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	The Jewish Community of Vilna, Lithuania
		The Rabbi of Vilna in the middle of the 17th century was Moses B. Isaac Judah Lima.
		At the beginning of the 20th century Vilna became the center of the Zionist movement in Russia, and saw the rise of a flourishing Hebrew and Yiddish literature.
		It is estimated that approximately 100,000 Jews from Vilna and the vicinity perished in the Vilna ghetto.
	www.bh.org.il /Communities/Archive/vilna.asp (2310 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Vilna
		Vilna, the capital of Lithuania, is situated at the junction of the Rivers Vileika and Vilja; population 165,000 in 1910.
		The Bernardines undertook at Vilna, in 1469, the construction of a wooden church, rebuilt in stone in 1500; it was burnt down in 1794 and restored in 1900.
		Vilna is perhaps the most devout city in the Russian Empire, and its piety is all the more admirable because the paucity of secular clergy and the complete lack of religious orders render it difficult for the people to fulfil their religious duties.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15432a.htm (2106 words)

	Vilna Ghetto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Finally, on September 23, 1943, the ghetto was liquidated and the majority of the Jewish population was either killed in the forest of Ponary or sent to death camps across Eastern Europe.
		A small remnant of Jews remained after the liquidation of the Vilna Ghetto, primarily at the Kailis slave labor camp and at the HKP slave labor camp.
		The Vilna Ghetto was called "Yerushalayim of the Ghettos" because it was known for its intellectual and cultural spirit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vilna_Ghetto (1335 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Lithuania borders on the Baltic Sea in the west, Latvia in the north, Belarus in the east and southeast, Poland in the south, and the Kaliningrad oblast (a
		It borders on Germany in the west, on the Baltic Sea and the Kaliningrad region of Russia in the north, on Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine in the east, and on the Czech
		Lithuania is at the centre and crossroads of Europe.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Lithuania (619 words)

	HISTORY OF SMORGON (AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES)
		In Vilna, the chief rabbi was Moshe Ben-Yitzchak Yehuda Lima.
		Vilna was marching ahead and fighting for first place among the communities as a center for Torah and wisdom, that brings affluence to all the communities.
		Shlomo Zalman Tzuckerman (Avinoam), was born in Smorgon, Vilna district, in 1867.
	pw2.netcom.com /~reaxprs/smorgon.htm (9146 words)

	Stresemann and Lithuania in the Nineteen Twenties - Julius P. Slavenas
		After the invasion of the Vilna Territory by the troops of General Zeligowski and the severing of relations between Poland and Lithuania, it appeared probable that, with increasing tension, Poland might overrun her small neighbor.
		Moreover, the nationalist faction was arguing that the democratic regime in Lithuania was too accommodating toward ethnic minority groups in the Seimas and regarded it as shocking that pro-German Memellanders in the Lithuanian parliament held the balance in support of the Sleževičius cabinet.
		On the record, to be sure, the border agreement between Lithuania and Germany coincided with the Russian position toward Lithuania, i.e., non-recognition of the occupation of Vilna by Poland and preservation of Lithuania's position in Memel.
	www.lituanus.org /1972/72_4_01.htm (5354 words)

	Eliyahu's Branches: The First Four Generations of the Vilna Gaon and His Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Khiena of Pinsk daughter of Eliyahu Gaon of Vilna and Khana of Keidan, born 1748, Vilna, Lithuania, married (1) Zalmen Zelig Chinitz, born 1735, Vilna, Lithuania,son of Aharon Zev Abarbanel and Tova ?, died 1803, Pinsk, Byelorussia,married (2) Moshe of Pinsk, son of Yehuda Leib of Pinsk and Nekhama ?, died 1836, Pinsk, Byelorussia.
		Yehudah Leib Vilner son of Eliyahu Gaon of Vilna and Khana of Keidan, born 1764, Vilna, Lithuania, married daughter of Avraham of Serhei and Esther Jaffe, born Alinka, Lithuania,.
		Tauba of Dubrovno daughter of Eliyahu Gaon of Vilna and Khana of Keidan, born c.1768, Vilna, Lithuania, married Uri Shraga Feibush of Dubrovno, son of Shlomo ?, ABD Dubrovno.
	www.avotaynu.com /gaontree.html (3308 words)

