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	Villa of the Papyri - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Villa of the Papyri is an enormous private house of ancient Herculaneum owned by Julius Caesar's father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, and first excavated in 1765 by Karl Weber.
		The 800 feet (245 m) long seaside villa sited a few hundred metres from the nearest house in Herculaneum had four levels disposed in a series of terraces on the sloping site and was the most luxurious house in all of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
		The original J. Paul Getty Museum at Malibu, California is a supposed replication of the Villa of the Papyri.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri (436 words)

	Roman villa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Suburban villas on the edge of cities were also known, such as the Middle and Late Republican villas that encroached on the Campus Martius, at that time on the edge of Rome, and which can be also seen outside the city walls of Pompeii.
		Other villas in the hinterland of Rome are interepreted in light of the agrarian treatises written by the elder Cato, Columella and Varro, both of whom sought to define the suitable lifestyle of conservative Romans, at least in idealistic terms.
		A villa might be quite palatial, such as the imperial villas built on seaside slopes around the Bay of Naples such as at Baiae; others were preserved at Stabiae and Herculaneum by the ashfall and mudslide from the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D., which also preserved the Villa of the Papyri and its libraries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_villa (1570 words)

	Roman villa - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Roman Empire contained many villas which were rather like country houses, though suburban villas on the edge of cities were known, such as the late Republican villas that encroached on the Campus Martius then on the edge of Rome.
		A villa might be quite palatial, such as the imperial villas built on seaside slopes around the Bay of Naples such as at Baiae; others were preserved at Stabiae and Herculaneum by the ashfall from Vesuvius in 79 A.D., which also preserved the Villa of the Papyri and its libraries.
		Large villas dominated the rural economy of the Po valley, of Campania and Sicily, and were found in Gaul.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Roman_villa (474 words)

	Telegraph \| Opinion
		The villa in question probably belonged to Lucius Calpurnius Piso, father-in-law of Julius Caesar and one of the rulers of the Roman republic.
		These rolls of papyri were, for many years, very hard to decipher, and it was only in the 1970s that they began to receive proper scientific study from an international team of scholars, led by Professor Marcello Gigante of the University of Naples.
		In the meantime, the buried villa is threatened: in the short term by flooding; in the long term - like the whole of the Bay of Naples - by renewed volcanic activity.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2002/03/26/do2602.xml (924 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Villa of the Papyri
		The 800 feet (245 m) long seaside villa had four levels and was the most luxurious house in all of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
		The villa of the Papyri is thought to contain a second library full of papyrus scrolls.
		The original J. Paul Getty Museum at Malibu, California is a free reproduction of the Villa of the Papyri.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri (360 words)

	Cohors Aedilis CAESO FABIUS QUINTILIANUS
		The villa was excavated in 1750-54, during the first official phase of excavations of Herculaneum.
		It was also an unusually large villa, suggesting that the owners must have been wealthy; indeed there has been much discussion over who the owner would have been, with suggestions including Julius Caesar (or at least his father-in-law).
		Inside the villa, two rooms were found to contain nearly seven hundred scrolls, of which some were duplicates, but it is estimated that the library comprised around two hundred different works.
	italia.novaroma.org /cohorsaedilis/ludi/victoria/villa.htm (800 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Hunt for treasures of villa buried by Vesuvius
		The Villa of the Papyri near Pompeii was discovered by chance in 1752 during the digging of a well shaft.
		In a period of eight years, less than a tenth of the villa's surface area of 30,000 square feet was uncovered and only 135 archaeological finds were brought to light.
		Fearing that the villa's scrolls could be lost forever, a group of academics launched a rescue campaign.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/05/18/wves18.xml (559 words)

	Replies
		The villa, which had suffered from neglect over the years due partly to the sporadic nature of its excavation, will be open to visitors by arrangement only in groups of 25 on weekend mornings.
		The villa belonged to Lucius Calpurnius Piso (the father-in-law of Julius Caesar) and occupied an area of 30,000sq ft overlooking the sea.
		Whereas Pompeii was preserved under layers of ash - and therefore easier to excavate - the Villa of the Papyri is buried in volcanic rock formed by the solidified mud that engulfed it.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/882060/replies?c=20 (527 words)

	Discovery Channel :: Pompeii: The Last Day
		The largest Roman villa ever found, the Villa of the Papyri was the magnificent seafront retreat for Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Julius Caesar's father-in-law.
		A century after Piso's death, the villa was entombed under 100 feet of volcanic mud by the same eruption of Vesuvius that buried Herculaneum and the nearby cities of Pompeii and Stabiae.
		The Villa of Papyri — re-created in the 1970s in California by Paul Getty, whose art museum in Malibu is a replica of how the villa is thought to have looked — stretched down toward the sea on four terraces.
	dsc.discovery.com /convergence/pompeii/history/excavations_04.html (326 words)

