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	OurKarnataka.com: History of Karnataka: The Vijayanagara Empire
		The establishment of the famous Vijayanagara Empire in the fourteenth century A. constitutes an event of great significance in the history of India.
		The credit of the foundation of the Vijayanagara kingdom goes to the initiative taken up by the five sons of Sangama, “a petty Chief of noble traditions, claiming descent in the Yadava lineage”.
		Desai is of the opinion that the founders of Vijayanagara never belonged to the Telugu region and the story of their captivity and conversion by the Sultan of Delhi is false.
	www.ourkarnataka.com /states/history/historyofkarnataka39.htm (623 words)

	Vijayanagara Empire Summary
		Vijayanagara, the "City of Victory," the greatest of all medieval Hindu capitals, was founded in 1336 CE by Hukka and Bukka, two princes of a local family, the Sangama.
		The empire during that period served as a bulwark against invasion from the Turkic Sultanates of the Indo-Gangetic Plain; and remained in constant competition and conflict with the five Deccan Sultanates that established themselves in the Deccan to the north of it.
		In 1565, at the Battle of Talikota, the army of Vijayanagara was routed by an alliance of the Deccan sultanates.
	www.bookrags.com /Vijayanagara_Empire (2984 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Vijayanagara Empire
		Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar, meaning the city of victory), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagara empire in the Southern part of India.
		The empire during that period served as a bulwark against invasion from the Turkic Sultanates of the Indo-Gangetic Plain; and remained in constant competition and conflict with the five Deccan Sultanates that established themselves in the Deccan to the north of it.
		In 1565, at the Battle of Talikota, the army of Vijayanagara was routed by an alliance of the Deccan sultanates.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Vijayanagara-Empire (880 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Deva Raya
		Deva Raya (1406-1420) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty.
		Virupaksha Raya was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty.
		Virupaksha Raya II was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Deva-Raya (996 words)

	D. South and Southeast Asia, 1500-1800. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		THE VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE developed, in its second half, into what is known as the nayaka state-system, in which administrative and political relations differed significantly from what had gone before.
		In the heyday of the Vijayanagara Empire, the center retained full control of the nayaka chiefs, receiving a third of the revenues collected in the territories assigned to the chiefs.
		The MUGHAL EMPIRE in India was founded by Babar (1483–1530), descendant of Timur-I Lang in the fifth generation, who had seized Kabul (1504) and Lahore (1524) as compensation for loss of Ferghana and Samarkand.
	www.bartleby.com /67/830.html (932 words)

	Paper: Alex Mack
		The Vijayanagara empire flourished in South India from the 14th to the 16th centuries A.D. The emergence of the empire was likely made possible by political fracturing and upheaval within the Delhi Sultanate, which allowed Hindu rulers to establish a new polity.
		Fritz (1985, 1986, 1987) argues that Vijayanagara is an example of a cosmic city and argues that the deeper structural levels of the city reflect the relationships between the celestial and the terrestrial.
		The city of Vijayanagara was abandoned in 1565 after the empire was defeated in war by a confederacy of northern states.
	www.colorado.edu /Conferences/pilgrimage/papers/Mack.html (3946 words)

	Vijayanagara Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was later moved to nearby Vijayanagara on the river's southern banks during the reign of Bukka Raya I. With the Vijayanagara Kingdom now imperial in stature, Harihara II, the second son of Bukka Raya I, further consolidated the kingdom beyond the Krishna River and brought the whole of South India under the Vijayanagara umbrella.
		The empire declined in the late 15th century until the serious attempts by commander Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya in 1485 and by general Tuluva Narasa Nayaka in 1491 to reconsolidate the empire.
		Vijayanagara art includes wall-paintings such as Dasavathara (ten avatars of Vishnu) and Girijakalyana (marriage of Goddess Parvati) in the Virupaksha temple at Hampi, the Shivapurana paintings (tales of Shiva) at the Virabhadra temple at Lepakshi, and those at the Jain basadi (temple) and the Kamaskshi and Varadaraja temple at Kanchi.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Vijayanagara_Empire.htm (6130 words)