	Vilna Ghetto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In 1939, Lithuania received Vilna in exchange for a defense pact and the presence of Soviet troops within Lithuanian bases.
		Lithuania was charged with having kidnapped Soviet soldiers and of having entered into military pacts with Estonia and Latvia, which was considered a breach of the Soviet-Lithuanian defense pact of October 10, 1939.
		The people of Vilna did not hear that the war had begun until seven hours after the German invasion, by then they were already on their way to Vilna.
	ghetto.actiweb.com /vilnaghetto.html (1118 words)

	The Great City Synagogue of Vilna
		The Great City Synagogue of Vilna was built of stone from 1630 to 1633, after permission was given to build a stone structure to replace the Old Synagogue.
		Three original pieces from the Great Synagogue of Vilna survived the destruction quite miraculously and are now on display at the Vilna Gaon Jewish Museum: a door of the Holy Ark, a reader’s desk (Omed), and a bas-relief with the Ten Commandments.
		A model of the synagogue is exhibited permanently at Beth Hatefutsoth - The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora Museum.
	www.bh.org.il /Communities/Synagogue/vilna.asp (380 words)

	NCSJ - Lithuania page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Lithuania’s closest ties are to its Baltic neighbors, Russia, and the EU.
		Lithuania’s foreign policy is focused on integration with the West and close cooperation with Latvia and Estonia.
		Lithuania has sought to come to terms with its role in the Holocaust, and has on a number of occasions stated a commitment to commemorating the Holocaust, combating anti-Semitism, and bringing Nazi-era war criminals to justice.
	www.ncsj.org /Lithuania.shtml (2909 words)

	Jerusalem of Lithuania, Illustrated and Documented
		At a conference in Vilna the foundation was laid for the Jewish Social Democratic "Bund".
		Vilna had numerous youth organizations, which were under the influence of the parties.
		Vilna was noted for its philanthropic institutions and just as much and perhaps even more, for its sport clubs, music, theater and art associations.
	www.lituanus.org /1975/75_3_10.htm (1456 words)

	The Vilna Shul
		The Vilna Shul was built in 1919 by Jews from Vilna, in what is now Lithuania.
		The Boston Center for Jewish Heritage (BCJH) - www.BCJH.org - was formed in December of 1990 to acquire the Vilna Shul and to restore it as Boston's historic Jewish museum In January 1995, the BCJH acquired the building.
		When they stumbled across the Vilna Shul, they immediately knew they had found the perfect combination of spirituality and history needed to draw young people.
	www.vilnashul.com /vilna_shul_page.htm (360 words)

	Vilna Old Scenes
		A news stand in the center of the Jewish quarter in Vilna, Lithuania.
		Genya Markon (the donor) is the granddaughter of Abram and Genya (Settel) Magid of Vilna
		Delegates to a congress of the Tse'irei Zion movement, held in Vilnius (Vilna) in 1923.
	www.eilatgordinlevitan.com /vilna/vilna_pages/vilna_os.html (723 words)

	Jerome: Russia and the Lithuanian Crisis (April 1938) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Lithuania is a typical purely agrarian state, which exports agricultural products in order to be able to import semi-manufactured and finished commodities.
		Lithuania posseses a 56-mile-long stretch of the Baltic coast, including the port of Klaipeda (Memel) and the fishing port of Sventoji.
		But if Lithuania were an ally and not an opponent, then, again in case of war, it would be an easy matter to attack Leningrad through Lithuania-Latvia-Esthonia and to shut off the USSR hermetically from the Baltic Sea and from Central and Western Europe.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/newspape/ni/vol04/no06/jerome.htm (1785 words)