	Herculaneum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The most famous of the luxurious villas at Herculaneum is the 'Villa of the Papyri' now identified as the magnificent seafront retreat for Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Julius Caesar's father-in-law.
		Scrolls from the villa are stored at the National Library, Naples.
		[1] The same techniques could be applied to the scrolls waiting to be discovered in the as yet unexcavated part of the villa, removing the need for potentially damaging unrolling to be carried out.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/herculaneum (438 words)

	Sunday Independent - Battle for the books of Herculaneum
		But because the entire villa is encased in tufo, the tough stone that results when the pyroclastic flow hardens, a major task of engineering and archaeology is required to find what more remains to be brought to the surface.
		But at the Villa of the Papyri all is quiet: no drills or jackhammers batter at the villa's tufo shell, no new mines are being bored through the rock, no teams of volunteers sift spoonful by spoonful through the recovered debris.
		The villa was built a couple of hundred metres away from the town of Herculaneum, set apart from it along the beach that the eruption of 79AD destroyed.
	www.sundayindependent.co.za /index.php?fArticleId=2529375&fSectionId=1083&fSetId= (1955 words)

	Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Herculaneum - Villa of the Papyri (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		March 3, 2003 — The fabled Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum's most famous building, opened its doors on Saturday for the first time since it was buried in Mount Vesuvius's lava and mud 2,000 years ago.
		A century after Piso's death, in 79 A.D, the villa was entombed under 100 feet of volcanic mud by the same eruption of Vesuvius that buried Herculaneum and the nearby cities of Pompeii and Stabiae.
		Accidentally discovered in 1738 by tunnelers exploring a well shaft, the villa revealed 1,800 rolls of papyrus, reduced to lumps of coal by the 750-degree Fahrenheit cloud that wrapped the city during the eruption.
	dienekes.ifreepages.com /blog/archives/000040.html (740 words)

	Villa of the Papyri
		The diggers also found, in the oriental side of the villa, a small room which proved to be a library full of carbonized ancient papyri rolls (1800,) probably written in greek by Filodemo da Gadara, an Epicurean philosopher.
		The difficulty of displaying the papyri rolls is one of the causes of their partial damage.
		The excavation of the villa was ended soon after the discovery of the library and was restored only in 1985.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /maria.sannino3/VillaPapyri.htm (310 words)

	Storie da un'eruzione : Villa dei papiri
		The Villa of the Papyri, one of the largest and most luxurious dwellings yet discovered in the Roman world, rose sheer above the sea, more than 250 metres in length.
		In general, the plan of the villa consisted of an atrium that led onto a smaller peristyle, on the left of which was the tablinum or the living room, and on the right the eastern living quarters, with the library of papyri and the bath block, both yet to be entirely unearthed.
		The villa, situated about 25–30 metres below the current level of the city, immediately beyond the river which marked the western limit of Herculaneum, was discovered by chance in 1750 and until 1764 was partially excavated by the method of bore-holes and underground tunnels, at the same time as the other Vesuvian cities.
	www.pompeiisites.org /mostratrieste/en/villapapiri.htm (518 words)

	Philodemus Project Home Page
		Apparently, the Villa of the Papyri contained an extensive library, a significant part of which was formed by a library of Epicurean texts, some of which were present in more than one copy.
		Such meetings were held in the villas of prominent Romans, and Philodemus will certainly have participated in some of them; they may also have been held in the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.
		Some papyri were found in such a box near the entrance to the long peristyle of the Villa's garden.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/classics/philodemus/philhome.htm (872 words)

	Roman Villa, Lost Library Emerge After 2,000 Years
		(Reuters) - The long-buried Villa of the Papyri, one of Italy's richest Roman villas famed for its library of ancient scrolls, opened to the public Saturday almost 2,000 years after it was submerged in volcanic mud.
		Although only a small fraction of the once sumptuous villa at Herculaneum which belonged to the father-in-law of Julius Caesar has been excavated, small groups of visitors will be allowed to tour the site on weekends.
		Diggers making exploratory tunnels stumbled across the villa in the 18th century and subsequent excavations unearthed a treasure chest of art and ancient scrolls.
	www.rense.com /general35/roman.htm (452 words)

