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	56 - The Vinland Map « Strange Maps
		The map supposedly is a 15th century copy of a 13th century world map, showing the known parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, as well as an unknown land across the Atlantic Ocean labelled Vinland.
		Other scolars agree with Seaver claiming that the Vikings rarely relied on hand-drawn maps, instead relying on the spoken word and their sagas to remind them of the stars and landmarks that would guide them on their course, and that the map would be a modern forgery on ancient paper.
		Greenland Island on this map (called Groetland) is probably an early chart of Baffin Island–which was important to both the Chinese and Britons as a source of rich iron ore and coal.
	strangemaps.wordpress.com /2006/12/30/56-the-vinland-map (2105 words)

	Vinland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vinland was the name given to a part of North America by the Icelandic Norseman Leifr Eiríksson, about the year (AD) 1000.
		Vinland was first recorded by Adam of Bremen, a geographer and historian, in his book Descriptio insularum Aquilonis of approximately 1075.
		Vinland is also the symbolic name for the cultural landscape of Canada (Upper Vinland) and America (Lower Vinland) which some adherents of modern Germanic Heathenry and some Neopagan groups use to distinguish themselves from other ethno-cultural groups who share the same geographical areas of North America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vinland (1767 words)

	Vinland map - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Vinland map is purportedly a 15th century Mappa Mundi, redrawn from a 13th century original.
		Using Raman spectroscopy, the drawings on the map are claimed to consist of simulated stains from the decay of an iron-based ink, although the ink itself is carbon-based and should have generated no decay stains.
		The most obvious anomaly is that the map depicts Greenland as an island of the correct size and shape, although most contemporary Viking accounts–including a rare map from 1427–depict Greenland as a peninsula descending from the north.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vinland_map (1027 words)

	EPIGRAPHY FORUMNews Page
		Vinland is described as an island and the legend on the map states that the discoverers were Leif Eriksson and Byarni Herjolfsson.
		She feels the map is genuine and explained her views at the 2066th monthly meeting of the Washington Philosophical Society at the Comos Club in Washington D.C. on Dec. 13, 1996.
		The handwriting on the map is a handwriting of the 15th century and the map is a very good copy of the Andre Bianco world map of 1436, with the addition of Vinland and some legends.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Aegean/6726/news.htm (1418 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: Drawing the Lines -- [ CHEMISTRY ] -- Is a pre-Columbus map of ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although the lines on the so-called Vinland map are faded, those between scientists on the controversy are sharp.
		She adds that the anatase crystals in the map and her inks were the same size, citing the electron microscope work of geologist Kenneth M. Towe, retired from the Smithsonian Institution.
		Her theory is that Fischer created the map in the 1930s to tease the Nazis, playing on their claims of early Norse dominion of the Americas and on their loathing of Roman Catholic Church authority.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=00069D8F-B5FC-101E-B40D83414B7F0000 (745 words)

	The Rhine River: Vinland without its Map
		The Icelandic Sagas are my favorite works of Medieval literature, which is perhaps why last nights program The Viking Deception (about the Vinland Map) disappointed me. I expected the program to show that the map was a forgery, which it did.
		Someone could have used the information in the "Vinland Sagas", which were somewhat specific in the orientation of landmasses and provided some compelling details about geology and environment, to create a map of far-off and inhospitable places.
		Although the map in question may be fake, the vikings DID in fact discover America, around year 1000.
	rhineriver.blogspot.com /2005/02/vinland-without-its-map.html (1102 words)

	YAM May 1996 - The Vinland Map
		Skeptical of the process used to authenticate the Vinland Map, several scholars called for more sophisticated testing, and in 1972, an investigation by an independent laboratory forced the University to concede that the Vinland Map "may be a forgery," subjecting Yale to one of the more embarrassing public humiliations in its history.
		Unaccountably, the map had been bound during the 19th century with a medieval manuscript called the Tartar Relation, which related the findings of a 13th-century expedition into Asia to the land of the Tartars.
		Using a powerful cyclotron to fire a beam of protons through the map, the UCD team had generated X-rays from which all elements present in the ink and parchment could be identified and quantified.
	www.yalealumnimagazine.com /issues/96_05/vinland_map.html (2817 words)

	Continuing Vinland Map feud might make Musmanno smile
		When the map's existence was revealed, Yale and British museum scholars said it was drawn about 52 years before Columbus set forth, basing their opinion in part on worm holes which, they said, coincided with worm holes in two pre-Columbian manuscripts.
		The physicist and independent scholar of early maps analyzed chemical tests of the map's ink and comparisons with authenticated maps of the 15th and 16th centuries.
		She said the presence of titanium dioxide, or anatase, in the ink, often cited as evidence of 20th-century manufacture, would just as easily be there as a consequence of deterioration of the ink since the middle ages.
	www.post-gazette.com /regionstate/20000229mapreg4.asp (895 words)

