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| | Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Violet-crowned City. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21) |
 | | Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference > Brewers Dictionary > Violet-crowned City. |
 | | Macaulay uses the phrase, city of the violet crown. Ion (a violet) was a representative king of Athens, whose four sons gave names to the four Athenian classes; and Greece in Asia Minor was called Ion-ia. Athens was the city of Ion, crowned king, and hence the Ion crowned or violet-crowned. |
 | | Similarly Paris is called the City of Lilies, by a pun on the word Louis (lys, a lily). |
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