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	Vijayanagara Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The empire during that period served as a bulwark against invasion from the Turkic Sultanates of the Indo-Gangetic Plain; and remained in constant competition and conflict with the five Deccan Sultanates that established themselves in the Deccan to the north of it.
		In 1565, at the Battle of Talikota, the army of Vijayanagara was routed by an alliance of the Deccan sultanates.
		Vijayanagara is considered by many today, especially in the state of Andhra Pradesh, to have been a golden age of culture and learning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire (1259 words)

	Islamic empires in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Founded in 1336, the Vijayanagara Empire (named for its capital Vijayanagara (Vijayanagar), "City of Victory," in present-day Karnataka) expanded rapidly toward Madurai in the south and Goa in the west and exerted intermittent control over the east coast and the extreme southwest.
		Vijayanagara rulers closely followed Chola precedents, especially in collecting agricultural and trade revenues, in giving encouragement to commercial guilds, and in honoring temples with lavish endowments.
		The city of Vijayanagara itself contained numerous temples with rich ornamentation, especially the gateways, and a cluster of shrines for the deities.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islamic_Empires_in_India (1132 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vijayanagara, fabled capital, was described as a wonder-city by medieval travellers such as the Persian Abdur Razzak, and the Europeans, Conti, Nikhitin, Nuniz and Paes.
		Vijayanagara’s wealth was based on a control of the lucrative spice trade of the south and cotton trade of the south-east, and administered by an able bureaucracy.
		Vijayanagara had survived for years with playing off one enemy against the other, but it was unprepared for an allied onslaught of the five sultanates.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1040822/asp/opinion/story_3587141.asp (1030 words)

	Complexity and Economy in Pilgrimage Centers
		Although economy is part of the mundane world, and appears to lie far from the spiritual, emotional, and symbolic world of the pilgrimage journey, spa tial arrangements of precolonial south Indian temple centers indicate that the economic considerations of pilgrimage are inextricable from the ritual and cosmological aspects of the journey.
		Fritz (1985, 1986, 1987) argues that Vijayanagara is an example of a cosmic city and argues that the deeper structural levels of the city reflect the relationships between the celestial and the terrestrial.
		Vijayanagara was the center of governm ent, the locus of imperial power, and therefore a visit to a temple in the capital was a visit to the capital itself.
	www.colorado.edu /Conferences/pilgrimage/papers99/Mack.html (5087 words)

	Kingship in the Early Modern World
		The fact that Vijayanagara was a Hindu political society which was essentially defined in opposition to the religious domination of Islam is extremely important when considering the European tradition of confrontation with Islam.
		For the Europeans Vijayanagara was the experience of a kingdom which was a gentile rather than a Muslim civilisation ("gentile" was used to mean non-Christian, non-Jewish, non-Muslim--outside the biblical tradition.) This gentile civilisation had a capital city which was absolutely impressive, where Europeans went to trade and to negotiate.
		The king of Vijayanagara, Krishna Deva Raya, was metaphorically associated with the epic hero-god of the Ramayana.
	www.fathom.com /course/21701738/session5.html (1934 words)

	Koramangala - Bangalore's Most Happening Place
		The Vijayanagara kings were renowned for their patronage of the arts and ample evidence can be found in the architectural beauty of the monuments.
		History records that the Vijayanagara Empire was the largest amongst Hindu empires founded in the middle of the 14th century by two brothers, Harihara (Hakka) and Bukka.
		The 230-year-old Vijayanagara empire spans across four dynasties but the period 1509 to 1529 is vastly acknowledged as the "golden age" of the empire under the rule of the great King Krishnadevaraya.
	www.koramangala.com /travel/hampi/hampi.htm (472 words)

	Archaeos -- Projects -- Vijayanagara Project
		The Central City of Vijayanagara originally consisted of a fortified royal residential quarter and a series of bordering temple-centered religious communities that occupied an area of approximately 20 square kilometers.
		Although Vijayanagara is a site of extraordinary cultural and religious significance, its preservation is currently under pressure from various forces including tourism, farming, and a growing local population.
		During its first field season at Vijayanagara, Archaeos’ team concentrated on the southwestern end of this ridge — an area chosen because of the high density of building remains there, including at least one palace-like structure visible on the surface.
	www.archaeos.org /html/vsite.htm (489 words)

	Paper: Alex Mack
		The Vijayanagara empire flourished in South India from the 14th to the 16th centuries A.D. The emergence of the empire was likely made possible by political fracturing and upheaval within the Delhi Sultanate, which allowed Hindu rulers to establish a new polity.
		This support of Vijayanagara kings is evident in the extensive number of inscriptions on both the Govindaraja and Venkateswara temples which date to the Saluva and Tuluva dynasties.
		The city of Vijayanagara was abandoned in 1565 after the empire was defeated in war by a confederacy of northern states.
	www.colorado.edu /Conferences/pilgrimage/papers/Mack.html (3946 words)

