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	Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Villa Madama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Named in honour of Margaret of Austria, Villa Madama was built in the sixteenth century, during the reign of Popes Leo X and Clement VII.
		Villa Madama was in perfect harmony with the new tastes of a society that had abandoned the Middle Ages and their dark dungeon-like palaces, imprisoned inside city walls, for long stays in charming country villas.
		In 1937, the villa was leased to the Italian Ministry for Foreign Affairs and was purchased by the Italian State in 1941.
	www.esteri.it /eng/2_13_19.asp (933 words)

	Villa - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There were a concentration of Imperial villas near the Bay of Naples, especially on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo on the coast and at Antium (Anzio).
		When complete working villas were donated to the Christian church, they served as the basis for monasteries that survived the disruptions of the Gothic War and the Lombards.
		Other famous Italian villas are the Villa Madama, the design of which, attributed to Raphael, was carried out by Giulio Romano in 1520; the Villa Albani, near the Porta Salaria; the Villa Borghese with its famous gardens; the Villa Doria Pamphili (1650); the Villa Giulia of Pope Julius III (1550), designed by Vignola.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Villa (873 words)

	Villa Madama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Villa Madama was the first of the revived Roman type of suburban villas designed for parties and entertainment built in 16th century Rome, and it was consciously conceived to rival descriptions of the villas of Antiquity, like Pliny's famous description of his own.
		After the death of Clement VII, the villa remained Medici property, first belonging to Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, and later to Duke Alessandro, Lord of Florence, who married Margaret of Austria, the illegitimate daughter of Charles V, but left her a widow at the age of 15.
		The villa was restored in the early 20th century, and leased to the Italian Ministry for Foreign Affairs, then purchased by Mussolini in 1941.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Villa_Madama (571 words)

	Villa Madama -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Aside from the Raphael loggia, the villa's greatest artistic element is the salone painted by Giulio Romano, with its magnificent vaulted ceiling.
		The "Madama" of its name was (additional info and facts about Margaret of Austria) Margaret of Austria, the same who is remembered in Palazzo Madama in Rome, seat of the (additional info and facts about Italian Senate) Italian Senate.
		The villa was restored in the early 20th century, and leased to the Italian Ministry for Foreign Affairs, then purchased by (Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)) Mussolini in 1941.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vi/villa_madama.htm (222 words)

	Villa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rome had more than its share of villas with easy reach of the small 16th century city:Villa Madama, the design of which, attributed to Raphael, was carried out by Giulio Romano in 1520, was one of the most influential private houses ever built; elements derived from Villa Madama appeared in villas through the 19th century.
		The Villa Medici was on the edge of Rome, on the Pincian Hill, when it was built in 1540.
		In the 19th century villa was extended to describe any suburban house that was free-standing in a landscaped plot of ground, as opposed to a 'terrace' of joined houses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Villa (983 words)

	VILLA - Online Information article about VILLA
		References to the villa are constantly made by Roman writers.
		Italian villas of the 16th century, among which the following are the best known: the Villa Madama, the design of which, attributed to See also:
		Frascati, and the Villa d'Este near Tivoli, in which the terraces and staircases are of great importance.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /VAN_VIR/VILLA.html (814 words)

	Astrid Hotel Rome - Surroundings - Villa Madama
		Villa Madama was built in the sixteenth century, during the reign of Pope Leo X and Pope Clement VII.Its construction symbolized the new Renaissance' love for nature, art and the pleasures of life.
		Villa Madama was slowly but steadily stripped of all the remaining furnishings of any artistic value and was downgraded to the status of a farm in the inventory of "Farnese property" owned by the kings of Naples, until the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.
		However, the true merit for restoring the villa to its pristine glory goes to the Dentice di Frasso family, who purchased it in 1925 and carried the original Piacentini project through to completion.In 1937 the villa was leased to the Italian Ministry for Foreign Affairs and was purchased by the Italian State in 1941.
	www.astridhotelrome.it /English/s_madama.html (584 words)

	VILLA. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Roman villa of the empire is described in several contemporary literary accounts and particularly by Pliny.
		the classic villas, rediscovered along with the rest of the Roman past, furnished the Renaissance nobles with patterns for pleasure estates of their own, e.g., the Villa Madama, Rome, designed by Raphael and the many villas built by Palladio in N Italy.
		Among the finest villas are the Farnesina; the Villa d’Este at Tivoli; the Villa Farnese at Caprarola by Vignola; the Borghese Villa; and the Villa Doria Pamphili.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/vi/villa.html (297 words)

	ITALIA - The Venetian Villas (Veneto)
		Villa Contarini in Piazzola sul Brenta is perhaps one of the largest, most grandiose and composite building complexes designed in the characteristic architectural style of a “Villa Veneta” structure.
		Villa Barbaro was built by Palladio for Daniele Barbaro, Patriarch of Aquileia, and his brother Marc'Antonio Barbaro, an ambassador of the Venetian Republic.
		The spread of the aristocratic villas along the course of the Brenta from Malcontenta to Stra was a phenomenon that was a sign of the power of Venice for a couple of centuries between 1500 and 1700.
	www.italiantourism.com /villas.html (844 words)

