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Topic: Victor Hugues

	TriniView.com - Tobago in History
		Victor Hugues set to work to drive the British out of these islands and to convert people to the cause of the revolution of republican France.
		Hugues dispatched his agents to Jamaica, where a full-fledged war was waged by the maroons, slaves who had freed themselves, and the British troops.
		Victor Hugues then turned to Grenada, where there was tension between the English and the French.
	www.trinicenter.com /Tobago/TheCapitulationandtheRegion.htm (608 words)

	Hugh of St. Victor
		On the tragic death of Thomas (20 Aug., 1133) Hugh was chosen to succeed him as head of the School of St. Victor, and under his direction it attained to brilliant success.
		It is interesting to note that, although the question of universals in his day filled the schools, and at St. Victor's William of Champeaux had many faithful followers, Hugh systematically avoids the whole question, although in places he rejects some of the principal arguments put forward by the Realists.
		Hugh's mystical teaching was amplified by Richard of St. Victor, whose proud disdain for philosophy has been wrongly attributed to Hugh.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/h/hugh_of_st_victor.html (2054 words)

	Victor Hugues - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Victor Hugues (1761—1826) was a French politician and colonial administrator during the French Revolution, who governed Guadeloupe from 1794 to 1798, emancipating the island's slaves under orders from the National Convention.
		Hugues was born in Marseille and was a colonist in Saint-Domingue in the late 1780s and early 1790s.
		Hugues is perhaps best known for authorizing privateers to attack shipping through the Caribbean, which brought great wealth to the island but also was part of the tensions between France and the United States (known as the Quasi-War in American history).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Victor_Hugues (402 words)

	Curtis Jacobs - The Brigands's War in St Vincent: The view from the French records, 1794-1796
		Hugues was officially sent out to the Windwards to implement the 'le Decret du 16 pluviôse' in France's colonies in the eastern Caribbean.
		Hugues, however, was the representative of a country and government that on one level, had been locked in a struggle with Britain throughout the eighteenth century, and despite France being in the throes of revolution during this period, had not abandoned their ambitions for territorial expansion.
		In the dispatch, Hugues seems to be demonstrating his usefulness to France's Thermidorian rulers in a period where Hugues, a Jacobin, was already a relic of a past regime.
	www.cavehill.uwi.edu /bnccde/svg/conference/papers/jacobs.html (6854 words)

	Victor Hugues
		HUGUES, Victor, French soldier, born in Marseilles in 1761; died near Bordeaux in November, 1826.
		On 6 October, he obliged the English general to surrender in his camp of Barville with his whole force, in which were comprised 800 French emigres and 900 colored soldiers, Hugues ordered 300 of the emigres to be shot as traitors, and condemned 100 of the colored soldiers to the public works.
		Hugues held that office ten years, till 12 January, 1809, when he signed a capitulation, and surrendered the colony to the English fleet.
	www.famousamericans.net /victorhugues (826 words)

	Victor Hugues - Le Francais (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-2.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Victor Hugues est mieux connu comme le révolutionnaire français qui gouverna la Guadeloupe de 1794 à 1798, émancipant les esclaves de l'île sous les ordres de la Convention nationale française.
		Hugues est né à Marseille en 1761 et a été un colon à Saint-Domingue de fin 1780 à début 1790, où il s'impregna des principes révolutionnaires.
		Hugues, en autorisant les corsaires français à attaquer les vaisseaux américains, permit l'apport de nombreuses richesses à l'île mais agrava une crise entre les États-Unis et la France, connue sous le nom de "Quasi guerre" aux États-Unis.
	www.tscholars.com.cob-web.org:8888 /francais/Victor_Hugues (511 words)

	[No title]
		Victor Hugues was born in Marseille, France, at first he established himself in Haiti but then he returned to France after his house and properties were burnt during the unrest on the island.
		On September 1794 the French under the orders of Victor Hugues took over again the island however the his regime was very similar to the post revolution regime of terror in France and immediately after he regained the island he went to work with the Guillotine he had just brought from France.
		Victor Hugues died on August 11,1826 in Guyane after being removed from his post for his barbaric behavior towards the citizens of Martinique.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1992/2/92.02.04.x.html (4341 words)