	Cloudband : Magazine : Features : Vijayanagara - City of Victory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vijayanagara was founded in the middle of the 14th century as the capital of a dynasty of a newly established line of Hindu kings.
		For more than 200 years Vijayanagara struggled with the sultans of the Deccan kingdoms for the control of the fertile territories that lay to the north of the Tungabhadra.
		But in 1565, the Vijayanagara forces succumbed to the army of the sultans, and the capital was abandoned and sacked, never to be occupied again.
	www.cloudband.com /magazine/articles/feat_fritz_vijiyanagara_p1.html (468 words)

	Cloudband : Magazine : Features : VIJAYANAGARA- THE KING'S PRIVATE CHAPEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While the Vijayanagara kings continued to worship Virupaksha in the temple at Hampi, they also promoted the cult of Rama, partly because this figure is portrayed in the Ramayana epic as the ideal Hindu ruler.
		The Tungabhadra valley is identified with the legendary Kishkindha of the Ramayana epic.
		The Vijayanagara kings wished to benefit from this and other similar mythological connections of the landscape in which they had built their capital.
	www.cloudband.com /magazine/articles/feat_fritz_vijiyanagara_p6.html (394 words)

	vijayanagara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagar empire in the Southern part of India.
		The capital was probably first placed at Anegondi, now a small village on the north side of the Tungabhadra, opposite the Vitthala temple.
		As the empire began to expand and prosper under Bukka Raya, the capital was established at the more defensible and secure location of Vijayanagara, on the south side of the river.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /vijayanagara.html (1161 words)

	Hampi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara empire from 1336 to 1565.
		The Vijayanagara rulers chose Hampi as their capital because of its strategic location, bounded by the torrential Tungabhadra river on one side and surrounded by granite cliffs on the other three sides.
		The downfall of the Vijayanagara rulers of Hampi came with the battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi (January 23, 1565), when the king Rama Raya was defeated by the combined forces of the Deccan Sultanates.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/Hampi.htm (732 words)

	Vijayanagara Research Project::Home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vijayanagara, the “City of Victory,” was the greatest of all Hindu capitals of South India.
		The following pages describe Vijayanagara Research Project's (VRP) investigations and interpretations, while also offering essential background information on the history of the city and the empire of which it was the capital, the urban layout of the site, and the variety of its military, ceremonial, civic and religious architecture.
		In recognition of the significance of Vijayanagara, the “Hampi Group of Monuments” was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1987.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Asia/vrp/index.shtml (215 words)

	Hampi World Heritage Site, India
		The Vijayanagara Empire was the last great Hindu kingdom of India, renowned for military achievements and for re-establishing Indian culture and for the advancement of Hindu art, music and literature.
		An indication of the far-sightedness of the kings was the fact that they established close ties with empires outside of the peninsula.
		The Vijayanagara style of architecture relied heavily on the availability of natural resources, namely granite, which was the material used primarily by the Sangamas.
	www.globalheritagefund.org /where/hampi_profile.html (1283 words)

	Encyclopedia: Vijayanagara empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar, meaning the city of victory), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagara empire in the Southern part of India.
		[Please refer to Robert Sewell's excellent reasearch on Vijayanagar http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/fevch10.txt] The Emperor Sri Achyuta Raya was a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire of south India.
		Battle of Talikota or Tellikota (January 26, 1565) fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates resulted in a rout for Vijayanagara and ended the last great Hindu kingdom in South India.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Vijayanagara-empire (2027 words)

	Directory - Regional: Asia: India: Karnataka: Localities: Vijayanagara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vijayanagara Mapping Project · cached · Details of the project to survey and map the area of the ruined capital city, by Archaeos.
		Vijayanagara, City of Victory · cached · An account of the architecture of the old city.
		Vijayanagara Coins · A catalogue of coins of the empire, also a list of rulers, other history, notes on architecture, and on social life in it.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=553305 (151 words)

	Hampi India, Hampi is a small village on the banks of the Tungabhadra river in Karnataka. The kings of the Vijayanagara ...
		In 1565, the king of Vijayanagara was defeated in a battle at Talikota, and that even led to the decline of this great city.
		Vijayanagara is an exciting site which has aroused the interest of many archaeologists and historians from different parts of the world.
		Vijayanagara was not only a city of kings and nobles.
	www.4to40.com /discoverindia/places/index.asp?article=discoverindia_places_hampi (1191 words)

	Temple Pura at Vijayanagara: A Study of Specialized Urban Districts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vijayanagara, or "City of Victory," was the capital of an empire of the same name which flourished in South India from the 14th to the 16th centuries.
		Vijayanagara provides an ideal setting for exploring the interactions between a city and its constituent parts.
		The distribution of particular activities throughout the districts, and in and around different kinds of buildings, should be reflective of the social structure of the pura and will help answer questions regarding the nature of these districts and how they related to the city as a whole.
	archaeology.asu.edu /vm/old_world/vij/default.htm (517 words)