	VILLA - LoveToKnow Article on VILLA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		According to Pliny, there were two kinds of villas, the villa urbana, which was a country seat, and the villa rustica, the farm-house, occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate.
		The Villa Boscoreale near Pompeii, which was excavated in 189394, was an example of the villa rustica, in which the principal room was the kitchen, with the bakery and stables beyond and room for the wine presses, oil presses, hand mill, andc.
		In the proximity of other towns in Italy there are numerous villas, of which the example best known is that of the Villa Rotunda or Capra near Vicenza, which was copied by Lord Burlington in his house at Chiswick.
	50.1911encyclopedia.org /V/VI/VILLA.htm (236 words)

	Villa Madama, Rome
		On the slopes of Monte Mario, on the side looking towards the city, is the Villa Madama, now used by the Italian government for receptions and conferences.
		The villa was designed by Raphael for Cardinal Giulio de'Medici, later Pope Clement VII, and subsequently altered by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.
		It passed into the hands of "Madama" Margareta, daughter of the Emperor Charles V, who married Alessandro de'Medici as her first husband and Ottavio Farnese as her second, and in 1735 the property passed to the Bourbons of Naples.
	www.planetware.com /rome/villa-madama-i-la-rvm.htm (150 words)

	Villa Madama fuori Porta Angelica
		Villa Madama originally built for Cardinal Giuliano de' Medici (to become Pope Clemens VII), came into the possession of "Madama" (i.e.
		Villa Madama is now used by the Italian Foreign Office for conferences and for hosting prominent visitors.
		This view of Villa Madama and of Monte Mario is taken from the tennis court of Foro Italico.
	www.romeartlover.it /Vasi184.htm (487 words)

	Villa Foscari called “La Malcontenta” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This villa, which Palladio executed for the brothers Nicol˜ and Alvise Foscari about the end of the 1550s, rises in an isolated block with no agricultural annexes whatsoever, on the edge of the lagoon and the banks of the river Brenta.
		Within the villa, motifs derived from the Venetian building tradition co-exist with those from antique architecture: as in Venice, the main faade turns towards the water, but the pronaos and the great stairways are modelled on the small temple at the springs of Clitumnus, well known to Palladio.
		The villa is a particularly effective demonstration of Palladio’s mastery at obtaining monumental effects with humble materials, essentially bricks and plaster.
	www.cisapalladio.org /veneto/schedae.asp?Numeroscheda=23 (383 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 98.3.07 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Frommel points out the general indebtedness of the architecture and setting to Villa Madama on Monte Mario, but the impact of the two buildings on the visitor is entirely different.
		Villa Madama is grand and self-contained, while Villa Lante is intimate and includes the view over Rome as an essential element.
		Originally executed for Baldassare Turini, when the villa passed into the possession of the Lante family shortly after his death, various parts were altered to allude to the new owners, and in the course of time other changes were made.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1998/98.3.07.html (1629 words)

	Villas of the Veneto
		The scope of the VILLAS OF THE VENETO series is to present and encourage the discovery of the magnificent architecture and landscapes of the Veneto Region, with historical information about the towns and the people who contributed to man's betterment and progress with their works.
		Fasolo is responsible for the loggia and the central hall with "Scenes of Villa life"; while Zelotti painted "Episodes from the Life of Scipio" and "Stories of Sofonisba" in the rooms on the left.
		Outside the villa near the picturesque side entrance is the family chapel dedicated to Saint Jerome (1496) and the access to the lovely park created by Antonio Piovene at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
	www.kotterl.com /villasveneto.htm (1181 words)

	White House Pool Reports: Postcard from Rome - Wonkette (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Villa Madama, our press kit informs us, was built in the 16th century, one of the first villas of the Renaissance.
		The Villa Madama, as you no doubt remember from grade school, is named for Madame Margherita of Austria, daughter of Emperor Charles V, who lived there during the reign of Pope Paul III Farnese (1534-1549).
		Atop a hill with a grand vista, it is a relatively modest, yellow-orange stone villa, which was purchased by the Italian government in 1941 after Count Carlo Dentice di Frasso and his American wife, the former Dorothea Cadwell Taylor, restored the building and gardens.
	www.wonkette.com /politics/white-house/white-house-pool-reports-postcard-from-rome-015782.php (2981 words)

	Art Bulletin, The: The Farnese circular courtyard at Caprarola: God, geopolitics, genealogy, and gender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Circular courtyards with porticoes in palaces or villas are a Renaissance invention.
		"Madama" Margaret brought the villa into Farnese control as part of her dowry and gave the villa its conventional name.
		The Villa Madama, and the tradition from which it sprang, spawned several other circular courtyard designs prior to Vignola's design for Caprarola.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0422/is_2_83/ai_84192630/pg_2 (1145 words)

