in violation of the Espionage Act and were sentenced to 20 years at Leavenworth Prison.
	bioguide.congress.gov /scripts/guidedisplay.pl?index=B000407 (0 words)

	Victor Berger at the Wisconsin Historical Society
		Victor Berger was born on February 28, 1860, in Neider-Rehback, Austria-Hungary.
		Berger himself won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, becoming the first Socialist to win national office: he lost his seat in 1912.
		Berger’s most influential newspaper, the Milwaukee Leader, established in 1911, became the vehicle for his vocal opposition to World War I.
	www.wisconsinhistory.org /topics/vberger/index.asp (503 words)

	Wisconsin Free Speech Legacy
		Victor Berger was born in Austria in 1860 and immigrated to the U.S. in 1878.
		Berger filed a law suit against the Postmaster General to regain the second-class mail rate (which was 8-15 times cheaper than third–class rates) and fought the case all the way to the United States Supreme Court.
		Berger, denied his elected position because the House disapproved of his political opinions, was left to fight his conspiracy conviction all the way the U.S. Supreme Court.
	www.uwstout.edu /faculty/shiellt/freespeech1/world/berger.htm (1575 words)

	Victor Luitpold BERGER — Infoplease.com
		Victor L. Berger from the fifth congressional district of Wisconsin.
		Berger’s hit and misses at the called session of the Sixty-second Congress, April-October: A symposium of economic, political, sociological, tactical, and historic live topics.
		Victor L. Berger hearings before the Special Committee appointed under the authority of House resolution no. 6 concerning the right of Victor L. Berger to be sworn in as a Member of the Sixty-sixth Congress.
	www.infoplease.com /biography/us/congress/berger-victor-luitpold.html (0 words)

	Victor Berger
		Berger liked to brag that he was the "founder, the leader, and the 'brains' of the [Socialist] party."
		Berger himself won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in the fall 1910 elections as the first Socialist to hold that office in America.
		Berger did not expect to tear the moorings of capitalism away with violent, sudden revolution; instead, he promoted a gradual and peaceful "revolutionizing of the minds, the only true revolution there is."
	us.history.wisc.edu /hist102/bios/html/berger3.html (475 words)

	Palmer raids
		The crackdown on dissent had actually begun during World War I, but had accelerated significantly after the end of the war.
		Congress in 1919 refused to seat Socialist representative from Wisconsin, Victor L. Berger, because of his pacifist views concerning the war.
		Victor Berger was sentenced to 20 years in prison on the charge of sedition (the Supreme Court of the United States later threw out that conviction).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pa/Palmer_raids.html (0 words)

	Spirit of Old Rabble-rousers Returns at Media Conference
		During the dark days of World War I, Berger and La Follette were among the handful of members of Congress challenging the military adventurism of President Woodrow Wilson and the profiteering of the munitions merchants who so enthusiastically supported the dispatch of American youths to foreign battlefields.
		Berger, the Socialist congressman from Milwaukee, and La Follette, the state's progressive Republican senator, boldly challenged the politicians and the profiteers who equated support for the war with patriotism.
		Berger and La Follette battled what both men referred to as "the kept press" - newspapers and magazines that were little more than cheerleaders for the militarists of their day.
	www.commondreams.org /views03/1106-07.htm (810 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Berger was indicted by the U.S. government for violating the Espionage Act in 1918, but still won re-election but was denied his seat by the House of Representatives.
		Berger served from 1910 to 1912 and from 1923 to 1929.
		Berger immigrated to Milwaukee in 1881 from Austria.
	www.wishistory.com /nov8.html (0 words)

	U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Historical Minutes > 1878-1920 > House Member Introduces Resolution to ...
		This text formed the preamble to a constitutional amendment introduced in the House of Representatives on April 27, 1911, by that chamber's first Socialist member, Victor Berger of Wisconsin.
		Yet, less than seven weeks later, perhaps nudged by Berger's gesture, the Senate approved its long-delayed direct-election resolution, which would soon be ratified as the Constitution's 17th Amendment.
		Berger left the House in 1913, but remained a prominent social critic.
	www.senate.gov /artandhistory/history/minute/House_Member_Introduces_Resolution_To_Abolish_the_Senate.htm (369 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Berger, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Berger, Victor Louis 1860-1929, American Socialist leader and Congressman, b.
		In 1898 the Social Democratic party was formed by a group led by Eugene V. Debs and Victor Berger.
		Iconographic metafiction: a converging aspect of Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient and John Berger's To the Wedding.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Berger, (0 words)

	Sewer Socialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Victor Berger is seen as the manifestation of Sewer Socialism, often compared to Robert La Follette and his representation of Progressivism.
		Seidel and Berger both lost their campaigns in 1912; but in 1916 a new Socialist mayor was elected, Daniel Hoan.
		Victor Berger won a seat in the House of Representatives, but was refused by The House for his brisk anti-WW I statements at a St.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sewer_Socialism (0 words)

	Victor L. Berger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Louis, and in 1897 was an organizer of the Social Democratic Party (later known as the Socialist Party, created from a split with the Socialist Labor party organized with Berger, Eugene V. Debs, Morris Hillquit and others).
		The conviction was appealed, and ultimately overturned on January 31, 1921 by the Supreme Court on a technicality.
		Wisconsin promptly held a special election to fill the vacant seat, and on December 19 elected Berger a second time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Victor_Berger (0 words)

