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	Villanovan culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Villanovan culture was the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy, abruptly following the Bronze Age Terramare culture and giving way in the 7th century to an increasingly Orientalizing culture influenced by Greek traders, which was followed without a severe break by the Etruscan civilization.
		The culture is broadly divided into a proto-Villanovan culture (Villanovan I) from 1100 BC to 900 BC and the Villanovan culture proper (Villanovan II) from 900 BC to 700 BC, when the Etruscan cities began to be founded.
		These cultural traces may not be directly equivalent to a widespread ethnic culture that identified itself as the equivalent of "Villanovan", Renato Peroni has suggested; they tend to underlie those of both Celtic and Italic provenance, adding to the difficulties in assessing who "founded" the culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Villanovan_culture (656 words)

	Etruscan civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Culture that is identifiably and certainly Etruscan developed in Italy after about 800 BC approximately over the range of the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture.
		The latter gave way in the 7th century to an increasingly orientalizing culture that was influenced by Greek traders and Greek neighbors in Magna Graecia, the Hellenic civilization of southern Italy.
		The Rinaldone culture of central Italy and its twin, the Remedello culture of the Po Valley, appear to represent imports from the Fyn and Horgen cultures of the Swiss lakes region, who were being pushed ultimately by Indo-European pressure originating in the north Pontic area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Etruscan_civilization (4178 words)

	Etruscans - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Etruscan culture developed in northern and central Italy after ca 800 BC without a serious break out of the preceding Villanovan culture.
		The Villanovan culture, the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy, gave way in the 7th century to an increasingly orientalizing culture that was influenced by Greek traders and Greek neighbors in Magna Graecia, the Hellenic civilization of southern Italy.
		However, Latin cultures soon united with some of the Greek settlements, and in 504 BC, the Etruscans were driven from Latium when their army was defeated.
	www.crystalinks.com /etruscians.html (1995 words)

	Archaic Italy : Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The identifying material culture of the Este was their embossed bronze artifacts, especially situlae (buckets) that have been suggested to be wine buckets, and thus indicates the spread of viticulture.
		The indigenous non-Italic Etruscans arose from a Villanova culture in Tuscany.
		Villanovan material is found throughout Latium, and where at Rome it disappeared about the time that the Republic was formed, it continued in southern Latium without any association of an Etruscan population.
	www.societasviaromana.org /Collegium_Historicum/architaly.php?lang=en (3504 words)

	Europe - MSN Encarta
		In northern Italy the Villanovan Culture (about 1000-700 bc) became of major importance, and the similar Hallstatt Culture (8th century bc to 5th century bc) spread with the Celts through much of western Europe between the 7th and 4th centuries bc.
		An Athenian empire was established in the Aegean, hastening the economic and cultural integration of the region, and the 5th century bc became the golden age of classical Greek civilization.
		This Romano-Hellenistic cultural amalgam was bilingual, with Latin dominant in the West and Greek in the East.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570768_6/Europe.html (1248 words)

	Origins of the Etruscans
		The Etruscan culture was flourishing during the the sixth century B.C.; i.e., the century of the 500's B.C. As the Etruscan culture burgeoned it ran into constraint on its expansion due to strong cultures and geographic confinements bordering its home region.
		Villanovan Culture: A culture of North Italy first identified from their cemeteries of a distinctive type pottery urn.
		The Villanovan Culture was influenced and displaced by the cultures of the Greeks and later the Etruscans.
	www.applet-magic.com /etruscans.htm (1426 words)

	Villanovan Culture: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		The Villanovans are believed to have come into Italy from Central Europe, the third of a wave of Central European-Danubian invasions.
		The Villanovans were followed by the Etruscans (see Etruscan civilization).
		Then, just when the Villanovan culture was beginning to decline...thought at one time that the Villanovan culture had immediately followed the...generally accepted that the Villanovan culture preceded the Oriental influence...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/villanovan_culture.jsp (508 words)

	Iron Age Arrangement @ GreatArtworks.com (Great Artworks) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Black and Red Ware culture was another early Iron Age archaeological culture of the northern Indian Subcontinent.
		From the Hallstatt culture, the Iron Age spreads west with the Celtic expansion from the 6th century BC.
		Northern Germany and Denmark was dominated by the Jastorf culture, whereas the culture of the southern half of the Scandinavia was dominated by the very similar Nordic Iron Age.
	www.greatartworks.com /encyclopedia/Iron_Age (1248 words)

	Villanovan culture on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		VILLANOVAN CULTURE [Villanovan culture] the culture of a people of N Italy in the early Iron Age (c.1100-700 BC).
		The term is derived from the town of Villanova, near Bologna, where the first excavations of a Villanovan cemetery were conducted (1853-55).
		The Villanovans brought with them a reasonably advanced Iron Age culture, closely related to the Hallstatt culture of the E Alps.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/V/Villanov.asp (262 words)