	Vijayanagara Empire - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The empire during that period served as a bulwark against invasion from the Turkic Sultanates of the [Indo-Gangetic Plain]]; and remained in constant competition and conflict with the the five Deccan Sultanates that established themselves in the Deccan to the north of it.
		In 1565, at the battle of Talikota, the army of Vijayanagara was routed by an alliance of the Deccan sultanates.
		Vijayanagara is considered by many today, especially in the state of Andhra Pradesh, to have been a golden age of culture and learning.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Vijayanagara_Empire (739 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Vijayanagara
		In 1565, the empire’s armies suffered a massive and catastrophic defeat at the hands of an alliance of the sultanates, and the capital was taken.
		Despite the empire continuing to exist thereafter during a slow decline, the original capital was not reoccupied or rebuilt.
		A construction of the later Vijayanagara period, this structure has definite Islamic influence in its arched gateways and vaulted ceilings; its construction entirely in stone is a clear deviation from conventional Vijayanagara palace and house construction that used wooden structures on stone platforms.
	random.dragonslife.org /vijayanagara/6842 (2386 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion
		Vijayanagara, fabled capital, was described as a wonder-city by medieval travellers such as the Persian Abdur Razzak, and the Europeans, Conti, Nikhitin, Nuniz and Paes.
		Vijayanagara’s wealth was based on a control of the lucrative spice trade of the south and cotton trade of the south-east, and administered by an able bureaucracy.
		Vijayanagara had survived for years with playing off one enemy against the other, but it was unprepared for an allied onslaught of the five sultanates.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1040822/asp/opinion/story_3587141.asp (1030 words)

	Hampi World Heritage Site, India
		The empire was founded in AD 1336 by two Hindu princes, Harihara and Bukkaraya - more popularly known as Hukka and Bukka - and continued to grow and prosper until its sacking in 1565 and ultimate defeat in 1646.
		The Vijayanagara Empire was the last great Hindu kingdom of India, renowned for military achievements and for re-establishing Indian culture and for the advancement of Hindu art, music and literature.
		This location was the obvious choice for the capital of the empire, as it is naturally fortified and protected on all sides; in the north by the mighty Tungabhadra river, and on the other three sides by steep, rocky mountains with massive boulders of granite.
	www.globalheritagefund.org /where/hampi_profile.html (1283 words)

	Koramangala - Bangalore's Most Happening Place
		The Vijayanagara kings were renowned for their patronage of the arts and ample evidence can be found in the architectural beauty of the monuments.
		History records that the Vijayanagara Empire was the largest amongst Hindu empires founded in the middle of the 14th century by two brothers, Harihara (Hakka) and Bukka.
		The 230-year-old Vijayanagara empire spans across four dynasties but the period 1509 to 1529 is vastly acknowledged as the "golden age" of the empire under the rule of the great King Krishnadevaraya.
	www.koramangala.com /travel/hampi/hampi.htm (472 words)

	Vijayanagara: The Empire that Vanished! by VK Joshi
		These brothers established an empire that came to be known as the Vijayanagara Empire, which spread all over the Deccan of India.
		A large part of the Vijayanagara Empire, including the Capital at Hampi is situated on 3600 million year old rocks of the Precambrian era of the earth's history.
		But the way the empires have risen and perished due to over exploitation of resources is a pointer that the contemporary democracies world over including India cannot survive for long unless there are measures to control overexploitation of natural resources and environment.
	www.boloji.com /environment/140.htm (1727 words)

	History of India - Medieval : The Vijayanagara Empire
		The rising power of the empire brought it into clash with many powers both in the north and in the south.
		The interest of the Vijayanagara and Bahamani empires clashed on three areas : The Tungabhadra doab (for wealth and resources), the Krishna-Godavari delta (which was fertile and had numerous ports for foreign trade) and control of Konkan (extremely fertile and included the port of Goa, which was an important outlet in the west).
		The five broken Bahamani kingdoms, did a combined crusade on Vijayanagara at Bannihatti in 1565 and in the battle of Rakshasa-Tangadi, Rama Raja was surrounded, taken prisoner and immediately executed and this brought an end to the Best Empire of the South.
	www.geocities.com /ajayvasani/historyofmedievalindia-vijayanagara.htm (552 words)

	Harihara, the hero from Vijayanagara - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An assessment of the accomplishments of Vijayanagara empire vis-à-vis the objectives reveals that the founders of the empire, indeed did justice to the objectives and the empire did serve the above causes to a large extent.
		The founding of Vijayanagara thus in the 14th century is not only an important milestone in the history of Karnataka but also has a great significance in the history of India in terms of its contribution in preserving Indian traditions and rich cultural heritage.
		It is true that Karnataka during the time of Vijayanagara empire was truly golden and the contributions of the empire to the growth of religious thoughts, art and architecture, music and language are highly commendable.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/dec212004/spt1.asp (2207 words)