	West Virginia History Volume 52
		The eagerly awaited report by Eugene V. Debs, Adolph Germer and Victor Berger to the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party was published on June 12 and 19, 1913, by the Wheeling Majority.
		The full and complete report of the special committee comprising Eugene V. Debs, Victor L. Berger, and Adolph Germer, appointed by the National Committee of the Socialist Party to investigate the situation in West Virginia is given below.
		Berger and Germer, however, expressed themselves in favor of Debs calling on the governor as a possible means of opening the way for a general hearing, it being understood that any action to be binding must first have the approval of the committee.
	www.wvculture.org /history/journal_wvh/wvh52-2.html (0 words)

	Part 10 of The Workers' Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This is an age of complicated machinery in war as in industry, and confronted with machine guns, and artillery which kill at seven miles distance, rifles are not likely to be of much material value in assisting in the solution of the labour question in a proletarian manner.
		It would do comrade Berger good to read a little of the conquests of his countryman, Count Zeppelin, over the domain of the air, and thus think of the futility of opposing even an armed working class to such a power as the airship.
		In facing such a weapon in the hands of our remorseless and unscrupulous masters the gun of comrade Victor Berger will be as ineffective as the paper ballot in the hands of a reformer.
	www.ucc.ie /celt/published/E900002-005/text010.html (0 words)

	AllRefer.com - Victor Louis Berger (U.S. History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		After studying at the universities of Budapest and Vienna, he emigrated (1878) to the United States and settled in Milwaukee.
		His leadership brought (1910) the Socialists control of Milwaukee for many years and made Berger the first Socialist member of Congress (1911–13).
		Reelected twice (1918, 1919), he was excluded by Congress on grounds of sedition, for which he was sentenced (1918–19) to a 20-year prison term.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Berger-V.html (0 words)

	Berger Victor Louis: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Louis Defoes criticism in the...Mirbeau Les Mauvais Bergers, Meilhac and...55 Les Mauvais Bergers met with the worst...Rousset "as well as Louis Jouvet as the peace-making...62 Furthermore, Louis Jouvet categorically...
		In July of 1999, Berger and Daniels first conceived the piece...piece visits Washington University, in St. Louis, in October and the University of Texas...
		BERGER, VICTOR LOUIS 1860 1929, American Socialist leader and Congressman...editorials.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/berger_victor_louis.jsp (0 words)

	NEW POSTINGS TO EAM (06-32) August 6, 2006
		Factional leaders were Victor Berger of Milwaukee and Isaac Hourwich of New York (father of future CPA leader Nicholas Hourwich) for the adherents of the "old German Socialist methods" and John F. Lloyd of Illinois and James Hogan of Utah for the "American Socialism" pro-colonization faction.
		Gronlund calls Berger and friends "childish" for refusing to accede to the decision of the majority of the June convention to proceed with colonization, thereby attempting "to break up and destroy a new and splendid instrument for the emancipation of the masses," the Social Democracy of America.
		This article by SDP leader Victor Berger from the debut issue of the party's official newspaper, The Social Democratic Herald, explained the basic political ideas of this new organization in contradistinction to the so-called "American Socialism" of his factional opponents.
	marxisthistory.org /subject/usa/eam/06-32.html (0 words)

	Berger — FactMonster.com
		Victor Louis Berger - Berger, Victor Louis Berger, Victor Louis, 1860–1929, American Socialist leader and...
		Victor Luitpold BERGER - BERGER, Victor Luitpold (1860—1929) BERGER, Victor Luitpold, a Representative from Wisconsin;...
		Albert Berger ROSSDALE - ROSSDALE, Albert Berger (1878—1968) ROSSDALE, Albert Berger, a Representative from New York;...
	www.factmonster.com /dictionary/brewers/berger.html (112 words)

	TIME.com: Long Trousers -- May 5, 1924 -- Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is not often that Victor Berger of Wisconsin, sole Socialist in Congress, can praise what his colleagues propose.
		Those who stood for the "pluribus" were not numerous enough to withstand the unanimity of those who stood for the "unum." A two-thirds vote is necessary to pass this type of resolution.
		Berger who claims the credit of it for Socialism—may rejoice over a moral victory, but for the present have little else to hope for.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,727775,00.html (0 words)

	Weekly Column: Dissent During Wartime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Back in 1917 and 1918, former Milwaukee Congressman Victor Berger upset quite a few people by his strident opposition to American participation in the Great War (now known as World War I).
		The indictment backfired, and sympathy for Berger resulted in his re-election to Congress in 1918, after several years out of office.
		The people of Wisconsin's 5th Congressional District clearly felt that Berger had gotten a bum rap and that there has to be room for dissent during wartime.
	www.house.gov /petri/weekly/mar21_03.htm (0 words)

	Socialist Party WI Pins
		On left is Victor Berger, and on the right is Winfield R.
		Berger won election to Congress a number of times.
		Victor Berger was elected to Congress several times beginning in 1910.
	www.cresswellslist.com /sp_auctions/wi.htm (0 words)

	Amazon.com: "Victor Berger": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The foreign-born American socialist leaders Victor Berger and Morris Hillquit emphasized the enduring historical character of class awareness in Europe.
		Victor Berger; there were mayors in Butte, Montana; Berkeley, California; Flint, Michigan;...
		Following her work in the Chicago office of the party she moved to Milwaukee, where she was an ally of Victor Berger in Wisconsin socialist affairs.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Victor-Berger (0 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Abnet, Dustin
		For over thirty years, Victor and Meta Berger lived, fought, and campaigned together as two of the most prominent American socialists.
		During their marriage, Victor co-founded the American Socialist Party, served on its Executive Committee, successfully ran for Congress, published the leading Socialist daily newspaper, and led Milwaukee’s powerful socialist machine.
		Though they were important political figures, Meta and Victor were also important because of how they experienced, as a couple, two of the most transformative developments of the early twentieth century: a crisis of masculinity and the rise of feminism.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?miami1155073333 (0 words)

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