	Hallstatt Culture - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hallstatt Culture, an early Iron Age culture in central and western Europe and the Balkans.
		The people who developed Villanovan culture, which is similar to the Hallstatt culture of Austria, are believed to have come from central Europe.
		The Hallstatt Culture is characterized not only by long iron swords and horse trappings but also by rich chieftain burials under large barrows.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Hallstatt_Culture.html (113 words)

	Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron Age Italy Images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		BC Early Villanovan burials were often characterized by biconical urns with one handle knocked off in a ritual destruction of the vessel.
		9th BC One of the hallmarks of Ealy Etruscan and Villanovan culture is the use of impasto pottery.
		In the Villanovan period, small hut groupings and eventually tiny hut villages began to form nucleated clusters in well defensible spots across the landscape.
	www.unc.edu /courses/2002fall/clar/050/001/images1.html (860 words)

	Culture articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		culture CULTURE [culture] in anthropology, the integrated system of socially acquired values, beliefs, and rules of conduct which delimit the range of accepted behaviors in any given society.
		Villanovan culture VILLANOVAN CULTURE [Villanovan culture] the culture of a people of N Italy in the early Iron Age (c.1100-700 BC).
		Clovis culture CLOVIS CULTURE [Clovis culture] a group of Paleo-Indians (see Americas, antiquity and prehistory of the) known through artifacts first excavated in the early 1930s near Clovis, N.Mex. The artifacts, including chipped flint points known as Clovis points and a variety of additional stone tools, were
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Culture (375 words)

	Archaeologic and Historic Background of the Etruscan Culture
		The Early Iron Age culture in Italy, was named after the village of Villanova, near Bologna, where in 1853 the first of the characteristic cemeteries was found.
		The lid of the urn was sometimes a pottery imitation of a helmet, either the knobbed bell helmet of eastern central Europe or the crested helmet of northern Europe, the Villanovan helmet par excellence.
		The northern Villanovans of the Po Valley, however, continued to produce a geometric art as late as the last quarter of the 6th century, when Etruscan expansion obliterated their culture.
	users.tpg.com.au /etr/etrusk/tex/archHist.html (1271 words)

	Novum Testamentum: Blog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		One has to cast doubt on the fact that if the Etruscans were immigrants from the Aegean that the Villanovans would not have taken kindly to Etruscan communities near their own, though the Romans did live in close proximity with the Sabines with mixed results.
		The best explanation is that as the Villanovans became more advanced they saw the need to re-construct their communities anew (in a planned fashion), while slowly phasing out the former and less-developed community locations.
		One form of continuity between the Villanovans and the Etruscans is to be found in the funerary depictions of the deceased at meals.
	www.novumtestamentum.com /2006/03/origins-of-etruscans.php (2971 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Etruscan civilization
		The Etruscan civilization is the name given today to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy whom ancient Romans called Etrusci, ancient Greeks called Tyrrhenoi and who called themselves Rasenna, syncopated to Rasna.
		The Villanovan culture and proto-Villanovan culture existed from 1100 BC to 700 BC where the proto-Villanovan culture runs from 1100 BC to 900 BC and Villanovan culture proper from 900 BC to 700 BC.
		The name Villanovan comes from the fact that the first archaeological finds relating to...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Etruscan-civilization (950 words)

	Iron Age - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Iron Age
		Hallstatt culture of Central and Western Europe, consist mainly of weapons and jewellery.
		An exceptionally rich cemetery was excavated at Hallstatt in the 19th century, revealing graves that spanned the transition period from Bronze to Iron Age.
		The various La Tène cultures, regarded as Celtic, grew from trading contacts made between the advanced urban civilizations of the Mediterranean and the Hallstatt farming communities north of the Alps.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Iron+Age (913 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Iron Age - Calendar Encyclopedia
		The ethnic ascriptions of many Iron age cultures has been bitterly contested, as the roots of Germanii and Slavs were sought in this area.
		In Central Europe, the Iron Age is generally divided in the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture (HaC and D, 800-450) and the late Iron Age La Tène culture (beginning in 450 BC).
		In Italy, the Iron Age was probably introduced by the Villanovan culture but this culture is otherwise considered a Bronze Age culture, while the following Etruscan civilization is regarded as part of Iron Age proper.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /Iron_Age.htm (1652 words)