	Victor Hugues
		Victor Hugues est porteur de passeports pour les déportés Bathélémy, Barbé Marbois et Laffon Ladebat, en exécution de l'arrêté du 17 janvier 1799.
		Boulanger à Saint-Domingue puis imprimeur, dès 1789, Victor Hugues soutient la Révolution, tout en s'opposant aux revendications égalitaires des libres de couleur.
		En 1962, l'écrivain Cubain Alejo Carpentier a fait de Victor Hugues le Héros de son roman " Le siècle des lumières ".
	perso.orange.fr /redris/HTML/Hugues_victor.html (517 words)

	St. Vincent and the Grenadines 381
		In late 1795 Moreau spent several months in a Carib village near the east coast of St Vincent, fascinated in equal degree by the social life of the savages, the tropical vegetation and crops around him, and the beauty of the chief's daughter, Eliama, aged eighteen, the same age as Moreau.
		Then, after a failed attack on British positions in December 1795, Moreau was recalled to Guadeloupe by Victor Hugues and only returned to St Vincent for his second visit after British reinforcements had turned the tide of the insurrection.
		This time, landing on the eastern coast in the spring of 1796, close to the village where he'd spent those idyllic months the previous year, the first thing Moreau finds is a massacred village men, women, children, old people, all hacked to death and their houses burned.
	homepage.mac.com /karlek/.Public/SVG/SVG381.HTM (1184 words)

	Paul MOMBELLI : Petit Journal de Montmain, numéro 390
		Victor Hugues, porté aux nues, prononça une série de causeries et se révéla au moins aussi avancé dans sa pensée pratique que les philosophes dans leurs analyses spéculatives.
		Hugues se rendit aussitôt au port de Rochefort, où il découvrit, fort déçu, que la « flotte rassemblée » se composait de deux frégates surannées, une corvette, deux petits cotres et deux navires marchands lourds et lents — avec pour soldats exactement mille cent cinquante-trois paysans mal entraînés.
		Hugues n'avait pas « chargé comme un démon à la tête de ses troupes », il avait simplement débarqué à la fin de la bataille, tel un grand conquérant détaché de tout, humble dans la victoire et accablé sous le poids de ses responsabilités de commissaire du gouvernement.
	petitjournal.caloucaera.net /journal390.html (5900 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		By this bold action Victor Hugues found himself master of the greater part of the colony and of its chief town and principal commercial harbor.
		Victor Hugues, becoming thus possessed of the Isle of Grande Terre, sought out the enemy in Guadeloupe proper, where he was concentrated.
		When summoned to headquarters, Victor Hugues' secretary, who, they said, was merely his tool, explained in his name what was required of me. Notwithstanding the superiority of the English, who were assuming the offensive everywhere, the proconsul hoped to wrest Martinique from them by surprise, as he had already done in the case of Guadeloupe.
	homepage.mac.com /karlek/.Public/1795.HTM (22969 words)

	H-Net Review: Stewart R. King on A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It is, but Victor Hugues managed to not only defend the island against the greatest naval power on earth at the time but to attack neighboring islands and give the British fits throughout the whole region.
		Hugues was a figure with feet planted firmly on both sides of the divide: a former member of the slave-owning class in Saint-Domingue, he was also a committed Jacobin and leader of a revolutionary army.
		Hugues was able to lead his armies on a rampage throughout the eastern Caribbean, seriously damaging British hegemony.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=45091138384343 (2070 words)

	Curtis Jacobs - Le Gibraltar des Antilles: The role of St Lucia during The Brigands' War, 1794-1796
		Hugues was also advising France's new rulers of his indispensability as their chief protagonist in the eastern Caribbean.
		As confident as Hugues and his colleagues were over the granting of French citizenship to all people living in France's colonies "conquered or to be conquered", other evidence suggests that they were not fully decided upon this citizenship.
		Hugues confronted the problem posed by the transition from slave to citizen, and from slave labor to free labor, through a combination of liberation and repression.
	www.cavehill.uwi.edu /bnccde/stlucia/conference/papers/jacobs.html (7096 words)