	Herculaneum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The most famous of the luxurious villas at Herculaneum is the 'Villa of the Papyri' now identified as the magnificent seafront retreat for Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Julius Caesar 's father-in-law.
		It stretches down towards the sea in four terraces, one of which is expected to house a second part of the library.
		Scrolls from the Villa of the Papyri are stored at the National Library, Naples.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Herculaneum.html (509 words)

	Forbes.com - Magazine Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Villa of the Papyri had been partly excavated in 1752-54, when archaeologists discovered the only intact library of texts from Roman times.
		The excavated papyri were very difficult to decipher, and serious study of them did not begin until the 1970s, when professor Marcello Gigante of the University of Naples initiated systematic research on the scrolls.
		With his encouragement, further archaeological excavation began in the early 1990s, and this revealed that the villa was much larger than had been assumed, and that it originally stretched down toward the sea on four terraces.
	www.forbes.com /2002/05/15/0514conn_print.html (1208 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Roman villa
		The Roman Empire contained many villas which were rather like country houses, though suburban villas on the edge of cities were known, such as the Middle and Late Republican villas that encroached on the Campus Martius, then on the edge of Rome.
		Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their villas, where they drank their own wine and pressed their own oil, a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the Roman empire.
		Towards the end of the 3rd century, Roman towns in Britain ceased to expand: like patricians near the center of the empire, Roman Britons withdrew from the cities to their villas, which entered on a palatial building phase, a "golden age" of villa life.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Roman_villa (1159 words)

	Site Map
		6.2.1 Villa of the Papyri(a) - Part 1 of the enlarged map of the Villa of the Papyri.
		6.2.2 Villa of the Papyri(b) - Part 2 of the enlarged map of the Villa of the Papyri.
		6.2.5 Villa of the Papyri(e) - Part 5 of the enlarged map of the Villa of the Papyri.
	www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com /p119.htm (602 words)

	Coal to Scroll
		Unearthed in the remains of the library of Herculaneum’s most elegant mansion in the 18th century, the scrolls were in such poor condition that workers thought they were lumps of coal and discarded many of them.
		The Villa of the Papyri is the largest Roman villa ever found and belonged to Julius Caesar's father in law, Lucio Calpurnius Piso.
		Unlike papyri from Egypt and the Near East that have been preserved by the dry desert air, Herculaneum's seaside air would have destroyed the papyri much sooner if the eruption had never happened.
	www.acfnewsource.org /science/coal_to_scroll.html (741 words)

	Scotsman.com News - International - Experts urge race against time to unearth last secrets of Herculaneum's lost library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Villa of the Papyri is described as one of the greatest Roman villas discovered in the world.
		The Villa of the Papyri has already yielded nearly 2,000 scrolls, but a substantial part of the only intact Roman library may lie undiscovered.
		The partially excavated Villa of the Papyri, which was initially explored by the Bourbons through a series of tunnels in 1752, is where all 1,800-2,000 Herculaneum papyri were found.
	news.scotsman.com /international.cfm?id=332482002 (1477 words)

	rogueclassicism
		The villa, which was buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79, was partly excavated in the 1750s, when archaeologists discovered the only intact library of texts from the Classical era.
		In the early 1990s further excavations at the villa were undertaken, but work was halted in 1998, when it was argued that resources should be put into the preservation of what had already been uncovered elsewhere at Herculaneum, just south of Naples.
		Now some British scholars are calling for the resumption of excavations at the Villa of the Papyri, a plea was made by Professor Robert Fowler of Bristol University and some of his colleagues in the newly formed Oxford-based Friends of Herculaneum Society.
	www.atrium-media.com /rogueclassicism/2005/03/12.html (1306 words)

	The sculptures of the Villa of the Papyri (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The sculptures of the Villa of the Papyri
		Herculaneum: the sculptures of the Villa of the Papyri
		Faced with such conditions, early excavators located but did not fully uncover, the villa of the Papyri, and to this day it remains buried.
	www.classics.cam.ac.uk /Everyone/Pompeii/Herculaneum/sculpture.html (358 words)

	CNN.com - Lost library, villa emerges after 2,000 years - Mar. 3, 2003
		The partially excavated Villa of the Papyri, which was initially explored by the Bourbons through a series of tunnels in 1752.
		Mount Vesuvius buried the villa under 100 feet (30 meters) of volcanic mud in 79 AD -- the same time it entombed Pompeii.
		The sprawling villa once occupied 30,000 sq feet (2,790 sq meters) overlooking the Bay of Naples.
	www.cnn.com /2003/TECH/science/03/03/italy.villa.reut/index.html (512 words)

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