	Karaims of Lithuania
		Karaite tradition relates that the Grand Duke Witold of Lithuania defeated the Tartars in 1392 and among the prisoners he carried away were 330 Karaite families, whom he settled in Troki.
		Troki was devastated early in the eighteenth century by the wars of Charles XII of Sweden and by the ensuing famine and plague.
		Still, Lithuania was relatively less affected by the Chmielnicki massacres of 1648 and the Haidamack pogroms of the eighteenth century and the local Karaites and Rabbanites acquired as a result a feeling of relative stability and security.
	www.turkiye.net /sota/karalit.html (2003 words)

	The Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum
		In the present territory of Lithuania, the first synagogue was mentioned in the 16th century in Trakai (there exists a simultaneous view that only Karaims lived in Trakai then).
		The oldest photographed and measured synagogue in Lithuania is the Great Synagogue in Vilnius, built in the Renaissance period and later reconstructed.
		Forty years after the second one was closed down, the Soviet Lithuanian authorities permitted the opening of the third museum in Vilnius, from 1 October 1989 under the Ministry of Culture and Education.
	muziejai.mch.mii.lt /Vilnius/zydu_muziejus.en.htm (1721 words)

	Svencionys, Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Ezras and Nekhemias of the Jerusalem of Lithuania
		In the combination of cultures, the Jewish culture of Vilna, whose traditional-historical baggage was at least as substantial as the existing cultures, had the possibility of remaining truly Jewish, of preserving its originality, and of demarcating its national contours and strengthening its resistance.
		Vilna is the Capitol City of an impoverished northern area, of the sandy, stony, buckwheat and rye Lithuania, which knows nothing of wheat or fat cattle.
	www.jewishgen.org /yizkor/svencionys/sve0181.html (3094 words)

	Boston Center for Jewish Heritage
		At the center of Boston's Beacon Hill, a group of immigrants from Vilna, Lithuania, built their house of worship.
		The Boston Center for Jewish Heritage - www.BCJH.org - is a non-profit organization whose mission is to restore the Vilna Shul and rededicate it as a center for exploring the rich traditions of the American Jewish experience through exhibits and programs.
		The Shul is located on the north slope of Beacon Hill, adjacent to what was Boston's West End, a vibrant, largely Jewish immigrant neighborhood of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that was lost to urban renewal roughly thirty years ago.
	www.vilnashul.com /bcjh_page.htm (544 words)

	Feder@tion in Focus: A Message From the President (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Lithuania was then part of the USSR and Communism seemed firmly entrenched.
		The community centers in Riga and Vilna are filled with children and parents as well as senior adults, the latter finding a safe place to live, with dignity.
		While sitting in the Yiddish Studies department at the University at Lithuania talking with an expatriate American professor who heads it, together with his assistant, a 90-year old survivor of the Vilna ghetto, I realized that the seemingly extinguished Jewish life I felt twenty years ago is today rekindling.
	www.jewishla.org /federationinfocus/html/july04_jfishel.html (822 words)

	Vilna, the Jerusalem of Lithuania
		They came at the invitation of the Grand Dukes Augustus II and Augustus III, who had recognised the utility of the merchants, artisans, and traders as an integral component in the development of the nation.
		Throughout, the Jews of Lithuania were resilient, managing to refine a culture steeped with history, tradition, education, and family.
		There is perhaps no better manifestation of the Council's commitment to its own words than the continued support of The Jewish State Museum of Lithuania, which had been established with the advent of perestroika at the end of 1987.
	www.jewishmag.com /37MAG/vilna/vilna.htm (1279 words)