	Laputan Logic - China's Own Vinland Map
		The map was bought for about $500 from a small Shanghai dealer in 2001 by Liu Gang, one of the most eminent commercial lawyers in China, who collects maps and paintings.
		Of the west coast of America, the map says: “The skin of the race in this area is fl-red, and feathers are wrapped around their heads and waists.” Of the Australians, it reports: “The skin of the aborigine is also fl.
		It's worth taking a moment to contrast the map with one that was considered to be the state of the art in 1402, The Kangnido.
	www.laputanlogic.com /articles/2006/01/16-0036-4322.html (1156 words)

	PastPresented: The Vinland Map- early reviews
		The Vinland Map, however, has some names curiously abbreviated, and some which are found in no other contemporary map." "The islands of the Atlantic in the Bianco world map are unnamed, and it is interesting to see what the draughtsman of the VM has done in this instance.
		He described the Vinland Map parchment thus: "A grat deal of the natural surface has, seemingly, been removed; the material is unusually translucent, and is a light greyish-brown colour on which slightly faded and rubbed legends in brownish ink remain"...
		Equally, he accepted that the same cannot be said of Vinland, and stressed that the sources of the VM depiction of the North Atlantic "must have differed from the maps we now know by Stefansson (1590) and Bishop Resenius (1605)" (having previously also emphasised the VM's difference from the North Atlantic geography of Claudius Clavus).
	homepages.tesco.net /~trochos/vinland/reviews1.htm (2753 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Fresh doubt over America map
		But what really caused a stir when the map was unveiled in 1965 was the inclusion of "Vinland", a small area to the west of Greenland perhaps depicting a section of the east coast of Canada or the US.
		If the map were genuine, it would pre-date the feted voyage of Christopher Columbus by some years - and would possibly have relied instead on the experiences of Viking explorers who almost certainly reached North America in the 10th Century.
		The Vinland Map is curious in that there is a yellowish line directly underneath a fl line on top.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/2162248.stm (747 words)

	Online NewsHour: Vinland Map -- February 13, 1996
		At the other end of the map, you have various islands that represent the end of the world from the other direction, and this was a map, if it is authentic.
		And it was at that point that they provided the map to Walter McCrone & Associates in Chicago, who analyzed the ink and concluded that it contained a 20th century substance and, therefore, it was probably a forgery.
		At the second Vinland Map Conference which occurred in New Haven on Saturday, Walter McCrone came and others came and said that it was still a forgery.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/science/map_2-13.html (994 words)

	Scientists determine age of first New World map
		Their findings, published in the August edition of the journal Radiocarbon, place the parchment of the map 60 years ahead of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the West Indies, and provide compelling evidence that the map is authentic.
		The unusually high precision of the date was possible because the Vinland Map's date fell in a very favorable region of the carbon-14 dating calibration curve.
		Several previous studies challenging the map's authenticity focused on the chemical composition of the ink used to draw it, and pointed to the presence of anatase, which was not produced commercially until the 20th century.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-07/si-sda072902.php (561 words)

	Scientists Determine Age of New World Map
		In a paper to be published in the August 2002 issue of the journal Radiocarbon, the scientists conclude that the so-called “Vinland Map” parchment dates to approximately 1434 A.D., or nearly 60 years before Christopher Columbus set foot in the West Indies.
		The map and the accompanying “Tartar Relation,” a manuscript of undoubted authenticity that was at some point bound with the Vinland Map in book form, were purchased in 1958 for $1 million by Paul A. Mellon, known for his many important gifts to Yale, and, at Mellon's request, subjected to an exhaustive six-year investigation.
		In 1965 the Yale University Press published “The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation,” a detailed study by R.A. Skelton, T. Marston and G. Painter that firmly argued for the map’s authenticity, connecting it with the Catholic Church’s Council of Basel (A.D. 1431-1449), which was convened a half-century before Columbus’s voyage.
	www.bnl.gov /bnlweb/pubaf/pr/2002/bnlpr072902a.htm (908 words)

	Vinland Map
		Opinion turned sharply against the map in 1974, however, after chemists Walter C. McCrone (1916-2002) and Lucy B. McCrone of the McCrone Research Institute announced that their tests revealed high concentrations of anatase titanium dioxide in isolated particles in the map's ink, though not on the parchment (McCrone and McCrone 1974; W. McCrone 1988, 1998).
		And on cartographic grounds, map proponent R.A. Skelton and critic Douglas McNaughton insist alike that the VM was heavily influenced by the 1436 planispheric world map of the Venetian (and therefore Italian) cartographer Andrea Bianco, or at least by one very similar to it.
		One important point concerning the map itself that Shailor does raise in disagreement with the VMTR authors, and that Saenger calls appropriate attention to, is her insistence that although the TR and Speculum were written by the same scribe, the VM text is the work of someone else.
	www.econ.ohio-state.edu /jhm/arch/vinland/vinland.htm (18547 words)