	Harihara, the hero from Vijayanagara - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An assessment of the accomplishments of Vijayanagara empire vis-à-vis the objectives reveals that the founders of the empire, indeed did justice to the objectives and the empire did serve the above causes to a large extent.
		The founding of Vijayanagara thus in the 14th century is not only an important milestone in the history of Karnataka but also has a great significance in the history of India in terms of its contribution in preserving Indian traditions and rich cultural heritage.
		It is true that Karnataka during the time of Vijayanagara empire was truly golden and the contributions of the empire to the growth of religious thoughts, art and architecture, music and language are highly commendable.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/dec212004/spt1.asp (2207 words)

	Sapthagiri
		The earliest inscription dated in S. 1402 in the reign of the Vijayanagara King Saluva Narasimha, corresponding to 1480 AD is found inscribed on the north wall (inner side) of the front mandapa of Kurattalvar's shrine in the Govindaraja temple of Tirupati.
		Dated in 1530 A.D. in the reign of the Vijayanagara King Achyutaraya, it registers the construction of a Wooden Chariot for Raghunatha by Kumara Ramanujayyangar for the merit of the king.
		The Vijayanagara emblem is carved on the south of the pradakshina wall.
	www.tirumala.org /sapthagiri/042003/kodanda.htm (1311 words)

	Manas: Culture, Architecture of India, Kanchipuram
		This temple was erected in 1509 by the Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadeva Raya.
		One of the two high towered gopuras resemble 12th-13th century Chola projects while the other is characteristic of the 16th century Vijayanagara period.
		Some specimens of Vijayanagara paintings are still preserved on the walls.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/Culture/Archit/Kanchi.html (304 words)

	Archaeos -- Projects -- Vijayanagara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although it is rare that the layout of extinct cities can be observed on their surface, at Vijayanagara it is possible to document not only routes of movement, but the distribution of buildings, domestic facilities, fortification walls, and gateways using techniques of surface archaeology that include surveying, drawing, photographing, writing descriptions, and compiling databases.
		In the case of the more illustrious temples and royal building projects at Vijayanagara, the VRP was able to overcome the inaccuracies of using hand held tapes by employing an engineer to locate specific coordinates using a transit a mechanical surveying instrument that is used to take angle measurements used in trigonometric calculations.
		Archaeos’ current project at Vijayanagara is intended as an extension of the VRP’s extensive two-decade-long documentation process, as well as an initial analysis of the principles of urban planning and the historical uses of space within a heavily destroyed area of the ancient city.
	www.archaeos.org /html/vbkgd.htm (502 words)

	Hampi : Attractions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Various excavations have uncovered evidence to suggest that Vijayanagara was occupied as long ago as the 3rd-century-B.C. Mauryan era.
		In celebration, Harihara lay the foundations of Vijayanagara, his new capital, on the southern banks of the Tungabhadra.
		The fall of the kingdom of Vijayanagara came in 1565 when five allied Deccan sultans laid siege to the city, which they then apparently ransacked -- their soldiers looting, killing, and destroying at will.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/print-narrative.cfm?destID=3497&catID=3497010029 (945 words)

	txt_dalrymple_naipaul
		For Naipaul, the Fall of Vijayanagara is a paradigmatic wound on the psyche of India, part of a long series of failures that he believes still bruises the country's self-confidence (or from which, according to some of his more recent statements, the country is only just now beginning to recover).
		The survey has emphasised the degree to which the buildings of 16th century Vijayanagara were inspired by the architecture of the nearby Muslim sultanates, mixing the traditional trabeate architecture of the Hindu South with the arch and dome of the Islamicate North.
		That year, Vijayanagara's armies stabled their horses in the mosques of the plundered city, and the Emperor Rama Raya had demanded that the Sultan come to his headquarters and eat paan from his hand as the price for peace.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_dalrymple_naipaul.html (2969 words)

	Virupaksha Temple, Hampi, Karnataka
		From the account left by Paes, who visited Vijayanagara in AD 1520, it may be inferred that the temple complex has assumed its present form even by about the time of his visit.
		The so-called old 'phalapuja mandapa' at the southwest corner of the court is in Vijayanagara style with composite pillars, while the new 'phalapuja mandapa' at the northwest, although so named, has earlier styles of pillars.
		Stylistically the 'ardha-mandapa' is also a Vijayanagara structure, with its exterior walls decorated with many bas-reliefs as in the Hazara Rama temple and with a multi-petalled lotus motif in the central ceiling.
	www.hotelskarnataka.com /html/virupaksha-temple.htm (1159 words)

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