	Kingdoms of Italy - Villanova Civilis
		The culture was broadly divided into two phases: a proto-Villanovan culture (Villanovan I) from 1100 - 900 BC and the Villanovan culture proper (Villanovan II) from 900 - 700 BC, when Etruscan cities began to be founded.
		The Villanova culture eventually gave way to an increasing Greek-influenced eastern Mediterranean cultural dominance, and many of its larger settlements were built-over in Etruscan times.
		Etruscan civilisation begins to flourish and eventually achieves regional dominance in a near-seamless break by which means the Villanova Culture is subsumed.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/ItalyVillanova.htm (173 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 97.9.26
		This should be illustrated in reference to the lingering Villanovan and Orientalizing styles, as discussed by C. Morigi Govi, "Persistenze orientalizzanti nelle stele Felsinee," Studi Etruschi 38 (1970): 83-89; and eadem, "Il sepolcreto etrusco del Polisportivo di Bologna: nuove stele funerarie," Ocnus.
		Villanovan traditions and Orientalizing materials were combined in startling ways that would not have surprised Brendel, in the ornaments of Adriatic Verucchio (near Bologna): see M. Forte, ed., Il Dono delle Eliadi.
		Chapter 2, on the "Villanovan style and Geometric art", is a rare treatment of ceramic and bronze crafts of the early Italian Iron Age as art rather than anthropology or technology; excavations since the early 70's have brought to light much new material, and a book might now be written on this alone.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1997/97.9.26.html (3700 words)

	Villanova - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Villanovan Culture, predecessor to the Etruscan civilization culture in central Italy.
		Villanova (Bologna), the estate owned by count Gozzadini outside Bologna where the first remnants of the Villanovan culture were found.
		Villanova, Corse-du-Sud, a commune of the Arrondissement of Ajaccio in Corsica.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Villanova (218 words)

	Potted histories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This has been compared to the fate of the Maya culture of central America, where the major centres were all deserted within a short time of each other around the 9th century and the population reverted to living in the countryside.
		It has become clear that the Easter Island culture was in crisis at the time of European discovery and having lost the ability or inclination to erect the huge moai was engaged in destroying the same.
		The speed with which the Lapita culture spread through the western and central Pacific, and the extensive trade which characterised it, indicate that the bearers of the Lapita culture were engaged in intensive, long-distance voyaging in the millennium before Christ.
	www.darkage.fsnet.co.uk /PottedHistories.htm (15540 words)

	PREHISTORIC ITALY
		Instead, the Camunian culture, which has left its traces in the rock engravings of the lower Val Camonica (Brescia), began the development that was to continue throughout the Bronze Age.
		Among the main Iron Age cultures are those of Golasecca (Varese) in north-west Italy and Atestine (Adige Valley) mainly in the Veneto, while the Villanovan culture, direct heir of the urnfield cultures (indicated as proto-Villanovan) spread throughout Emilia and the remainder of Central Italy, even reaching Campania (Pontecagnano).
		This was the cultural base on which the Etruscan civilization was to develop.
	www.italytravelescape.com /PREHISTORIC%20ITALY.htm (1040 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The culture is defined by artifacts from the type site of Villanova: metalwork in gold and bronze.
		The Villanovans were replaced culturally by the Etruscans in the south in the 8th century, in the north in the 6th century.
		This period laid the foundations for the Etruscan culture and city-states of the 8th century BC.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?exact=1&terms=Villanovan (190 words)

	Infoplease Search: culture
		(Encyclopedia) culture, in anthropology, the integrated system of socially acquired values, beliefs, and rules of...
		(Encyclopedia) tissue culture, the propagation of plants through the placement of small amounts of...
		(Encyclopedia) The Nature of Culture Culture is based on the uniquely human capacity to classify experiences,...
	www.infoplease.com /search?in=encyclopedia&output=php&fe=php3&query=culture&ipstart=1&ipcount=120 (205 words)

	Italian Peninsula, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Villanovans flourish in the northern and western parts of the peninsula, the
		This new culture, which shows strong links to the north of the Alps, is called proto-Villanovan; it precedes all other disparate cultures of Iron Age Italy.
		• 8th century B.C. Early Villanovan biconical cremation urns are used at Narce, and Villanovan hut-urns occur in southern Etruria.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/04/eust/ht04eust.htm (1389 words)

	Adria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Etruscan-controlled area of the Po Valley was generally known as Padan Etruria.
		The Villanovan culture, named for an archaeological site at the village of Villanova, near Bologna (Etruscan Felsina), flourished in this area from the 10th century until as late as the 6th century.
		Mass Celtic incursions into the Po valley resulted in friction between the Gauls and Etruscans, and also intermarriage, attested by epigraphic inscriptions where Etruscan and Celtic names appear together.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adria (498 words)

	Villanovan Culture - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Villanovan Culture - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Villanovan Culture, an early Iron Age culture that flourished from c.
		Culture, a word in common use but with complex meanings, derived, like the term broadcasting, from the treatment and care of the soil and of what...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Villanovan_Culture.html (114 words)

	Northern Etruria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Villanovan culture flourished in this area from the tenth Century up to as late as the sixth century, (The term "Villanovan" itself comes from the village of Villanova near Bologna.
		One of the major centres of Northern Etruria is Bologna, or Felsina in Etruscan, and this was a city which flourished during the fifth century with the Certosa culture, characterised by carved stelae, Etruscan bronzes, vases and numerous Etruscan inscriptions.
		Among the bronzes is the Certosa situla which has relief decoration, with influences from the Iron age culture of Este.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /northern.html (337 words)

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