	Hampi Tourism \| Hampi Places \| Your Guide to India (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Vijayanagara, the capital of the mighty Vijayanagara, was founded in 1336 AD by two Hindu brothers Hakka and Bukka under the able guidance of a Brahmin priest Madhva Vidyaranya.
		The Empire, that extended from river Krishna to Cape Comorin, included the modern state of Orrisa and was ruled from a capital stretched over 165 sq.
		The Vijayanagara Empire also annexed the state of Karnataka, Andhra pradesh, Goa as early as 1380 under Madhavacharya, a minister of king Harihara.
	www.yourguidetoindia.com /content/view/25/54 (1192 words)

	Ancient India
		Measuring approximately 5km by 5km, this was the capital of an empire that during its greatest extent (King Krishna Devaraya, 1510-1529) ruled most of southern India, from the uplands of the Deccan plateau to the southernmost tip of the Indian subcontinent.
		This great Hindu empire, the successor of the Hoysalas, was founded in 1336 by two brothers - Harihara and Bukka Sangama - who were sent to Hampi by the Delhi Sultanate to pacify that region.
		The fatally weakened empire eventually fragmented into a collection of independent Nayaka kingdoms, ruled by their former Vijayanagara governors.
	www.art-and-archaeology.com /india/hampi/vijplan.html (332 words)

	Vijayanagara Research Project::The Empire
		By the turn of the fifteenth century, Vijayanagara had assumed the proportions of an empire, stretching southwards from the Tungabhadra river to the tip of Tamilnadu, and from the Bay of Bengal on the east to the Arabian Sea on the west.
		All of the governors and commanders of the empire were encouraged to attend this event, during which they payed tribute and expressed their homage to the Vijayanagara ruler.
		However, the northern parts of the empire were lost to the Deccan sultans.
	www.vijayanagara.org /HTML/The_Empire.html (623 words)

	Vijayanagaracoins- Bibliography
		Catalogue of Vijayanagara Coins in the Madras Government Museum, Madras - 1977.
		The History of the Vijayanagara Empire - 2 Volumes Bombay - 1978.
		Religion in Vijayanagara Empire, New Delhi - 1990.
	www.vijayanagaracoins.com /htm/biblio.htm (365 words)

	History Kakatiya Empire - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		Prataparudra expanded borders towards the west, whilst introducing many administrative reforms, some of which were also later adopted in the Vijayanagar empire.
		However, the empire was under threat from the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji.
		Despite defeating the first wave of attack from the Delhi Sultanate in 1303, in 1310 the invading army defeated the King.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/kakatiya_empire.php (597 words)

	Kamat's Potpourri: Andhra Pradesh - The Vijayanagar Empire
		Vijayanagara) kingdom came to be known as a powerful empire and reigned the Indian southern peninsula for nearly 200 years.
		The big empire was visited by many foreigners who left vivid descriptions of the prosperity, strong powerful army and busy maritime trade.
		Food Habits of Vijayanagara Times -- Research paper explores the food habits of Indians during the Vijayanagar times, using references in period literature, archaeology, and travelogues.
	www.kamat.com /kalranga/andhra/vnagar.htm (219 words)

	COE @ MSU > News & Events > 2006 > A Forgotten Empire
		A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagara in South India: A Virtual Tour of its
		The Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1565 AD) was the last great Hindu Kingdom of South India.
		After it was pillaged and abandoned in 1565, it lay essentially forgotten for over 400 years.
	www.educ.msu.edu /news/events/06/empire.htm (129 words)

	Gupta Empire information - Search.com
		The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in ancient India.
		Despite the creation of the empire through war, the reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art, literature, culture and science, especially during the reign of Chandra Gupta II.
		The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor, Mihirakula; the Hunas conquered several provinces of the empire, including Malwa, Gujarat, and Thanesar, broke away under the rule of local dynasties.
	www.search.com /reference/Gupta_Empire?redir=1 (2363 words)

	Temple Pura at Vijayanagara: A Study of Specialized Urban Districts
		Vijayanagara, or "City of Victory," was the capital of an empire of the same name which flourished in South India from the 14th to the 16th centuries.
		The emergence of the empire was likely the result of political fracturing and upheaval among local Muslim rulers which allowed Hindu conquerors to establish a new kingdom.
		Vijayanagara provides an ideal setting for exploring the interactions between a city and its constituent parts.
	archaeology.asu.edu /vm/old_world/vij/default.htm (517 words)

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