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Topic: Viral envelope

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	Viruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The glycoproteins of the envelope are assembled on the inside of a transitionary vesicle which is released from the Golgi and subesquently fuses with the plasma membrane of the host.
		A (-) strand is transcribed from the (+) strand by a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase and a m-RNA is transcribed from the (-) strand.
		Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver.
	www.prism.gatech.edu /~gh19/b1510/virus.htm (2325 words)

	VAN Labs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The HIV antigens left after the destruction of its envelope, when injected into an uninfected person as a vaccine are perceived by his immune system as non-self and provoke responses that effectively kill all the antigens of the HIV except its envelope.
		The viral envelope is unquestionably the most powerful secret weapon of the HIV with which it frustrates and blocks those immune responses that could effectively kill the virus in the body.
		The viral antigens left after this constitute a safe vaccine because without its envelope the HIV antigens cannot infect other cells and it is effective because the envelope has been removed from the antigens.
	www.vanlabs.com /immuno.asp (3059 words)

	General Characteristics, Structure and Taxonomy of Viruses
		The function of the capsid is to protect the viral genome during its transfer from cell to cell.
		The viral envelope, characteristic of some virus families, is derived from membranes of the host cell by budding, which occurs during the release of the virions from the cell.
		Envelope glycoproteins play roles in mediating interactions between the virions and cells (attachment, penetration, fusion, cell-to-cell spread) and are major targets for neutralizing antibodies.
	www.ivis.org /advances/Carter/Part1Chap1/chapter.asp?LA=1 (2698 words)

	Anatomy of HIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Viral Envelope: HIV has a diameter of 1/10,000 of a millimeter and is spherical in shape.
		The outer coat of the virus, known as the viral envelope, is composed of two layers of fatty molecules called lipids, taken from the membrane of a human cell when a newly formed virus particle buds from the cell.
		Embedded in the viral envelope are proteins from the host cell, as well as 72 copies (on average) of a complex HIV protein that protrudes from the envelope surface.
	www.hivpositive.com /f-HIVyou/1-HIVyou/1-HIVanatomy.html (387 words)

	BioInteractive's Animation Console
		The fusion of the cell membrane with the viral envelope allows the viral protein shell and genome to be released into the cytoplasm of the cell.
		Viral budding is the process by which the virus acquires a new envelope from the plasma membrane of the host cell.
		Viral reproduction involves the replication of a virus's genetic material, either RNA or DNA, and the synthesis of proteins that either make up the virus (structural proteins) or that are needed to perform certain functions (such as replication).
	www.hhmi.org /biointeractive/animations/infection/inf_print.htm (862 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A lipid enveloped viral display package, comprising a recombinant fusion protein in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second polypeptide of the fusion protein is anchored to the viral lipid envelope.
		The second polypeptide typically comprises a substantially intact viral envelope protein that binds to a cell-surface receptor and mediates fusion between a cellular membrane and a viral membrane, i.
		Viral glycoproteins, including mammalian type-C retroviral envelope proteins such as gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) envelope protein, 4070A envelope protein, and Moloney MLV envelope protein, are particularly useful as the second polypeptide.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/27292.010419&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8021 words)

	HIV & AIDS Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The affinity between the viral envelope protein and the CD4 molecule is such that HIV present in the outer membrane of an infected cell can cause that cell to fuse with uninfected cells bearing the CD4 molecule.
		The potential role of these cellular proteins present in the viral membrane in the infectivity of the virus, and in immune responses to the virus are subjects of current investigations.
		Fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane requires the binding of gp41 to chemokine receptors.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /microbiology/hivaids.html (3906 words)

	[No title]
		Enveloped viruses are usually comfortable in bodily fluids and are transmitted by such routes as blood transfusion, or mucosa to fluid contact, as in sexual contact.
		Their envelope, made up of lipids and glycoproteins are especially vulnerable to ozone's capacity for oxidation (oxidation is defined as the removal of electrons from compounds).
		Viral load may be high, indicating a shift towards virus victory in relation to immune surveillance, defense and reserve, or may be low, indicating a quiescence within the viral life cycle.
	www.triroc.com /sunnen/topics/virology.htm (3212 words)