	NPR : The Vinland Map
		A Yale benefactor purchases the map and donates it to The Beinecke Library at Yale University.
		Yale hires an expert to analyze the map's ink, and he concludes it is probably a fake.
		The map shows Europe, and a little to the left an area called "Vinland" -- the name Norse explorer Leif Eriksson gave to a part of North America he supposedly stumbled upon 1000 years ago.
	www.npr.org /programs/morning/features/2002/aug/vinlandmap (638 words)

	Amazon.com: The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation : New Edition: Books: R. A. Skelton,Thomas E. Marston,George D. ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Vinland Map purports to be a 15th century map depicting Vikingexploration of North America centuries before Columbus.
		If genuine,the Vinland map is one of the great documents of Westerncivilization; if fake, it's an astoundingly clever forgery and Yale University has egg on its face. The first edition of the book in question, The Vinland Map and Tartar Relation, announced the discovery to the world in 1965.
		The map was at one point bound with a manuscript known as the Tartar Relation (Historia Tartorum), itself a fascinating specimen of medieval geographical knowledge.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0300065205?v=glance (906 words)

	Bibliography
		Magazines for Map Collectors — The IMCOS Journal, currently edited by Susan Gole, is the quarterly publication of the International Map Collectors Society, and is mailed to all members ($65 per year).
		This is the journal of the Washington Map Society.
		This is the most recent and scholarly publication focused on the Vinland map controversy, with a step-by-step evaluation of the problems that have developed.
	www.theprimemeridian.com /bibliography.htm (6267 words)

	Analyzing the Vinland Map : What is the Vinland Map?
		It seemed to be a map of the North Atlantic as drawn from Scandinavian discoveries between 800 and 1100 CE, well before western Europe's great Age of Exploration that began in 1400.
		On the right hand side of the map is the West European coast, including a quite recognizable Great Britain and Ireland, together with France, Spain and, at the top, Scandinavia.
		In the mid-Atlantic to the west of France and Spain were a group of islands that presumably represent the Azores.
	webexhibits.org /vinland/historical.html (270 words)

	yaledailynews.com - Vinland map ruled authentic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Jacqueline Olin, a retired researcher who conducted her analysis with the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, said Nov. 25 that while other studies have asserted fraudulence in the map due to anachronistic elements found in its ink, her study shows there is no reason to assume the ink does not date to the medieval period.
		The map's validity was first seriously questioned in the 1970s when researcher Walter McCrone found the ink contained anatase, a form of titanium dioxide commonly found in 20th century inks as a substitute for lead.
		The report argued the distinction between the age of the parchment itself and the map drawn on its surface, claiming the alleged difference proves the map to be a fake.
	www.yaledailynews.com /article.asp?AID=24301 (716 words)

	Vinland and the Vinland Map
		The Vinland Map purports to be a 15th century map depicting Viking exploration of North America centuries before Columbus.
		If genuine, the Vinland map is one of the great documents of Western civilization; if fake, it's an astonishingly clever forgery.
		Since its announcement and publication in 1965 the Vinland Map has been in and out of favor.
	www.isidore-of-seville.com /vinland (405 words)

	Whitley Strieber's Unknown Country
		The Vinland Map is a drawing of Iceland, Greenland and the northeastern coast of North America that has been dated to the mid-15th century—unless it's a forgery.
		The map, which is worth $20 million, was discovered in the 1950s and is kept at Yale University.
		Surprisingly, this does not mean the map is a forgery drawn on medieval paper.
	www.unknowncountry.com /news?id=3360 (366 words)

	Imago Mundi: International Journal for the History of Cartography
		Map History / History of Cartography: THE Gateway to the Subject
		Vinland Map - review article by Paul Saenger (1998)
		'The Vinland Map, R.A. Skelton and Josef Fischer' (by P.D.A. Harvey in Vol.58:1 (2006), pp.95-100)
	www.maphistory.info /imago.html (307 words)

	Vinland map large photo (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is a translation of the text written above the Island of Vinland from the Vinland map.
		Two historical events are here described: first, a voyage of discovery by Bjarni [no patronymic] and Leif Eiriksson "southward" from Greenland to Vinland; and second, a visit to Vinland by Bishop Eirik [Gnupsson] in a specified year, viz.
		From Page 140 of the book titled "The Vinland map and the Tartar Relations", Written by: Skelton, Marston and Painter.
	www.sjolander.com /viking/vinland/m/vmap.htm (138 words)

	Vinland Map and Shroud Updates (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For nearly 30 years, the Vinland Map and the Shroud of Turin have been objects of contention between those who believe both to be authentic and those who have analyzed them micro-analytically and found both to be fakes.
		The perpetrator had simulated a yellow stain along the fl ink lines because fl lines would develop such a stain as the ink which migrated along the fibers (a micron or so every 100 years) and became yellow with age.
		Not having 500 years to wait, he executed the map entirely with a yellow ink line then very skillfully added a fl ink line down the middle of the yellow line.
	www.mcri.org /vm_shroud_update.html (1135 words)

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