	The Vilna Lerer Seminar, or, Ester's return to Vilna
		The May 2005 course was the first Yiddish Teacher's course to be held in Vilna since the early 1930s, when the "Lerer Seminar" (Teacher's Seminar), consisting of a five-year programme to train teachers for the folkshules and the Gymnasia [high school], was last held.
		One of the draws for my return to Vilna was the oppportunity to visit with my hostess and friend, Leah Jacovskiene, and her daughter, the artist Alexandra Jacovskyte, who billeted me in 2002.
		I was struck by the incongruity of the revival of the Vilna Jewish community through the leadership of an Orthodox rabbi, as most of the Jewish survivors were secular.
	www.vcn.bc.ca /outlook/library/articles/culture/05s_vilna.htm (1823 words)

	Haggahot Ha-Gra
		As a young child, the Ga'on was recognized as a prodigy, and by the age of twenty he was renowned as an authority on the Talmud and Jewish law.
		With the rise of the Polish Hasidic movement, which strove to replace the traditional Jewish emphasis on Talmudic scholarship with a more emotional band of populist mysticism, the GR"A became the foremost opponent of the new movement, and succeeded in having a declaration of excommunication issued against the new movement.
		The Ga'on's method of intense analytical study became a model for a new type of Talmudic academy that flourished in Lithuania in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
	www.acs.ucalgary.ca /~elsegal/TalmudMap/ShA/ShAGra.html (499 words)

	The Partisans of Vilna (1986) - PopMatters Film Review
		The nurse, deeply disturbed, told the story to a respected doctor and member of the Judenrat, who immediately responded that she was not in her right mind, as such a thing could not possibly happen.
		By December of 1941, the Aktions had murdered 40,000 of Vilna's Jews, a chilling reminder of the efficiency of German genocide prior to the death camps.
		While much of this potential is devoted, in the current DVD market, to the manufacture of nostalgia, The Partisans of Vilna demonstrates that the conjunction of exceptional filmmaking with exceptional presentation serve both art and memory, providing witness to both the approximately 55,000 Vilna Jews who perished, and the fewer than 5,000 who survived.
	www.popmatters.com /film/reviews/p/partisans-of-vilna.shtml (1225 words)

	Vilna Partisans
		#vilna_part-32:Three partisans from the Vilnius (Vilna) ghetto, in Bucuresti (Bucharest).
		#vilna_part-34:Partisans from the Vilnius (Vilna) ghetto at an assembly of former partisans, photographed beside a memorial tablet at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem.
		#vilna_part-50:Three former partisans from the Vilnius (Vilna) ghetto.
	www.eilatgordinlevitan.com /vilna/vilna_pages/vilna_partisans.html (2616 words)

	AMCTV.com SHOW - Partisans of Vilna
		Joshua Waletzky directs this documentary portrait of the Jewish freedom fighters of Vilna, Lithuania.
		Through archival footage and interviews with survivors, the film reconstructs the tragic and largely unsuccessful Jewish resistance against the Nazis, who saw Lithuania as key to their Final Solution.
		Ultimately, of Vilna's 60,000 Jews, their were only 3,000 survivors.
	www.amctv.com /show/detail?CID=59184-1-GMT (53 words)

	Vilna Archives
		The fate of thousands of precious documents relating to Jewish life in Vilnius (Vilna), Lithuania are the object of intense negotiations between a coalition of Jewish organizations and the government of Lithuania.
		Prior to that, only the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research was actively engaged in seeking access to and return of extensive Jewish archival holdings that were beginning to surface in post-Soviet Lithuania.
		This may establish a precedent for the recognition of the Torah scrolls as vital ritual objects and their return for religious use.
	www.isjm.org /jhr/no2/vilnius.htm (588 words)

	Jascha Heifetz Summary
		Jascha Heifetz was born in the Lithuanian capital of Vilna (Vilnius) on February 2, 1901.
		Ruvin Heifetz, a violinist and concertmaster of the Vilna Symphony Orchestra, introduced his son to the violin at the age of three.
		Heifetz was born into a Jewish family in Vilna in Lithuania, then a part of Russia.
	www.bookrags.com /Jascha_Heifetz (2759 words)

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