	Robert Blumenthal
		We had proposed that an assembly of viral envelope glycoproteins could form such a molecular scaffold responsible for bringing the viral membrane close to the target cell membrane and creating the architecture that enables lipid bilayers to merge.
		Using quantitative fluorescence videomicroscopy we monitor kinetics of fusion between cell pairs consisting of a viral envelope glycoprotein-expressing cells and target cells bearing appropriate receptors.
		We have shown that peptides corresponding to the core structure of gp41 capture the fusion reaction in a stable hemi-fusion intermediate (2).
	www-lmmb.ncifcrf.gov /~blumenth/blumenth.html (972 words)

	Molecular Biology of Retroviruses & HIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The integrated viral DNA (a provirus) is transcribed by the host RNA polymerase II to produce new viral genomes
		Viral envelope fuses with cell membrane and the viral capsid is taken into the cell.
		Progeny virus bud off from the cell by exocytosis, thus forming the viral envelope.
	www.lander.edu /flux/retroviruses_lecture_outline.htm (518 words)

	Course Notes - Virology
		This thne induces a region of the gp120 protein to be inserted into the cell’s membrane and allows the viral envelope to fuse with the cellular membrane which then dumps the internal contents of the virion into the cytoplasm of the cell.
		Once the viral RNA genome is inside the cell, the reverse transcriptase converts the RNA genome into a piece of double-stranded DNA.
		The viral proteins and genomes are initially assembled into an immature virion, which buds out of the cell, taking some of the cellular membrane containing gp120 along with it.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /pizzorno/UNIV245/CN_virology.htm (910 words)

	Virus and Host Factors in HIV Pathogenesis
		Attention given to recent information dealing with several other viral accessory genes promises, after several years of research, to provide some explanation for why these accessory gene are present in lentiviruses and absent in the simple retroviruses, such as the oncoviruses.
		In this author's opinion, a glycolipid is most likely the location for the HIV envelope fusion with the cell, and approaches to target this part of the cell membrane may bring universal antiviral activity.
		A report presented by C. Berlioz-Torrent,[14] Institut Cochin, Paris, France, demonstrated the binding of the viral envelope within the cell to a protein TIP 47 that is required for the transport of mannose-6-phosphate receptors to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
	www.natap.org /2003/nov/110403_2.htm (2247 words)

	The viral envelope in the evolution of HIV: a hypothetical approach to inducing an effective immune response to the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The viral envelope in the evolution of HIV: a hypothetical approach to inducing an effective immune response to the virus.
		It is proposed that only viral core antigens without the envelope will be perceived as non-self by the host immune system and can provoke an effective immune response.
		The use of autologous viral core antigens provides, at the same time, a means for testing viral core antigens as possible vaccines without any risk to a third person.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1997/dec/M97C0852.html (440 words)

	HIV Infection: Integration, Transcription, Translation
		Once the viral RNA has been reverse-transcribed into a strand of DNA, the DNA can then be integrated (inserted) into the DNA of the lymphocyte.
		This RNA codes for the production of the viral proteins and enzymes (translation) and will also be packaged later as new viruses.
		Those genes have the code necessary to produce structural proteins such as the viral envelope and core plus enzymes like reverse transcriptase, integrase, and a crucial enzyme called a protease.
	www.cellsalive.com /hiv3.htm (144 words)

	Development of lentiviral vectors for gene therapy for human diseases -- Buchschacher and Wong-Staal 95 (8): 2499 -- ...
		Infection begins when the virus envelope glycoprotein recognizes specific receptors located on the cell surface, followed by fusion of the viral envelope and cell membrane and release of the virus core into the cytoplasm.
		Viral RNA is produced and translated to produce viral proteins and enzymes.
		All viral protein sequences have been deleted and replaced with a foreign gene, which could be a marker gene or another gene of interest.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/95/8/2499 (5437 words)