	Paul MOMBELLI : Petit Journal de Montmain, numéro 308
		Nous avons déjà vu que Victor HUGUES, honoré par toutes les municipalités guadeloupéennes à majorité de population d'origine africaine, après avoir libéré les esclaves de Guadeloupe, action pour laquelle il avait été mandaté par la Convention, a rétabli l'esclavage en Guyane, sur ordre du Consulat.
		Victor Hugues n'avait donc pas de contradicteurs ; autour de lui tout étant muet, il pouvait en toute liberté parler à la France de la prospérité de la colonie et du bonheur des habitants sous les bienfaisantes lois de la République une et indivisible.
		Victor Hugues, ayant eu connaissance des propos tenus, saisit, pour faire une sortie contre les officiers de la division, l'occasion du 10 janvier 1795, jour où il faisait reconnaître Leissègue comme contre-amiral.
	petitjournal.caloucaera.net /journal308.html (1710 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Hugo and Richard confined their activity to the convent, taking no part in the public controversies of the age.
		St. Victor, the convent which William of Champeaux, Hugo, and Richard made famous, had its filial houses not only in France but also in Ireland.
		While he was at St. Victor, the convent was visited by Alexander III, and Thomas á Becket.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.xiv.xi.html?bcb=0 (1915 words)

	Guadeloupe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The French retook the island under the command of Victor Hugues, who succeeded in freeing the slaves.
		They revolted and turned on the slave-owners who controlled the sugar plantations, but when American interests were threatened, Napoleon sent a force to suppress the rebels and reinstitute slavery.
		Slavery was abolished on the island in 1848 at the initiative of Victor Schoelcher.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guadeloupe (1731 words)

	El siglo de las luces; Alejo Carpentier
		Cuando muere su padre, considerado como hombre ejemplar, Sofía, Carlos (su hermano mayor) y su enfermizo primo Esteban, conocen a un joven comerciante de Port-au-Prince, Víctor Hugues, de origen francés.
		Se deja llevar por los ideales de Víctor Hugues, los mismos que le llevan a las ideas revolucionarias de fraternidad, igualdad y libertad.
		Impotente, regresa a casa con su prima y la descubre muy cambiada, él nunca llega a comprenderla hasta que ella se deja ver, y es entonces, cuando descubre a la verdadera Sofía, y se da cuenta realmente de quien es y cual es el motivo de su lucha.
	html.rincondelvago.com /el-siglo-de-las-luces_alejo-carpentier.html (1751 words)

	Alain Giffard: hugues de saint victor
		Hugues y devint rapidement fameux pour ses cours et ses livres.
		Hugues a produit de nombreuses exégèses de la Bible, des textes liturgiques et des Pères.
		Hugues formule un devoir universel d’étudier en s’appuyant sur la lecture, devoir qui s’impose non seulement aux moines, et aux élèves de l’Abbaye, mais à l’ensemble des citadins.
	alaingiffard.blogs.com /culture/2005/04/ugues_de_saint_.html (1748 words)

	Recherches sur l'école de Saint-Victor, research on Saint-Victor abbey of Paris
		Description des manuscrits (Hugues surtout), au fur et à mesure des éditions critiques.
		Parmi les neuf volumes parus en dix ans, deux sont consacrés à Hugues, un au poète Adam et un dernier à l’historien Jean.
		Bibliographie commentée des éditions et études consacrées à Hugues de Saint-Victor depuis 1950, sous la direction de Cédric Giraud.
	www.irht.cnrs.fr /recherche/programme_victorins.htm (817 words)