	Renaissance garden design in Northern Italy
		The tradition of the antique villa was preserved in the inside arrangement of rooms round a central pillared court that enclosed a marble fountain, but the outside showed the marks of a mediaeval castle in warlike times.
		In the centre axial line are the court, the first and second terraces, and the clump of oaks; the meadow is be- hind, and at the end of all is the vedetta, The view from the roof paths must have shown a very imposing general garden scene.
		Opposite and similarly placed is the ruined darling villa of Catullus on Sirmio, to the west; the great sweeping line of the other shore gives a feeling of grandeur and even of severity to the beauty of the scene.
	www.gardenvisit.com /got/7/7.htm (4172 words)

	Frontline: A Medici Symbol
		In one of the Medici palaces in Rome - the Villa Madama - there is an image of a cherub in a Renaissance frieze which, considering how it pertains to what we are discussing on this web site, could prove something of a talisman for those of us of mixed racial backgrounds.
		Although named after 'Madama' Margaret of Austria (the illegitimate daughter of the Hapbsburg Emperor Charles V) who owned the villa from 1537 until her death in 1586, this magnificent building was actually built by Cardinal Giulio de Medici who became Pope Clement VII.
		Giulio de Medici presented the villa to Madama Margarita as part of her marriage to Alessandro de Medici.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/emblem.html (2158 words)

	The Idea and Invention of the Villa \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The villa is therefore most aptly understood as a label or identity capturing several distinct parts, sometimes interrelated or dependent on one another and in other cases divorced from a larger architectural complex.
		At the Villa Barbaro, the solid walls transform into a loggia, a painted representation drawing the natural surroundings into the central hall, or sala, with allegorical depictions of the seasons and scenes from contemporary villa life executed in 1561 by Paolo Veronese (1528–1588).
		Palladio's invention recalls the unusual combination of forms at the Villa Adriana, as he crowns the building with a dome and invests the structure with its alternate identity, the Villa Rotonda, which recognizes the ancient Roman example of the Pantheon.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/hd/villa/hd_villa.htm (2012 words)

	University of Waterloo School of Architecture Rome Programme - Field Trips (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Here is a collection of photos of the Villa of the Mysteries, with a description of the initiation rites shown in the paintings.
		It most resembled the country and seaside portico villas of Campagna, and was open to the views of and beyond the lake.
		Villa Farnese di Caprarola and the Villa Lante di Bagnaia
	uwrp.org /trips.htm (2538 words)

	meetings_main
		Villa Madama is a typical residence of the Maltese nineteenth century aristocracy.
		The Villa is fully air conditioned and has its own car park.
		Besides being ideal for wedding receptions and banqueting, Villa Maria is also suitable for seminars, workshops, exhibitions, cocktail parties, fashion shows, gala dinners and other similar functions.
	www.e-i-b-s.com /webdesign/stefytours/pages/mains/fvenues_sm02.htm (168 words)

	villa on Encyclopedia.com
		Among the finest villas are the Farnesina ; the Villa d'Este at Tivoli; the Villa Farnese at Caprarola by Vignola; the Borghese Villa ; and the Villa Doria Pamphili.
		Villa's lesson to the French; FOOTBALL: Gregory's men secure place in the InterToto final as they continue their quest for a UEFA Cup place.(Football)
		VILLA ARE LOOKING JUST CHAMPION; Neon Dion burns bright again as Gregory's pearls battle back to spike Gunners Villa 3 Arsenal 2.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/v1/villa.asp (819 words)

	Villa Almerico Capra called La Rotonda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the Villa Rotonda is the universal icon of the Palladian villa, in reality its owner considered it an urban residence, or — more appropriately — a suburban one.
		The villa was already inhabitable by 1569, but still incomplete, and in 1591, two years after Almerico’s death, it was ceded to the brothers Odorico and Marco Capra who carried it through to completion.
		Certainly the sources for such a centrally planned residential building were various, from the projects of Francesco di Giorgio inspired by the Villa Hadriana or the “Study of Varro”, to Mantegna’s own house in Mantua (or the “Camera degli Sposi” in the Palazzo Ducale), to Raphael’s project for the Villa Madama.
	www.cisapalladio.org /veneto/schedae.asp?Numeroscheda=67 (360 words)

	History of Pools and Fountains by Holy Mountain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Among increasingly formal and elaborate villa complexes in the 16th century are the Villa Lante in Bagnaia and the Villa Farnese in Caprarola.
		Others are the Villa Madama and the Villa Medici in Rome and the Villa d'Este in Tivoli.
		Examples are the Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati, Villa Garzoni in Collodi, Villa Giovio in Como, and the gardens on the Isola Bella in Lake Maggiore.
	www.holymtn.com /fountain/history.htm (938 words)

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