	The membrane-proximal intracytoplasmic tyrosine residue of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is critical for basolateral ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The membrane-proximal intracytoplasmic tyrosine residue of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is critical for basolateral targeting of viral budding in MDCK cells -- Lodge et al.
		Owens, R.J. and Compans, R.W. Expression of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein is restricted to basolateral surfaces of polarized epithelial cells.
		Rodriguez-Boulan, E., Paskiet, K.T. and Sabatini, D.D. Assembly of enveloped viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells: polarized budding from single attached cells and from clusters of cells in suspension.
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/16/4/695 (7438 words)

	Faculty
		These finally target to viral induced vesicle precursors which to form in the nucleoplasm and become the viral envelope.
		With the observation that viral proteins may specifically facilitate viral envelope protein sorting to nuclear membranes, we speculate that in normal cells specific cellular proteins may function to facilitate sorting and trafficking.
		Our studies now provide evidence that the co-translational integration and sorting of viral envelope proteins is a protein-facilitated and protein-regulated multistep process which may also be utilized during sorting of cellular INM directed proteins.
	entowww.tamu.edu /people/faculty/summersm.cfm (545 words)

	Effects of brefeldin A on the processing of viral envelope glycoproteins in murine erythroleukemia cells.
		Effects of brefeldin A on the processing of viral envelope glycoproteins in murine erythroleukemia cells.
		This paper documents the effects of brefeldin A (BFA) on the processing and transport of viral envelope glycoproteins in a retrovirus-transformed murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cell line.
		In MEL cells, BFA inhibited the processing of the newly synthesized precursor, gPr90env, of the murine leukemia virus envelope protein, gp70, and curtailed the budding of virions into the culture medium by blocking the transport of this protein out of the ER.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1991/aug/M9180136.html (450 words)

	Potential Contributions of Viral Envelope and Host Genetic Factors in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected ...
		Viral envelope sequences of the clones are homogeneous.
		Viral entry is influenced by a number of parameters, including the potential use of a wide spectrum of newly described second
		the extent of viral diversity (25, 41, 62, 73, 81, 92),
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/72/11/8650 (5117 words)

	Microbiology -- Virology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The mature viral particles are assembled in the cytoplasm and released by cell lysis
		The influenza viruses are enveloped viruses spiked with hemagglutinin proteins that are used for the attachment to the host cell
		Replication of viral components occurs in the nucleus and the mature particles emerge by budding
	nsm1.utdallas.edu /bio/gonzalez/lecture/micro/virology.htm (1527 words)

	Sue Golding Graduate Division @ AECOM - Brojatsch, Jürgen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cytopathic ALV-B/D utilize TNFR like death receptors (TvbS1 and TvbS3) for entry which are able to mediate apoptosis upon binding of the viral envelope protein.However, during ALV-infections viral envelope-receptor interactions are necessary but not sufficient for the induction of cell death.
		The identification of additional cellular or viral factors, which are essential for the induction of cell death, is the main focuses of Dr. Brojatschs lab.
		In particular, the regulation of NFkB-levels and the potential effect on viral replication, receptor induced cell survival and apotosis-induction is being investigated.
	www.aecom.yu.edu /phd/faculty/brojatsch.htm (518 words)

	Nucleocapsid-Independent Specific Viral RNA Packaging via Viral Envelope Protein and Viral RNA Signal -- Narayanan et ...
		Viral protein synthesis in mouse hepatitis virus strain A59-infected cells: effect of tunicamycin.
		Nucleocapsid-independent assembly of coronavirus-like particles by co-expression of viral envelope protein genes.
		Mouse hepatitis virus gene 5b protein is a new virion envelope protein.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/77/5/2922 (4266 words)

	Receptor-triggered membrane association of a model retroviral glycoprotein -- Damico et al. 95 (5): 2580 -- Proceedings ...
		Viral envelope glycoproteins play a critical role in viral entry and infection of target cells by attaching the virus to the
		The envelope protein of RSV, EnvA, is a homotrimer with each monomer composed of covalently bound SU and TM subunits.
		the viral receptor on susceptible avian cells (12).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/5/2580 (5253 words)