	Travel in Guadeloupe - Caribbean - America - History - WorldTravelGate.net®-
		During the 18th century was the peak of the buccaneering and the Caribbean islands mostly lived of attacks and looting of foreign cargo vessels.
		Influenced by the French Revolution, on February 4th, 1794, the Convention in Paris voted for the prohibition of slavery and sent Victor Hugues to Guadeloupe to control the implementation.
		A big number of estate owners who were loyal to the king and slave masters got executed by the Guillotine.
	www.americatravelling.net /caribbean/guadeloupe/guadeloupe_history.htm (607 words)

	Black Caribs of St Vincent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The increase in sugar meant an increase in the number of slaves, and where there is slavery, there is the fear of slave uprisings.
		Hugues knew well how to organise disaffection and he had considerable success.
		"Urged on by Hugues, the ancestors of these same people rose in rebellion and there was desperate fighting, so desperate that it looked at one time as if the French and their Carib allies would succeed in throwing the English off the island, as they had done in St. Lucia.
	www.nalis.gov.tt /Communities/BlackCaribsStVincent.htm (996 words)

	Snapshot of the Caribbean: Gaudeloupe
		The French retook the island under the command of Victor Hugues, who succeeded in freeing the slaves and turn on the slave-owners who controlled the sugar plantations, but when American interests were threatened, Napoleon sent a force to suppress the rebels and reinstitute slavery.
		Louis Delgrès and a group of revolutionary soldiers killed themselves on the slopes of the Matouba volcano when it became obvious that the invading troops would take control of the island.
		Today the population of Guadeloupe is a blend of Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Indians.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /carribeanweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Caribbean-11.htm (473 words)

	Napoleon's Correspondence
		Victor Hugues in Cayenne, as well as that of the general captain of Martinique, deserves an investigation.
		Send orders to the one and the other to move thirty miles away from Paris, to a city which you will indicate.
		Victor Hugues, he imports to me the indications on his career, to know if is not to save it that he gave up my island of Cayenne without defense.
	www.wtj.com /archives/napoleon/nap509he.htm (2621 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In response, the French sent a contingent of soldiers led by Victor Hugues, a fl nationalist who freed and armed Guadeloupean slaves.
		On the day the British troops withdrew from Guadeloupe, Hugues went on a rampage and killed 300 Royalists, many of them plantation owners.
		Slavery was abolished in 1848, following a campaign led by French politician Victor Schoelcher.
	www.knowthecaribbean.com /guadeloupe-history.htm (660 words)

	Debate on a Standing Army, 1798-1800
		It had been said that Hugues expected open war, and that he was ready for it.
		Were they not told that Victor Hugues, with 5,000 of his best troops, is ready to make a blow upon the Southern country whenever the word of command shall be given?
		They knew that these troops existed; they had been seen, and the desperate character of their leader was also known.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Starmy.html (6028 words)

	Encyclopedia Bibliography: Medieval Latin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		La "Description mappe mundi" de Hugues de Saint-Victor: texte inédit avec introduction et commentaire.
		Taylor, R. The Didascalicon of Hugh of St. Victor.
		"Notes on the Liber avium of Hugues de Fouilloy." Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale 46 (1973): 53-83.
	odur.let.rug.nl /events/96/encyclo/bibl8.htm (4507 words)

	About Guadeloupe
		In 1794, British troops allied with French royalists again took control of the islands.
		Soldiers of the French revolutionary army under the command of Victor Hugues soon recaptured Guadeloupe and began to imitate the Reign of Terror then occurring in France in the aftermath of the revolution.
		Hugues set up a guillotine in the square of the town of Basse-Terre and executed 1,800 of the islands' French planters and aristocrats.
	www.umich.edu /~langres/coursework/fr231/about_guadeloupe3.html (605 words)

	History of St. Vincent and the Grenadines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Restored to French rule in 1779, St. Vincent was regained by the British under the Treaty of Versailles in 1783.
		Conflict between the British and the fl Caribs continued until 1796, when General Abercrombie crushed a revolt fomented by the French radical Victor Hugues.
		More than 5,000 fl Caribs were eventually deported to Roatan, an island off the coast of Honduras.
	www.historyofnations.net /northamerica/stvincent.html (746 words)

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