	176-M. Role of the Viral Envelope-Matrix Complex and Host Cytoskeleton in the Selective Incorporation of Host ICAM-1 ...
		Virus particles bearing mutation in Pr55gag MA that significantly reduce the level of viral Env proteins in virions and that consequently affects viral infectivity has been investigated for their ability to incorporate ICAM-1.
		Moreover, these data show that HIV-1 actively acquires host-derived ICAM-1 in a process that is independent of viral Env, but dependent of the cytoplasmic tail of ICAM-1.
		A better understanding of the factor(s) involved in the incorporation process of host proteins in the HIV-1 envelope is essential because it might have relevance for the development of new vaccine strategies.
	www.retroconference.org /2002/Abstract/12723.htm (385 words)

	IngentaConnect Endogenous Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Viral (MuLV) Envelope Protei... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Endogenous Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Viral (MuLV) Envelope Protein as a New Autoantigen Reactive with Non-obese Diabetic Mice Sera
		Nested deletion of this envelope gene revealed that the leucine zipper region in the transmembrane domain of MuLV envelope protein was the target epitope(s) reactive with prediabetic NOD mice sera.
		The expression of endogenous ecotropic MuLV envelope gene in NOD mouse pancreas was distinct in those with severe insulitis.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/ap/au/2000/00000015/00000003/art00434 (328 words)

	Biogenesis of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins -- Op De Beeck et al. 82 (11): 2589 -- Journal of General ...
		The sequences of the TM domains of HCV glycoproteins of the H strain are presented at the bottom of the figure.
		Dubuisson, J., Duvet, S., Meunier, J. C., Op De Beeck, A., Cacan, R., Wychowski, C. and Cocquerel, L. Glycosylation of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E1 is dependent on the presence of a downstream sequence on the viral polyprotein.
		Patel, J., Patel, A. and McLauchlan, J. Covalent interactions are not required to permit or stabilize the non-covalent association of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins E1 and E2.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/11/2589 (5121 words)

	HIV-1-induced cell fusion is mediated by multiple regions within both the viral envelope and the CCR-5 co-receptor -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		HIV-1-induced cell fusion is mediated by multiple regions within both the viral envelope and the CCR-5 co-receptor -- Bieniasz et al.
		Hwang, S.S., Boyle, T.J., Lyerly, H.K. and Cullen, B.R. Identification of the envelope V3 loop as the primary determinant of cell tropism in HIV-1.
		Shioda, T., Levy, J.A. and Cheng-Mayer, C. Macrophage and T cell-line tropisms of HIV-1 are determined by specific regions of the envelope gp120 gene.
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/16/10/2599 (7887 words)

	Antigenic peptides recognized by T lymphocytes from AIDS viral envelope-immune humans.
		We have previously predicted two antigenic sites of the viral envelope protein gp120 likely to be recognized by T lymphocytes, based on their ability to fold as amphipathic helices, and have demonstrated that these are recognized by T cells of mice immunized with gp120 (ref. 1).
		A peptide corresponding to one of these sites can also be induce immunity in mice to the whole gp120 protein.
		Because many clinically healthy seropositive blood donors have already lost their T-cell proliferative response to specific antigen, we tested the response to these synthetic peptides of lymphocytes from 14 healthy human volunteers who had been immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the AIDS viral envelope gene and boosted with a recombinant fragment.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1988/dec/M88C0024.html (487 words)

	(WO 01/59457) ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF VIRAL FUSION INHIBITORS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		(WO 01/59457) ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF VIRAL FUSION INHIBITORS
		(57) The invention is directed to methods for identifying compounds that inhibit or prevent infection of cells by enveloped viruses such as HIV-1 by preventing or disrupting conformational changes in the viral transmembrane protein that are required for virus fusion with those cells, and the compounds discovered by such methods.
		The invention also includes using these assays as diagnostic assays to detect antibodies in virus infected individuals that inhibit the viral entry processes.
	wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/59457.010816&... (172 words)

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